【摘 要】高考聽(tīng)力測(cè)試一般可分為主旨大意題、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題、推斷題，要有針對(duì)性地訓(xùn)練。對(duì)不同的題型，分別采取“抓關(guān)鍵、重細(xì)節(jié)、講整體”不同的策略，在訓(xùn)練中加以強(qiáng)化，就可以有效地提高解題能力。

【關(guān)鍵詞】聽(tīng)力測(cè)試 解題策略

【中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)】G632 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A 【文章編號(hào)】1674-4810（2015）10-0106-03

毋容置疑，在新課程改革的背景下，聽(tīng)力教學(xué)在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中占有較大比重。而長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)聽(tīng)力是學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中的弱項(xiàng)，與書(shū)面表達(dá)相比，聽(tīng)力考試時(shí)效性極強(qiáng)。我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行有針對(duì)性訓(xùn)練的同時(shí)，還需要對(duì)題型及解題策略進(jìn)行分析與研究，以期提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量。

高考英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力要求學(xué)生聽(tīng)懂有關(guān)日常生活中所熟悉話題的簡(jiǎn)短獨(dú)白和對(duì)話，根據(jù)命題需要，聽(tīng)力材料一般有5段簡(jiǎn)短對(duì)話和5段較長(zhǎng)對(duì)話和獨(dú)白組成。這些年的聽(tīng)力測(cè)試也有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)，平均語(yǔ)速大約在155～160WPM區(qū)間，10段材料字?jǐn)?shù)大約在1000字左右。在選材方面更傾向于口語(yǔ)化、生活化、情景化。材料一般都來(lái)自英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的生活會(huì)話，口語(yǔ)特征明顯，符合在非測(cè)試狀態(tài)下英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)在社會(huì)生活中運(yùn)用的真實(shí)情景。

一 高考聽(tīng)力測(cè)試試題分析

在題材方面，涉及生活中的方方面面，包括購(gòu)物、就餐、打電話、問(wèn)路、看病、邀請(qǐng)、詢(xún)問(wèn)時(shí)間、談?wù)撎鞖狻⒓偃栈顒?dòng)、買(mǎi)票等。

考查的主要形式為對(duì)話理解和短文理解：對(duì)話理解旨在考查學(xué)生在一定語(yǔ)境或情景中所表現(xiàn)出的快速反應(yīng)、推理判斷能力；短文理解則是在此基礎(chǔ)上考查學(xué)生對(duì)一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)比較完整、意義相對(duì)連貫的語(yǔ)段的理解能力。

高考英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力所考查的微技能包括理解主旨和要義，獲取事實(shí)性的具體信息，對(duì)所聽(tīng)內(nèi)容做出簡(jiǎn)單推斷，理解談話人的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。設(shè)問(wèn)涉及多個(gè)方面、多個(gè)角度，采用when，why，how，what等多種疑問(wèn)句。多以考查獲取細(xì)節(jié)、推斷和理解主旨大意為主。

二 高考聽(tīng)力測(cè)試解題策略分析

1.主旨大意題：抓住關(guān)鍵詞句，領(lǐng)會(huì)主旨大意，提煉話題內(nèi)容

這類(lèi)試題中任何一段對(duì)話都要圍繞一個(gè)話題或一個(gè)中心思想來(lái)展開(kāi)并貫徹整個(gè)對(duì)話或獨(dú)白，它可以用一個(gè)或幾個(gè)詞甚至一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或一句話來(lái)概括。此類(lèi)題要求學(xué)生聽(tīng)懂并對(duì)材料的內(nèi)容做出提煉和概括。所以在遇到這類(lèi)題目時(shí)，就要從說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣上體會(huì)主旨大意，抓住關(guān)鍵詞句，對(duì)語(yǔ)段進(jìn)行整體理解。切不可糾纏在某些細(xì)節(jié)上，以免造成以偏概全的錯(cuò)誤。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有：What’s the passage mainly about？ What’s the topic of the passage？ What are the two speakers talking about？ What’s the dialogue about？

以2014年9月20題為例，闡述這類(lèi)題型的解題策略。

M： Welcome to London this December！ There’s plenty going on this month. For example，on 1 December，London’s West End，the capital’s best shopping district，has its largest ever traffic-free day. More than a million visitors are expected to shop and enjoy various activities while Oxford Street and Regent Street are completely closed to cars and buses. Shoppers will be able to move around the streets，visiting our famous department stores，and having a bite at one of the many cafes and restaurants in the area. Trafalgar Square’s Christmas tree，a gift to London from Norway，will be lit at 6 p.m. on 6 December to the sounds of traditional Christmas songs. Then，every evening from 10 December until 23 December，5 p.m. to 9 p.m.，people will sing Christmas songs in this beautiful setting. Lastly，ring in the New Year with the capital’s largest fireworks show. Although the fireworks will be set off at the British Airways London Eye，they can be enjoyed from across London and will also be broadcast on television at the same time. Then， just a few hours later，come out and see London’s colorful New Year’s Day parade，when marching performers from around the world pass through the capital’s streets. Enjoy your time in our city.

Q： What is the purpose of this speech？

A.Introduce the best shopping district in London.

B.Encourage people to buy the Christmas trees.

C.Welcome people to visit London in December.

在訓(xùn)練的過(guò)程中，遇到這類(lèi)題時(shí)，要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生留意開(kāi)頭或結(jié)尾的一些概括性的句子，這些句子就已經(jīng)點(diǎn)出了談話者的主題，如這段材料中的Welcome to London this December！ There’s plenty going on this month. 由此可以斷定為A。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題：抓住主要細(xì)節(jié)，確認(rèn)具體事實(shí)

這類(lèi)試題占了整個(gè)考題的大多數(shù)，是對(duì)對(duì)話或獨(dú)白中提供的一些具體信息，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、數(shù)量、價(jià)錢(qián)、目的、原因、結(jié)果（who，what，which，when，where，how，why）等的獲取信息能力的考查。在細(xì)節(jié)題目上的考查上也變得越來(lái)越靈活，因?yàn)樗O(shè)題目不是純粹為了追求細(xì)枝末節(jié)，而是需要在整體理解聽(tīng)力材料的基礎(chǔ)上把所聽(tīng)到的具體信息聯(lián)系在一起，然后作出正確的理解與判斷。所以，這類(lèi)題一方面要求聽(tīng)清、聽(tīng)懂信息。以2014年9月第2題為例：

M： Do you have this shirt in other colors，ma’am？

W： Well，they come in white，yellow，red，and green. Will a white one do？

M： Yes，that’ll be nice. I’ll take one.

Q：Which color shirt will the man buy？

A. Red. B. Green. C. White.

此題只有根據(jù)女士的話Will a white one do？ 及男士的回答Yes， that’ll be nice. I’ll take one. 才能做出判斷。雖是細(xì)節(jié)題，但體現(xiàn)了雙方的互動(dòng)性。對(duì)一方的提問(wèn)，需從另一方的話中得出答案。

另一方面還要簡(jiǎn)單處理聽(tīng)到的信息，或者進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算。而近幾年高考聽(tīng)力考題中同義轉(zhuǎn)述題數(shù)量有所增加，在平時(shí)訓(xùn)練中要加強(qiáng)這塊知識(shí)的專(zhuān)門(mén)訓(xùn)練。

2014年9月的第5小題tidy up轉(zhuǎn)述為clean；14小題把題干的設(shè)問(wèn)將what jobs pay同義轉(zhuǎn)述為incomes即收入；17小題中the capital’s best shopping district是London’s West End的同位語(yǔ)。

2014年3月的第7小題To sleep late in the morning對(duì)應(yīng)文中的I cannot get up early on weekends；第9小題The man will use his own computer.可以從文中的Now you don’t need to borrow mine！ 得出結(jié)論。第16題Continue his education.由原文中I’ll begin working on a master’s degree in the fall. 轉(zhuǎn)述而來(lái)。第19題Anytime of the day. 是對(duì)原文中24 hours a day的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。第14題的題干使用了同義轉(zhuǎn)述。文中There seems to be a shortage of high schoolteachers now說(shuō)明目前市場(chǎng)上教師短缺，題干中用了in short supply這個(gè)語(yǔ)塊對(duì)原文的信息進(jìn)行了轉(zhuǎn)述。

2013年9月的13小題What are the man’s strengths？ 中eager to learn對(duì)應(yīng)文中的willing to learn；16小題What does the woman say about Mary？中l(wèi)ose weight對(duì)應(yīng)文中的on a diet；19小題What may the“big freeze”mean to others？ 中a 1 smile對(duì)應(yīng)文中的insincere；又如2014年3月的11題Where did Tom get the idea of becoming a businessman？ 中g(shù)rown-ups對(duì)應(yīng)文中的friends’ parents。

3.推斷題：聯(lián)系上下文，合理推斷

第一，推斷對(duì)話背景，確認(rèn)身份關(guān)系。此類(lèi)試題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)對(duì)話中所提供的特定情境和談話內(nèi)容，對(duì)說(shuō)話者的身份、職業(yè)、關(guān)系、地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行推度判斷。提問(wèn)方式有：What’s the relationship between the two speakers？ Where are they speaking？ Where does the conversation most likely happen？ 例如：

2014年3月第3題：

W： Hi，Kent. Can you give me a lift？ I’m late for work. My car’s broken down. It won’t start.

M： I’m sorry. I’m not going into town. But I can give you a lift to the bus station.

Q： Which is the probable relationship between the speakers？

A.Strangers. B.Neighbors. C.Co-workers.

答案為B。這題需要理解整個(gè)對(duì)話情景，即女士請(qǐng)求搭車(chē)去上班，從男士的回答中可知女士的上班地點(diǎn)在town中，與居住地較遠(yuǎn)，而他雖然不去town，但能在這個(gè)時(shí)間將她載到bus station，可推斷出二者很可能為鄰居。

2014年3月第17題：

W： Hey，James. How’s the job search going？

M： Hi，Sharon. I had no idea it would take so much time. It sure makes it difficult to prepare for final exams. How about you？

W： I was lucky. There seems to be a shortage of high school teachers now. I applied to three schools，and each one offered me a position.

M： That’s great. Which one did you like？

W： I haven’t decided yet. Of course，it would be easiest for me to stay here in New York or go back home to Boston. But I may go to California.

M： That would be a big move.

W： So，tell me about your plans.

M： Well， I applied to six newspapers. Last week，I had an interview with New York Times.

W： How did it go？

M： No so well. I think they’re looking for people with some experience.

W： Have you had any other interviews？

M： No，not yet. It seems that everyone wants to be a writer these days. There just aren’t that many jobs out there.

W： That’s too bad.

M： Yes. I had hoped to have a job lined up by graduation. That doesn’t seem likely now.

W： What will you do if you can’t find a job？

M： In that case，I’ll begin working on a master’s degree in the fall.

W： Good luck！

Q： Who are the speakers？

A.Fellow students.

B.Laid-off workers.

C.High school teachers

典型的人物關(guān)系推理判斷題。全文沒(méi)有提及說(shuō)話者具體的關(guān)系，要從對(duì)話的內(nèi)容，推斷出他們的關(guān)系是Fellow students。

第二，推斷說(shuō)話者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。此類(lèi)題目考查的是學(xué)生的聽(tīng)力綜合素質(zhì)，根據(jù)對(duì)話中所提供的特定情境和談話內(nèi)容、背景，對(duì)說(shuō)話人的身份、職業(yè)、關(guān)系、談話場(chǎng)所進(jìn)行揣摩，推斷說(shuō)話者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度，聽(tīng)出其中的“言外之意”。提問(wèn)方式有：What can we learn from the conversation？ What can we know about the man/woman？ What does the man/woman mean？ 例如：2014年3月第2題：

W： These DVDs will be due back on Thursday the 7th.

M： How much more should we pay to keep them another week？

Q： What are the speakers talking about？

A.Buying DVDs.

B.Borrowing DVDs.

C.Sharing DVDs.

此題屬于典型的場(chǎng)景推斷理解。從對(duì)話的“due back”、“keep them another week”兩個(gè)點(diǎn)判斷，說(shuō)話者是借而不是買(mǎi)DVD。

當(dāng)然，要想掌握這些解題策略，還要靠平時(shí)的訓(xùn)練養(yǎng)成。一要關(guān)注良好的解題習(xí)慣的養(yǎng)成，平時(shí)要養(yǎng)成仔細(xì)審題的習(xí)慣，而且要在重點(diǎn)設(shè)問(wèn)的單詞下做個(gè)記號(hào)，有意提醒自己該題到底在考什么，是推斷，是細(xì)節(jié)，是理解還是概括，只有在聽(tīng)之前做到心里有數(shù)，才能在聽(tīng)的過(guò)程中有重點(diǎn)，才能舍取信息，縮小“包圍圈”，做到如魚(yú)得水。二要關(guān)注良好心理狀態(tài)的養(yǎng)成。高考聽(tīng)力測(cè)試其實(shí)是對(duì)考生心理素質(zhì)的大檢測(cè)，過(guò)于緊張焦慮的情緒往往容易產(chǎn)生恐懼心理。要使學(xué)生在考試中能正常運(yùn)用這些策略，那么在平時(shí)訓(xùn)練中就要有意給學(xué)生營(yíng)造這種緊張狀態(tài)，克服怯場(chǎng)心理。三是力求橫向拓寬，覆蓋面廣，學(xué)生能舉一反三，觸類(lèi)旁通。只有實(shí)現(xiàn)“練”與“法”的有機(jī)結(jié)合，才能切實(shí)提高英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力水平。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]羅之慧.高中學(xué)生英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力發(fā)展的教學(xué)對(duì)策[J].中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)（中學(xué)），2011（8）

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