文/五花肉

追尋西方古典音樂之美（上）

Exploring Aesthetics of Classical Music(Part 1)

文/五花肉

西方古典音樂一般泛指由西方宗教音樂發(fā)展而來的音樂形式。古希臘時期，人們用牛腸和龜殼制作成西方最古老的撥弦樂器——里拉琴，被譽為現(xiàn)代吉他的始祖。相傳，每當(dāng)阿波羅之子奧爾甫斯彈奏起里拉琴，萬物都會靜靜地聆聽，即使最兇頑的猛獸也會被他美妙的琴聲所打動……

Classical music means the music originating from the western religious music. In era of Ancient Greece, lyre ,the earliest stringed instrument, was made from turtle shell and Ox intestine. lyre is regarded as the ancestor of modern guitar. In Greek mythology, Orpheus was the son of Apollo. All nature quietly heard Orpheus playing lyre and even the brutal beasts were moved by the melodies.

中世紀(jì)的教堂音樂Church?Music?in?middle?ages

隨著中世紀(jì)基督教文化的興起，教堂音樂成為當(dāng)時西方音樂的主要表現(xiàn)形式，其中的代表就是格里高利圣詠。

By the middle ages, with the development of Christian civilization, Church music was the mainstream and Gregorian chant was the typical example at that time.

時任羅馬教皇格里高利將各地教會的禮儀歌曲、贊美歌等收集整理，并規(guī)范了使用的音列(調(diào)式)，稱之為格里高利圣詠，被視為西方古典音樂的雛形。這種被“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”的音列，也得以迅速傳播、推廣至歐洲乃至世界各地，對后世的音樂理論，如記譜法、復(fù)調(diào)音樂等也產(chǎn)生了重要影響，即使現(xiàn)代的調(diào)式音樂也是在此基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展而來。

Pope Gregory I collected chant and hymn from different churches and codified the tone and rhythm, which was called Gregorian chant. Gregorian chant was regarded as embryonic form of classical music. The standardized music became popular in Europe and the globe; and had greatly influenced the later musical theory including tablature and polyphony. Even the modern music mode was also originated from it.

“奧爾加農(nóng)”和“笛斯康都”?Organum?and?Discantus

公元7世紀(jì)初，有僧侶音樂家嘗試在格里高利圣詠上加上另一聲部的伴奏，這種簡單的復(fù)音形式被稱為“奧爾加農(nóng)”和“笛斯康都”。多聲部的出現(xiàn)，讓和聲變得豐滿起來, 旋律也更加華麗，為復(fù)調(diào)音樂的出現(xiàn)打下了很好的基礎(chǔ)。

In the 7th Century, hieratic musicians tried adding accompaniment to Gregorian chant. This simple complex tone was called Organum and Discantus. Polyphonic mode enrich the music and make rhythm gorgeous, which laid foundation of modern polyphonic music.

公元13世紀(jì)，復(fù)調(diào)音樂開始在宗教音樂中廣泛使用，進(jìn)而突破了以往多聲部中必須有一個聲部使用格里高利圣詠的“傳統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”, 各個聲部、聲部之間的節(jié)奏都可以由作曲家自由創(chuàng)作。

In the 13th century, polyphony became popular in religious music and changed the traditional standard that one voice part must be dedicated to Gregorian chant. Artist could compose the rhythm for all the voice parts as his wishes.

文藝復(fù)興與巴洛克Renaissance?and?Baroque到了文藝復(fù)興時期，西方古典音樂的音樂受眾開始從貴族轉(zhuǎn)向大眾。這一時期的音樂編制，尋求復(fù)調(diào)與和聲的平衡，運用自然音體系和結(jié)構(gòu)明晰的曲式，形成寧靜、明朗、清澈、和諧的復(fù)調(diào)風(fēng)格，并開創(chuàng)了無伴奏合唱的先例。

In the era of Renaissance, classical music became popular in civilian stratum. In this period, the music focused on the balance between polyphony and harmony. Natural tone system and standardized musical form achieved quiet; bright; clear and harmony style and A cappella was invented.

相比之下，巴洛克時期的音樂形式在感情上更為豐富，且具有戲劇性的起伏，代表人物是約翰?塞巴斯梯安?巴赫。這一時期最重要的創(chuàng)造，就是形成了“對比”的概念，音的高與低，速度的快與慢，力度的強與弱等等。1750年巴赫去世，巴洛克音樂時代宣告結(jié)束。

Relatively, music in Baroque era was more emotional and dramatic. Bach features the representative. Concept of “comparison“ emerged that is comparison in low and high; in slow and swift; andin weak and strong. After Bach passed away in 1750, the Baroque musical era was ended.

文藝復(fù)興和巴洛克時期的音樂突破了中世紀(jì)教堂音樂的“桎梏”，更加注重情感表達(dá)與層次結(jié)構(gòu)，形成了新的音樂規(guī)范和體系。

Renaissance and Baroque broke the limit of church music in middle ages; focused on emotion expression and structure and developed new musical system.

維也納古典樂派的巔峰Peak?of?Vienna?Classical?Music

18世紀(jì)中后葉，以海頓、莫扎特和貝多芬為代表的維也納古典樂派發(fā)展至巔峰。他們在繼承文藝復(fù)興和巴洛克時期音樂基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步規(guī)范、完善了音樂的曲式、篇幅等，現(xiàn)代意義上的交響曲日漸成型。

In the late 18th century, Haydn; Mozart and Beethoven featured the peak of Vienna Classical Music era. They codified and improved the form and length of rhythm based on the style of Renaissance and Baroque, which formed the shape of modern symphonic music.

海頓確立了交響曲曲式的和聲結(jié)構(gòu)，以及樂器組合的內(nèi)在規(guī)律；莫扎特擴大了展開部的篇幅，保持不同樂章間的平衡；貝多芬在交響曲中注入了法國大革命時期的先進(jìn)思想及革命熱情，并擴大樂隊的編制及加入人聲，以諧諺曲替代小步舞曲以及運用不同的創(chuàng)作手法，深化了交響曲這一體裁，并使之達(dá)到了登峰造極的地步。

Haydn formulate the standard style; voice part and combination of instruments for symphonic music. Mozart expanded the length of development section and kept the balance in different chapters. Beethoven injected advanced ideas and passion of French Revolution; expanded the orchestra and added A Cappella. He replaced minuet with song of harmony and enriched the symphony, which achieved peak of symphonic music.

從古希臘到18世紀(jì)中后葉，西方古典音樂從無到有、歷經(jīng)變遷，每一次重要的發(fā)展和飛躍，無不與音樂規(guī)范的形成、完善、突破、再完善的演變過程相契合，最終為成就西方古典音樂之美奠定了牢固的基礎(chǔ)。

From Ancient Greece to the late 18th century, classical music kept evolving and developing. Every phase of development was closely related to the standardization and formulation of musical regulations, which laid the foundation of aesthetics of classical music.

（支持單位：上海市質(zhì)量和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究院）