王軍
【摘要】本文以英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)綜合英語(yǔ)課程的課文為例說(shuō)明如何解析英文長(zhǎng)句,文章對(duì)比了傳統(tǒng)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析法,并對(duì)如何使用語(yǔ)義分層法做了具體演示。
【關(guān)鍵詞】英文長(zhǎng)句解析 語(yǔ)義分層法 綜合英語(yǔ)教學(xué)
一、前言
在英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中,長(zhǎng)句的解析一直是個(gè)難點(diǎn),筆者擬以綜合教程4第7單元The Monster課文為例來(lái)說(shuō)明如何分析和理解長(zhǎng)句。
The Monster是Deems Taylor 1937 年所著的一篇傳記式文章,記述德國(guó)音樂(lè)家瓦格納的生平,以一種欲揚(yáng)先抑的手法刻畫(huà)了一個(gè)有著種種劣跡然而又對(duì)人類(lèi)音樂(lè)史做出重大貢獻(xiàn)的“怪物”。文章中有很多長(zhǎng)句,造成了學(xué)生理解的難點(diǎn)。
語(yǔ)義分層法側(cè)重于上下文的邏輯聯(lián)系和句子本身的意思,與傳統(tǒng)分析法有本質(zhì)的區(qū)別。語(yǔ)義分層法的具體步驟為拆分、變形、釋義。拆分、變形(split、transform)即把一個(gè)長(zhǎng)的復(fù)合句拆分變形成若干個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句;而釋義(paraphrase)則是用簡(jiǎn)單易懂的詞或詞組乃至句子替換原文中難懂的部分。
二、語(yǔ)義分層法實(shí)例
簡(jiǎn)單句是英文最基礎(chǔ)的語(yǔ)義單位,長(zhǎng)句之所以復(fù)雜在于其含有多層意思,而理清這些意思的關(guān)鍵在于把長(zhǎng)句拆分變形成多個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,拆分到最小的語(yǔ)義單位。以下面兩個(gè)句子為例。
1.He wrote begging letters by the score,sometimes groveling without shame,at others loftily offering his intended benefactor the privilege of contributing to his support,and being mortally offended if the recipient declined the honor.
這個(gè)句子描寫(xiě)的是瓦格納寫(xiě)很多封要錢(qián)的信,在信中時(shí)而表現(xiàn)卑躬屈膝,時(shí)而又趾高氣揚(yáng),好像給他錢(qián)是一種天大的榮耀,而拒絕這種“榮耀”會(huì)讓他非常生氣。
第一步:找到主句(該句最主要的意思,一般不用變形)
He wrote begging letters by the score.
第二步:把剩余部分依序拆分變形成5個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句:
(1)Sometimes he groveled without shame;
(2)At others he loftily offered his intended benefactor the privilege;
(3)The privilege is to contribute to his support;
(4)He was mortally offended;
(5)The recipient declined the honor.
第三步:用簡(jiǎn)單易懂的詞或詞組乃至句子釋義
(1)He wrote begging letters (letters asking for money) by the score (a lot of)
(2)Sometimes he groveled (humbled himself) without shame
(3)At others he loftily (proudly) offered his intended benefactor (possible supporter) the privilege (rights,“honor”)
(4)The privilege is to contribute to his support (lend him the money)
(5)He was mortally offended (very angry)
(6)The recipient (letter receivers) declined (refused) the honor (requirement,demand)
第四步:重組
Paraphrase: He wrote a lot of letters to ask for money,sometimes he behaved very humbly in the letters,at other times he was very proud as if hes giving people the “honor” to lend him the money.If others refused,he would be very angry.
2.It is a matter of being dumb with wonder that his poor brain and body didnt burst under the torment of the demon of creative energy that lived inside him,struggling,clawing,scratching to be released; tearing,shrieking at him to write the music that was in him.
這個(gè)句子寫(xiě)的是人們被一個(gè)奇跡驚呆了,那就是在創(chuàng)造力之魔的折磨下,瓦的腦袋和身體居然沒(méi)爆炸。這個(gè)長(zhǎng)句依序可以拆分(變形)成7個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句:
(1)It is a matter of being dumb with (overwhelmed with) wonder.(主句)
(2)His poor brain and body didnt burst (explode) under the torment (torture) of the demon (devil,monster);
(3)The demon is his creative energy;
(4)The demon lived inside him;
(5)The demon struggled,clawed (scratched),scratched to be released;
(6)The demon torn him and shrieked at (screamed at) him to write the music;
(7)The music was in him.Paraphrase: It is a matter of being overwhelmed with wonder that he didnt explode under the torture of the devil of his creative energy.The creative energy was inside him and struggled to get out.It torn him and screamed at him to write the music within.
三、結(jié)語(yǔ)
綜上所述,語(yǔ)義分層法(也可叫做拆分變形釋義法)可以有效地幫助我們理解英文長(zhǎng)句,不過(guò)使用者要具備以下條件:
1.要對(duì)長(zhǎng)句的可拆分性有信心,有耐心;
2.具備基礎(chǔ)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)特別是對(duì)英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句的基本句型熟悉,找得到主句;
3.了解基本的意群分層標(biāo)志(markers)如:that,who 等關(guān)系代詞,and,but等并列或轉(zhuǎn)折連接處,后續(xù)成分與主體的連接處如of,–ing結(jié)構(gòu),特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)如分號(hào)等等。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]程存熹.英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句,難句的分析和翻譯[J].外語(yǔ)學(xué)刊,1989,(1):52.