孫 園,周慧敏
(大連醫(yī)科大學 微生物教研室,遼寧 大連 116044)
窖蛋白1在腫瘤及其血管生成中的作用
孫園,周慧敏
(大連醫(yī)科大學 微生物教研室,遼寧 大連 116044)
窖蛋白1(caveolin-1)是胞膜窖(caveolae)上的標志性蛋白,能夠識別多種信號分子,與腫瘤的侵襲轉移及血管生成等過程密切相關。而caveolin-1在腫瘤血管生成中的作用尚未定論,目前認為caveolin-1在腫瘤及其血管生成中具有促進及抑制雙重作用。隨著研究的不斷深入,caveolin-1很可能成為腫瘤的治療靶點或早期診斷指標。本文就caveolin-1在腫瘤及其血管生成的作用進行綜述。
窖蛋白1;腫瘤;血管生成
[引用本文]孫園,周慧敏. 窖蛋白1在腫瘤及其血管生成中的作用[J].大連醫(yī)科大學學報,2015,37(3):293-296.
生物膜是細胞的基礎結構,與腫瘤的侵襲和轉移息息相關。Caveolae是一種呈燒瓶狀的凹陷膜結構,直徑為50~100 nm,主要由鞘磷脂、鞘糖脂、膜蛋白、膽固醇構成;caveolae以囊泡及胞膜穴樣內陷兩種形式存在于細胞膜中,在多種細胞中表達豐富[1]。Caveolin家族是caveolae的內支架蛋白,它們與細胞膜表面的脂質筏相結合后,其結構和功能發(fā)生改變,形成caveolae。Caveolin家族中包括caveolin-1α、caveolin-1β、caveolin-2α、caveolin-2β、caveolin-2γ、caveolin-3[2]。Caveolin-1由178個氨基酸構成,分子量為210000~240000,編碼基因位于7q31.1,包含3個外顯子。Caveolin-1蛋白的親水性 N端與C端都朝向胞漿內,中間疏水性結構呈發(fā)卡狀插入細胞膜內[3]。Caveolin-1介導了caveolae的構成,參與多種細胞活動,例如物質轉運、細胞遷移等[4],同時,caveolin-1更與腫瘤細胞的增殖、侵襲與轉移等密切相關[5]。
1.1Caveolin-1對細胞惡變的抑制作用
Caveolin-1與腫瘤的關系十分密切。在正常生理條件下,機體多種細胞均有caveolin-1的表達,它可以與多種活性分子如磷脂酶、酪氨酸激酶、癌基因產物等相互作用,參與信號通路的轉導及物質轉運等生理過程,維持血壓、血管及膽固醇穩(wěn)態(tài)[6-10]。在腫瘤發(fā)生階段,細胞中caveolin-1的表達常發(fā)生下降甚至缺失,細胞的生長分化失去調控從而快速分裂繁殖。研究表明,caveolin-1基因所在的染色體7q31.1區(qū)在腫瘤中多發(fā)生突變、缺失或斷裂,導致其mRNA和蛋白表達數(shù)量的降低,提示其具有抑癌基因的作用。Caveolin-1在正常細胞中高表達,而在某些種類癌細胞中表達明顯下降,甚至檢測不到。Caveolin-1可通過抑制cyclinD1基因啟動子的活性、抑制絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路、抑制Src酪氨酸激酶磷酸化,從而起到抑制細胞的惡變作用[11]。Caveolin-1表達下降能促進胃癌相關纖維母細胞的活化,導致胃癌的發(fā)生[12]。在白血病HL-60細胞中過表達caveolin-1能抑制腫瘤細胞增殖、誘導凋亡、阻斷PI3K/AKT信號通路的活化并增強化學藥物治療的敏感性[13]。在很多原發(fā)的腫瘤如結直腸癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌中也均可見到caveolin-1的表達下降[14-16],這些證據(jù)表明caveolin-1的降低與腫瘤的發(fā)生密切相關。
1.2Caveolin-1對腫瘤細胞侵襲轉移的作用
與上述研究不同的是,在某些腫瘤組織中caveolin-1的表達明顯高于正常組織。張志波等[17]用Western blot方法及免疫組化方法比較了伴肝內轉移的肝細胞癌組織、肝硬化組織、癌旁組織、正常肝組織中caveolin-1 mRNA及其蛋白表達的含量,結果表明其在伴隨肝內轉移的肝細胞癌組織中的含量遠高于癌旁組織。這說明caveolin-1的高表達促進了腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、浸潤與轉移。Caveolin-1能與轉錄因子FoxM1共同作用促進上皮-間質細胞轉化及胰腺癌細胞的轉移[18]。在前列腺癌細胞中,caveolin-1激活PI3-K-Akt信號途徑,并與VEGF, TGF-β1和FGF2等促轉移分子相互作用促進癌細胞轉移[19]。Caveolin-1的表達下調還能抑制STAT3信號途徑從而阻斷肺癌細胞的轉移[20]。在發(fā)生轉移的頭頸部鱗狀細胞癌及腎癌細胞中也可見到高水平的caveolin-1表達[21-22]。由此可見,caveolin-1在發(fā)生早期淋巴結轉移的腫瘤細胞及轉移癌細胞中高度上調,并與預后不良密切相關,說明在腫瘤發(fā)展的不同階段,caveolin-1作為生長調控的重要分子所起的作用也截然不同,即是抑癌蛋白,又是轉移相關分子。
1.3Caveolin-1對細胞惡變作用不同的原因
如何解釋caveolin-1在腫瘤中發(fā)揮不同甚至相反的作用呢?有學者認為caveolin-1對細胞惡變的作用主要取決于細胞的種類及疾病進展情況;在癌癥的早期階段,caveolin-1主要作為一個腫瘤抑制蛋白發(fā)揮作用,其水平下降導致了眾多信號分子活化引起腫瘤,而當腫瘤細胞發(fā)生浸潤轉移時,面臨的環(huán)境不斷變化,如何抵抗周圍的不利環(huán)境,保證遷移存活變成了當務之急,細胞的內部分子必須重新調整以適應新的生長需要。Caveolin-1在發(fā)生轉移的腫瘤細胞中重新活化,激活轉移相關分子,促進腫瘤的進展和轉移。也有學者認為,caveolin-1對細胞惡變作用不同的原因是caveolin-1基因存在突變型。體內存在caveolin-1突變的患者更容易發(fā)生復發(fā)和轉移。而當caveolin-1發(fā)生突變時,它的突變與第14位的酪氨酸、第80位的絲氨酸的磷酸化關系密切,突變型caveolin-1基因的表達誘導了細胞的轉化、激活激酶信號通路,促進了腫瘤細胞的發(fā)展,致其在某些腫瘤中呈高表達狀態(tài)[23-24]。另外,在細胞惡變的不同階段中,caveolin-1也可能存在著其他不同的調節(jié)機制??傊?,caveolin-1在細胞惡變的過程中發(fā)揮的作用還有待進一步研究。
2.1Caveolin-1對腫瘤血管生成的抑制作用
多數(shù)研究表明,caveolin-1通過抑制血管的新生,從而抑制腫瘤細胞的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。通過對腫瘤微血管通透性的測定,證實了caveolin-1是調節(jié)血管生成的關鍵分子,能抑制腫瘤血管的形成,同時能降低腫瘤微血管通透性。Caveolin-1的腳手架區(qū)cavtratin能夠抑制腫瘤微血管的通透性,從而抑制鼠腫瘤的進展[25]。在胰腺癌中,caveolin-1與其它信號分子共同作用抑制腫瘤血管生成[26]。
Caveolin-1對腫瘤血管生成的抑制作用可通過多種途徑實現(xiàn)。Fang K等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)窖蛋白-1可以抑制KDR的信號通路,對內皮細胞的增殖產生抑制作用,從而抑制了腫瘤血管的新生。而降低前列腺癌基質細胞中caveolin-1的表達能促進Akt磷酸化,提升轉化因子β1的活性,促進腫瘤血管新生[28]。Caveolin-1的腳手架區(qū)可與控制血管內皮細胞合成的一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS)結合,抑制其活化,從而破壞內皮屏障功能,發(fā)揮抑制血管新生的作用[29-30]。Caveolin-1還可以通過生長因子受體介導的Ras途徑及整合素介導的Src酪氨酸激酶途徑來抑制血管內皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)的活性,進而抑制VEGF介導的內皮細胞遷移及微血管重建的作用[11,31]。除此之外,caveolin-1還可以通過調整細胞周期,使內皮細胞處于G0/G1期從而抑制內皮細胞的增殖[27]。
2.2Caveolin-1對腫瘤血管生成的促進作用
Caveolin-1對腫瘤血管生成的促進作用也在眾多研究中得到肯定。Zhang等[32]報道,caveolin-1在肝癌轉移及預后較差的患者的癌細胞中的過量表達與VEGF、微血管密度(microvessel density, MVD)有關。Caveolin-1蛋白在前列腺的腫瘤細胞及尤文氏肉瘤中,不但能夠起到抗凋亡的作用,還能作為促血管生成的因子促進腫瘤的轉移[33-34]。而Yang等[35]也發(fā)現(xiàn),caveolin-1呈陽性的前列腺癌患者的微血管密度明顯高于caveolin-1呈陰性的患者。這提示著caveolin-1可以通過介導血管生成促進腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
Caveolin-1促進腫瘤血管生成的機制有多種。血管內皮生長因子受體(VEGFR-2)與caveolin-1的共存在腫瘤細胞的生長與增殖的過程中起到了重要作用。張志波等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)caveolin-1表達量與VEGF,MVD和(尿酸)UA呈正相關,隨著caveolin-1表達量的增加,肝細胞癌(HCC)的侵襲轉移現(xiàn)象更加顯著,其機制可能是caveolin-1誘導HCC表達VEGF,從而促進腫瘤血管生成而實現(xiàn)了腫瘤的侵襲與轉移。Caveolin-1通過對內皮血管形成及壁細胞聚集過程的調節(jié),間接地對腫瘤血管生成起到了決定性作用[36]。在血管生成的過程中,需要內皮細胞的增殖、遷移和分化。而caveolin-1的Tyr14磷酸化是內皮細胞具有極性的前提條件。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)減低caveolin-1的表達量,內皮細胞的極性和運動會被抑制[37]。因此,caveolin-1可能通過Tyr14磷酸化途徑促進了腫瘤血管的生成。
2.3Caveolin-1對腫瘤血管生成發(fā)揮作用不同的原因
為何caveolin-1對腫瘤血管生成的作用不同呢?VEGF及一氧化氮(NO)是促進血管生成的有效因子,而eNOS及VEGFR2皆存在于caveolae中,因此caveolin-1可能是腫瘤血管生成促進劑與抑制劑共同作用的靶點。有學者認為,caveolin-1的表達量是隨著內皮細胞發(fā)育階段的不同而隨之變化的,在內皮細胞的增殖過程中,caveolin-1起到抑制腫瘤血管的生成作用,而在內皮細胞的遷移與分化階段,caveolin-1能夠促進腫瘤血管的生成作用[27]。同時,caveolin-1對VEGF的作用也不容忽視。Caveolin-1誘導HCC產生VEGF,促進腫瘤血管生成[17];而在前列腺癌中,caveolin-1蛋白與VEGF表達呈負相關性[38]。這說明,caveolin-1在不同類型的腫瘤中,會產生不同的影響。早在幾年前,Tahir等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn)前列腺癌的腫瘤細胞能夠分泌caveolin-1,起到促進腫瘤血管生成的作用。說明即使在同一部位腫瘤中,caveolin-1對血管的作用也是隨著腫瘤的不同分期、腫瘤的類型而變化的。而caveolin-1基因突變對腫瘤血管生成的影響是否會與對腫瘤細胞產生的影響相同呢?是否會有野生型caveolin-1基因對腫瘤血管生成具有抑制作用,而發(fā)生基因突變的突變型caveolin-1基因對腫瘤血管的生成起到促進作用的現(xiàn)象呢?目前為止,人類對caveolin-1對腫瘤血管生成的影響尚不明確,還有待進一步探索。
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Role of caveolin-1 in tumor and tumor angiogenesis
SUN Yuan, ZHOU Hui-min
(DepartmentofMicrobiology,DalianMedicalUniversity,Dalian116044,China)
Caveolin-1,the marker protein of caveolae, could recognize a variety of signal molecules and might be related to tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. The role of caveolin-1 in tumor angiogenesis has not been ascertained yet. It has been shown that caveolin-1 might play a dual function in tumor angiogenesis: either promoting or inhibiting. Caveolin-1 might act as an early diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in carcinoma. This article will review the effects of caveolin-1 on tumor invasion and angiogenesis and discuss the underlying mechanisms.
caveolin-1; carcinoma; angiogenesis
綜述10.11724/jdmu.2015.03.22
國家自然科學基金項目(81271910);遼寧省百千萬人才資助項目(2012921014)
孫 園(1991-),女,遼寧沈陽人,碩士研究生。E-mail:sunyuan91@139.com
周慧敏,副教授。E-mail:zhouhm@dlmedu.edu.cn
R730.1
A
1671-7295(2015)03-0293-04
2014-09-25;修回時間:2015-04-27)