賀紅艷,王樹(shù)鴻,夏曉霞,田萬(wàn)管,孟慶義
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迷走右鎖骨下動(dòng)脈合并主動(dòng)脈夾層1例
賀紅艷1,王樹(shù)鴻1,夏曉霞1,田萬(wàn)管2*,孟慶義2*
(解放軍總醫(yī)院:1健康管理研究院一病區(qū),2急診科,北京 100853)
迷走右鎖骨下動(dòng)脈(ARSA)是發(fā)自降主動(dòng)脈近端較常見(jiàn)的主動(dòng)脈弓大血管異常。ARSA在起始部位可出現(xiàn)內(nèi)膜撕裂而導(dǎo)致主動(dòng)脈夾層的發(fā)生,從而引起血流受限和后期的動(dòng)脈瘤樣變性。筆者報(bào)道了1例起源于ARSA的急性A型主動(dòng)脈夾層。ARSA合并A型主動(dòng)脈夾層實(shí)屬罕見(jiàn),術(shù)前經(jīng)CT血管造影(CTA)得以確診,CTA對(duì)本病進(jìn)行外科治療決策非常有價(jià)值。臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)對(duì)迷走右鎖骨下動(dòng)脈合并主動(dòng)脈夾層引起注意,以做到早期診斷,早期處理。
迷走右鎖骨下動(dòng)脈;主動(dòng)脈夾層
患者,男性,66歲,農(nóng)民。因“突發(fā)胸痛3d”就診于解放軍總醫(yī)院急診科。患者3d前勞作時(shí)突然胸痛,以右側(cè)為主,呈持續(xù)性撕裂樣,休息后疼痛不緩解,無(wú)惡心、嘔吐及腹痛,就診于當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院,行CT血管造影(computed tomography angiography,CTA)檢查提示主動(dòng)脈夾層。為求進(jìn)一步診治遂轉(zhuǎn)至我院急診科,既往有高血壓病史8年,不規(guī)律口服藥物治療,血壓控制不理想,飲酒、吸煙30余年,每日飲白酒2兩,吸煙30余年,平均20支/d,現(xiàn)已戒煙8年。
入院查體。體溫37.6℃,脈搏115次/min,血壓左上肢114/82mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),右上肢126/88mmHg,左下肢144/82mmHg,右下肢153/77mmHg 140/95mmHg。急性面容,表情痛苦,神志清,精神差,頸靜脈無(wú)怒張,雙肺呼吸音清,未聞及干濕性啰音及胸膜摩擦音,心前區(qū)無(wú)隆起,心尖搏動(dòng)不明顯,未觸及心尖搏動(dòng),心前區(qū)無(wú)震顫,無(wú)心包摩擦感,第四肋間左側(cè)相對(duì)濁音界擴(kuò)大(距正中線約8cm),心率115次/min,心律齊,各瓣膜區(qū)未聞及明顯異常雜音,未聞及心包摩擦音,雙上肢橈動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)正常,無(wú)大血管槍擊音、Duroziez二重雜音、水沖脈、毛細(xì)血管搏動(dòng)征、脈搏短絀,雙側(cè)足背動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)好。腹平軟,肝脾肋緣下未觸及,無(wú)壓痛,腸鳴音正常。雙下肢無(wú)浮腫。
診療經(jīng)過(guò)。完善相關(guān)檢查(血尿常規(guī)、急診生化全套、凝血功能及CTA檢查):血紅蛋白165g/L,白細(xì)胞15.77×109/L,中性粒細(xì)胞0.80,C-反應(yīng)蛋白12.0mg/dl,白細(xì)胞介素-6 189.3ng/L;血糖7.09mmol/L,總膽紅素29.6mmol/L,尿素氮8.06mmol/L,肌酸激酶、肌酸激酶同工酶、乳酸脫氫酶、肌鈣蛋白T均正常;凝血功能:凝血酶原時(shí)間13.9s,血漿活化部分凝血酶原時(shí)間35.3s,血漿凝血酶原活動(dòng)度15.1s,國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比率1.07,纖維蛋白原6.65g/L,血漿D-二聚體3.68mg/L。急診CTA示:右鎖骨下動(dòng)脈起始于主動(dòng)脈弓后內(nèi)側(cè),經(jīng)后縱隔、食管后方走行,至右側(cè)鎖骨下區(qū);該血管開(kāi)口節(jié)段,顯示內(nèi)膜破口,形成主動(dòng)脈夾層,延伸至升主動(dòng)脈節(jié)段和主動(dòng)脈弓后、降主動(dòng)脈近端;雙側(cè)冠狀竇未見(jiàn)受累,雙側(cè)冠狀動(dòng)脈起源未見(jiàn)異常,各冠狀動(dòng)脈分支充盈好,管壁、管腔未見(jiàn)異常;心包內(nèi)少量積液征象;印象:主動(dòng)脈夾層A型,右鎖骨下動(dòng)脈起源異常,該血管開(kāi)口部可見(jiàn)內(nèi)膜破口;雙側(cè)冠狀動(dòng)脈未見(jiàn)受累(圖1)。入院診斷為:(1)主動(dòng)脈夾層A型;(2)迷走右鎖骨下動(dòng)脈(aberrant right subclavian artery,ARSA);(3)高血壓病。急診收入心血管外科重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房,給予積極控制血壓、心率和鎮(zhèn)痛以及其他對(duì)癥治療,于第3天行升主動(dòng)脈+全弓置換+降主動(dòng)脈支架植入+主動(dòng)脈瓣形成術(shù)。安全返回病房,后痊愈出院。目前隨訪中,病情平穩(wěn)。
圖1 主動(dòng)脈CTA三維重建
Figure 1 Preoperative CTA three-dimensional reconstructions of aorta CTA: computed tomography angiography. A: preoperative three-dimensionalcomputed tomogram shows a type A aortic dissection and an aberrant right subclavian artery arising from the aortic arch, distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery(white arrow).B: computed tomograms shows the aortic dissection, the true lumen, and the false lumen. White arrows marking the aberrant right subclavian artery
賀紅艷主治醫(yī)師 本例患者為老年男性,急性起病,主要表現(xiàn)為急性胸痛,為持續(xù)性撕裂樣,性質(zhì)較劇烈。在排除急性冠脈綜合征后,當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院和我院初步診斷考慮為主動(dòng)脈夾層,來(lái)診后給予患者再次行CTA檢查確診為ARSA合并主動(dòng)脈夾層A型,給予積極的外科手術(shù)治療后,病情好轉(zhuǎn)出院。
陳威副主任醫(yī)師 ARSA是較常見(jiàn)的主動(dòng)脈弓大血管異常,它占總?cè)丝诘?.5%~1.8%[1]。這種異常右鎖骨下動(dòng)脈不是發(fā)自無(wú)名動(dòng)脈,而是發(fā)自左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈起始后的主動(dòng)脈弓或降主動(dòng)脈。這是由于胚胎發(fā)育過(guò)程中頸總動(dòng)脈與右鎖骨下動(dòng)脈之間的右側(cè)第四動(dòng)脈弓部分的退化中斷的結(jié)果,這一異常的血管發(fā)自主動(dòng)脈弓的憩室樣結(jié)構(gòu),與主動(dòng)脈瘤相似。ARSA多經(jīng)食管后方斜行到右側(cè)。該患者有高血壓病史多年。主動(dòng)脈夾層可能與先天性主動(dòng)脈弓發(fā)育異常,加之后天的高血壓因素有關(guān)。
主動(dòng)脈夾層的年自然發(fā)病率約1/10萬(wàn),其早期死亡原因多為夾層動(dòng)脈血腫向外破裂、急性心肌梗死或急性腎功能衰竭等,晚期死亡原因常為充血性心力衰竭或心、腦、腎、腸道等重要臟器嚴(yán)重供血不足[2?4]。近年來(lái),隨著影像學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,主動(dòng)脈夾層的診斷日益快捷、準(zhǔn)確。目前治療方法主要有藥物、手術(shù)和支架型血管置入等。本病例為合并ARSA的主動(dòng)脈夾層,非常罕見(jiàn)。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道少見(jiàn)。
韓輝副主任醫(yī)師 同意前面兩位臨床醫(yī)師的分析。大多數(shù)ARSA患者無(wú)臨床癥狀,但是約80%的ARSA行走于食管后方可產(chǎn)生壓迫癥狀,即吞咽困難,此外,5%位于氣管前方,15%位于氣管和食管之間,可引起咳嗽和氣道梗阻。合并ARSA的60%患者,可發(fā)生動(dòng)脈瘤樣擴(kuò)張,即Kommerell憩室,這種情況下壓迫癥狀更加明顯,并且破裂、栓塞和血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[5?7]。此外,ARSA還會(huì)引起主動(dòng)脈狹窄和加速主動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生[8]。食管鋇餐檢查時(shí)可發(fā)現(xiàn)ARSA壓跡。
田萬(wàn)管副主任醫(yī)師 ARSA通常無(wú)癥狀,大多在影像學(xué)檢查時(shí)偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)[9]。在急性主動(dòng)脈綜合征中,主動(dòng)脈夾層最為常見(jiàn),其影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)為人熟知,但合并ARSA的主動(dòng)脈夾層少見(jiàn),容易忽視或漏診。ARSA的確診有賴于影像學(xué)檢查。主動(dòng)脈CTA是ARSA首選的最佳檢查方法,由于其方便、快捷和成像范圍大,而且診斷敏感性和特異性高。主動(dòng)脈CTA不僅能確定ARSA的部位及范圍,還能準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量主動(dòng)脈夾層真腔的內(nèi)徑和管壁的厚度,對(duì)其并發(fā)癥如心包和胸腔積液、縱隔血腫及主動(dòng)脈假性動(dòng)脈瘤的診斷具有重要價(jià)值。雖然MRI被認(rèn)為是評(píng)價(jià)主動(dòng)脈疾病最佳影像技術(shù)之一,具有高度敏感性和特異性,但MRI檢查時(shí)間長(zhǎng),不適用于急診患者[10]。本例術(shù)前經(jīng)CTA得以確診,ARSA起始于主動(dòng)脈弓后內(nèi)側(cè),經(jīng)后縱隔、食管后方走行,至右側(cè)鎖骨下區(qū),而且該血管開(kāi)口節(jié)段,顯示內(nèi)膜破口,形成主動(dòng)脈夾層,實(shí)屬罕見(jiàn)。
孟慶義主任醫(yī)師 前面各位醫(yī)師對(duì)本病進(jìn)行了深入的剖析,使我們對(duì)本病有了更進(jìn)一步的認(rèn)識(shí)。合并ARSA的主動(dòng)脈夾層非常罕見(jiàn),使患者的治療更加困難。臨床上合并ARSA的主動(dòng)脈夾層的相關(guān)報(bào)道少見(jiàn),治療這方面經(jīng)驗(yàn)相對(duì)缺乏。曾有進(jìn)行藥物治療的報(bào)道,其目的在于有效降低左室噴射速率和外周動(dòng)脈壓,穩(wěn)定和終止動(dòng)脈夾層的繼續(xù)分離,緩解癥狀[11]。單純內(nèi)科藥物治療對(duì)穩(wěn)定性B型夾層療效較好,而對(duì)于不穩(wěn)定病例且伴有嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的療效難于預(yù)測(cè),因隨時(shí)都有夾層擴(kuò)大和破裂的危險(xiǎn),故藥物治療不能完全代替外科手術(shù)治療。復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),一般單純的右側(cè)迷走鎖骨下動(dòng)脈無(wú)需治療,如有明顯的食管梗阻或合并有主動(dòng)脈夾層則需行手術(shù)治療,主要有內(nèi)科介入腔內(nèi)隔絕術(shù)及外科體外循環(huán)下人工血管置換術(shù),其治療方式主要是根據(jù)主動(dòng)脈夾層的分型(Stanford分型)及與夾層破口與ARSA的關(guān)系來(lái)決定手術(shù)方式。血管畸形的不確定性和血管夾層的可變性是合并ARSA的主動(dòng)脈夾層腔內(nèi)治療難度大的主要原因,手術(shù)過(guò)程中如果處理不當(dāng),可能引起動(dòng)脈夾層變大,嚴(yán)重時(shí)危及生命。因此,術(shù)前應(yīng)行CTA檢查明確動(dòng)脈夾層開(kāi)口與畸形血管的關(guān)系,制定個(gè)性化的手術(shù)方案。
綜上所述,合并ARSA的主動(dòng)脈夾層臨床罕見(jiàn),容易誤診和漏診,因此在今后的臨床工作中需提高警惕,做到早診斷、早治療,從而改善患者的預(yù)后。
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(編輯: 周宇紅)
Aortic dissection in presence of an aberrant right subclavian artery: a case report
HE Hong-Yan1, WANG Shu-Hong1, XIA Xiao-Xia1, TIAN Wan-Guan2*, MENG Qing-Yi2*
(1The First Ward, Institute of Health Management;2Department of Emergency, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China)
The presence of an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) arising from the proximal descending aorta is a relatively common anomaly of the aortic arch. These vessels may be involved in aortic dissections, either as the site of the primary intimal tear or as a dissected aortic branch, subject to flow limitation and future aneurysmal degeneration. We report a case involving a ruptured acute type A aortic dissection originating from ARSA. The coincidence of an ARSA with a complicated acute type A aortic dissection is extremely rare, as in the present case. This case was diagnosed preoperatively by computed tomography angiography (CTA), which is of great value for precise planning of surgical strategy in such cases. The aim of the case report is to make the clinicians aware of ARSA probably being accompanied with aortic dissection, so as to diagnose it and manage it rapidly and appropriately.
aberrant right subclavian artery; aortic dissection
(2012FC-TSYS-3016).
R543.1
A
10.11915/j.issn.1671-5403.2015.04.071
2015?01?05;
2015?02?25
解放軍總醫(yī)院臨床科研扶持基金項(xiàng)目(2012FC-TSYS-3016)
孟慶義, E-mail: mqy301@sina.com; 田萬(wàn)管,E-mail:tianwanguan@163.com