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        寧夏地區(qū)小震重定位①

        2015-06-09 12:36:02李青梅張元生呂俊強李鴻庭趙衛(wèi)東
        地震工程學報 2015年2期
        關(guān)鍵詞:深度

        李青梅, 張元生, 呂俊強, 謝 輝, 李鴻庭, 趙衛(wèi)東

        (1.寧夏回族自治區(qū)地震局,寧夏 銀川 750001; 2.中國地震局蘭州地震研究所,甘肅 蘭州 730000)

        寧夏地區(qū)小震重定位①

        李青梅1, 張元生2, 呂俊強1, 謝 輝1, 李鴻庭1, 趙衛(wèi)東1

        (1.寧夏回族自治區(qū)地震局,寧夏 銀川 750001; 2.中國地震局蘭州地震研究所,甘肅 蘭州 730000)

        應用雙差地震定位法與遺傳算法進行定位計算,并對結(jié)果進行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)其具有一致性和差異性。根據(jù)寧夏地區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)資料的實際情況,采用遺傳算法收集整理1991年以來該區(qū)地震震相記錄資料,獲得至少具有3個S-P臺站以上記錄的地震事件共4 688個,重新定位結(jié)果基本勾畫出地震在塊體邊界的空間展布特征;地震深度主要位于5~25 km的上、中和下地殼中上部,基本反映陸陸板塊的活動邊界形態(tài)。

        寧夏地區(qū); 雙差定位; 遺傳算法定位

        0 引言

        地震定位是指對震中位置、震源深度、發(fā)震時刻和震級等地震基本參數(shù)進行測定,對研究地下結(jié)構(gòu)、震源機制、活動構(gòu)造性質(zhì)以及地震活動的空間分布等具有重要意義。目前,地震定位的方法有多種,每一種都有其適用的條件??傮w上可分為絕對定位方法和相對定位方法,相對定位法有雙差定位法[1-3]和主事件定位法[4];絕對定位方法有阻尼最小二乘法、遺傳算法[5-10]以及獨立事件定位方法。其中雙差定位法適用于地震較密集或余震較多的地震序列;獨立事件法的定位精度一般比雙差定位法低,但在充分應用前人的研究成果、建立較好的速度模型的基礎(chǔ)上,也能夠獲得較高精度的定位結(jié)果。

        寧夏地區(qū)位于南北地震帶的北段,屬祁連地槽褶皺系與華北地臺的過渡帶區(qū)域,包含板塊縫合地帶,并有一系列規(guī)模較大的活動斷裂帶,地質(zhì)狀態(tài)不穩(wěn)定。應用寧夏及鄰省的地震臺站記錄,對寧夏地區(qū)多年的小震進行重定位,進一步了解該區(qū)的斷裂活動以及斷層的深部性質(zhì)。

        1 數(shù)據(jù)處理

        1.1 數(shù)據(jù)收集及整理

        利用寧夏地震臺網(wǎng)提供的地震觀測報告,研究35°~40°N、104°~108°E范圍內(nèi)1991年1月—2014年5月所發(fā)生的地震。經(jīng)過理論走時計算,刪除或修改誤差大于10 s以上的地震事件記錄,挑選出具有3個以上臺站同時記錄到S波和P波震相的地震事件共4 688個,S-P共27 999條,震相到時包括直達波Pg、Sg,首波Pn、Sn波。

        1.2 速度模型

        通過研究區(qū)的4條人工地震測深剖面,即阿拉善左旗—定邊剖面[11]、永登—平?jīng)銎拭鎇12]、蘭州—靖邊剖面[13]、西吉—中衛(wèi)地震測深剖面[14],建立水平層狀速度模型(表1)。波速比取1.73,莫霍面平均深度為43 km,莫霍下界面速度為8.00 km/s。

        1.3 定位計算

        1.3.1 雙差定位與遺傳算法定位結(jié)果對比

        應用以上層狀速度模型分別對4 688個地震事件進行定位,地震深度剖面表明這兩種方法的計算結(jié)果基本一致(圖1和圖2),說明遺傳算法地震定位結(jié)果是可信的。由于雙差地震定位方法的條件所致,幾乎75%的地震的不能用雙差法進行重定位?;诖耍覀儾捎眠z傳算法進行地震定位。

        表1 地震定位速度模型

        1.3.2 地震定位前后比較

        從圖3(a)可以清晰地看到,定位前地震深度分布呈現(xiàn)兩個區(qū)域,即6 km深度左右密集區(qū)和10 km以下密集區(qū)。這種現(xiàn)象主要是定位軟件不同或差異所致。地震重定位之后,地震條帶分布更加明顯(圖3(b))。對地震定位的前后進行深度統(tǒng)計分析(圖4),重新定位前地震震源深度集中在5~10 km、15~25 km,其他深度沒有明顯優(yōu)勢分布。重新定位后,5~30 km深度范圍地震分布比較集中,平均深度為18 km。這與張國民、汪素云等中國大陸西部地震震源平均深度為(18±8) km的結(jié)果一致[15]。

        圖1 雙差定位結(jié)果Fig.1 Results of double-difference location method

        圖2 遺傳算法定位結(jié)果Fig.2 Results of genetic algorithm location method

        2 定位結(jié)果分析

        采用遺傳算法定位方法,對1991年1月至2014年5月寧夏及鄰區(qū)4 688個小地震全部重新定位,獲得寧夏地區(qū)小地震在空間上的展布特征。根據(jù)該區(qū)構(gòu)造資料[16-17]和小震的密集特點,將研究區(qū)劃分為4個區(qū)域(圖5),分別是A:石嘴山—內(nèi)蒙古烏海地區(qū)、B:靈武-吳忠地區(qū)、C:同心—中寧地區(qū)以及D:海原-固原地區(qū)。各個區(qū)域作垂直斷層方向的地震剖面,共計10條(圖6),基本說明了斷層在深部的性質(zhì)。

        A區(qū)地處二級大地構(gòu)造單元,屬中朝準地臺(Ⅰ)的次級單元阿拉善臺隆(Ⅰ1)、鄂爾多斯臺緣褶帶(Ⅰ2)和鄂爾多斯臺拗(Ⅰ3),該區(qū)主要斷裂有賀蘭山西麓斷裂(F4:左旋-逆走滑,走向NS)、賀蘭山東麓斷裂(F5:右旋-正斷,走向NE)、黃河斷裂(F8:斷層走向NE)等。地震和斷裂主要分布于臺緣褶帶區(qū)域,1738年發(fā)生過平羅8.0級大地震,臺緣褶帶區(qū)域兩側(cè)構(gòu)造單元相對較穩(wěn)定,地震活動明顯減弱。3條地震深度剖面基本給出了斷層的深部性質(zhì)(主要橫切F4、F5、F6、F7、F8),地震集中分布在5~25 km深度范圍,寬度分布約50~60 km(圖6(a)、(b)、(c)),傾向SE或SEE,傾角約50°。地震主要位于中上地殼和下地殼的頂部,說明斷層至少錯斷了中地殼或下地殼頂部,可能還沒錯斷到莫霍面。

        圖3 定位前后震源深度剖面圖Fig.3 Sectional view of the focal depths of before and after location

        圖4 震源深度柱狀分布圖Fig.4 Histogram of the focal depths

        C區(qū)所處構(gòu)造單元與B區(qū)基本相同,即鄂爾多斯臺緣褶帶(Ⅰ2)、走廊過渡帶(Ⅲ1)和北祁連優(yōu)地槽褶皺系(Ⅲ2)。主要活動斷層有三關(guān)口—牛首山—固原斷裂帶(F9逆-走滑,走向SN)、煙筒山斷裂帶(F10:逆-走滑,走向NW)、中衛(wèi)—同心斷裂帶(F11:左旋-逆走滑斷層,走向NW)、海原斷裂(F13:逆-左旋走滑,走向NW)。該區(qū)小地震主要沿活動斷層F10和F11走向分布。地震深度剖面主要橫切F9、F10、F11斷層,地震帶寬度約70 km(圖6(g)),震源深度主要集中分布在22 km以上,地震條帶傾向NE,傾角約40°,斷層錯斷到中地殼。

        D區(qū)位于祁連優(yōu)地槽褶皺系(Ⅲ2)、祁連中間隆起帶(Ⅲ3)和南祁連褶皺帶(Ⅲ4)。主要斷層有三關(guān)口—牛首山—固原斷裂帶(F9:逆-走滑,走向SN)、海原斷裂(F13逆-左旋走滑,走向NW)、六盤山東麓斷裂(F14左旋走滑,走向NNW)和月亮山—六盤山西麓斷裂(F15逆斷層,走向NW)。該區(qū)構(gòu)造復雜,斷裂活動強烈,1920年曾發(fā)生震驚世界的海原8.5級大地震。地震深度剖面主要橫切F9、F13、F14和F15斷層,地震主要集中分布在0~25 km深度范圍。D1剖面經(jīng)過海原斷裂(F13)處,該斷裂傾向為WS,傾角較緩。受斷層帶的控制,地震分布寬度由北向南逐漸變窄(圖6(i)、(j)),地震帶傾向NEE,傾角約50°。斷裂F9和F14至少錯斷了中地殼。

        圖5 活動斷裂與地震震中分布圖Fig.5 Distribution of active faults and epicenters

        圖6 震源深度剖面圖Fig.6 Sectional view of the focal depths

        3 結(jié)論與討論

        采用雙差定位方法與遺傳定位方法對1991年1月-2014年5月寧夏地區(qū)的小地震進行重新定位,雖多數(shù)地震不滿足雙差定位條件,但兩者方法定位結(jié)果基本一致,說明重定位結(jié)果可信。應用遺傳定位方法對具有3個S-P臺站的4 688個地震進行重定位,精度總體上有較好的提高。地震在空間上更加集中分布或沿斷裂帶分布,絕大多數(shù)斷裂延伸到中、下地殼,與已有地質(zhì)資料和前人研究結(jié)果較為一致[18]。除海原斷裂(F13)傾向WS,傾角較緩外,其他斷裂傾向SE或NE,傾角較陡。

        同時存在臺站分布不均勻、臺間距較大和三維速度結(jié)構(gòu)不精細等原因,產(chǎn)生地震深度定位的誤差根源。隨著地震臺站的密度越來越大,地震定位精度將不斷提高。

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        Relocation of Small Earthquakes in the Ningxia Area

        LI Qing-mei1, ZHANG Yuan-sheng2, LV Jun-qiang1, XIE Hui1, LI Hong-ting1, ZHAO Wei-dong1

        (1.EarthquakeAdministrationofNingxiaHuiAutonomousRegion,Yinchuan,Ningxia750001,China;2.LanzhouInstituteofSeismology,CEA,Lanzhou,Gansu730000,China)

        Ningxia and its neighboring area are located in two blocks of the northeastern margin of the Qingzang-Tibet plateau:the Erdos block and the Alashan block.The geological structure in this area of the plateau is known to be unstable.Over recorded time,many large or great earthquakes have occurred in this area.Based on previous research results,we employed two different earthquake location methods,i.e.,double-difference and genetic algorithm,to recompute the location of small earthquakes that were recorded by the Ningxia Regional Earthquake Monitoring Network from 1991 to May 2014.This process consisted of first employing the theoretical travel time method to delete or modify the seismic events whose arrival time error exceeded 10 s.Next,we selected seismic events that contained S and P waves recorded by at least three stations.In addition,Pg,Sg,Pn,and Sn seismic phases are included in each earthquake event.The velocity model was obtained from four seismic sounding profiles that crossed the research area.In addition,a horizontally layered velocity model was used.The double-difference method results showed that the seismic source depth was not so different from that obtained using the genetic algorithm method.But only a few earthquake events (approximately 25% of the total 4 688 seismic events) can meet the relocation requirement in the double-difference method.Therefore,the genetic algorithm method can be used to recalculate and reanalyze the depth characteristics of small earthquakes and their relation to the deep fault in the research area.Relocation results showed that the seismic zone distribution by depth is more apparent.Statistical analysis,taking the relocation calculation into account,showed that more earthquakes happened from 5 to 30 km.The average depth was 18 km.The space distribution of small earthquakes in this area was obtained.To facilitate the analysis of the relationship between the occurrence of earthquakes and faults in this region,we divided the geographic research region into four districts on the basis of their tectonic characteristics and concentration region of small earthquakes.These districts were named A,B,C,and D.In each district,the seismic profile perpendicular to fault was obtained.In district A,the results showed that the seismic depth was mainly distributed from 5 to 25 km.The earthquake distribution width was 50 to 60 km.In district A,earthquakes occurred primarily in the upper and middle crust or in the top of the lower crust.It was postulated that fractures parted only the upper or middle crust while not the Moho.In district B,the small earthquake distribution was primarily in the north-south direction.In this district,the earthquakes were primarily distributed from 5 to 35 km.The width of the epicenter was approximately 50 km.The dip of the seismic zone was from SE or NE,with an angle of approximately 50°.The fault fracture was primarily in the middle or lower crust.In district C,small earthquakes occurred along fault F10and F11.The epicenter width was approximately 70 km.The seismic source was mainly ≤22 km.The dip of the seismic zone was to the NE,and the dip angle was approximately 40°.The fault fracture was confined to the middle crust.In district D,the depth range of the seismic source was primarily from 0 to 25 km.The dip of the seismic zone was to the NEE,and the dip angle was approximately 50°.But the dip of the Haiyuan fault was to the SW,which is different from the results reported in previous studies.The geologic structure and the fault activity of this district are more complex.These results imply that the fracture depth of fault F9and F14is deep to at least the middle crust.The genetic algorithm calculation results revealed that the depth distribution of a large number of reported earthquakes is denser and that the epicenter of the seismic distribution is along the faults that resulted in the great earthquakes.The depths of the deep faults extended to the middle or lower crust.

        the Ningxia area; double-difference algorithm; genetic algorithm

        2014-10-30

        測震臺網(wǎng)青年骨干項目(20150428)

        李青梅(1976-),女(漢族),甘肅蘭州人,工程師,主要從事地震監(jiān)測工作.E-mail:nxlqm_2008@163.com

        通迅作者:張元生(1965-),男(漢族),貴州湄潭人,研究員,主要從事地震學與衛(wèi)星遙感方面的研究工作.

        P315

        A

        1000-0844(2015)02-0518-07

        10.3969/j.issn.1000-0844.2015.02.0518

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