陳 楊,王艷榮,張 權(quán),石 燕,陳 麗,戴廣海
解放軍總醫(yī)院 腫瘤內(nèi)二科,北京 100853
晚期胃癌患者其腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血與預(yù)后的關(guān)系
陳 楊,王艷榮,張 權(quán),石 燕,陳 麗,戴廣海
解放軍總醫(yī)院 腫瘤內(nèi)二科,北京 100853
目的探討一線應(yīng)用表柔比星、奧沙利鉑聯(lián)合卡陪他濱方案(EOX方案)的晚期胃癌患者其腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血與預(yù)后的關(guān)系。方法選取2012 - 2013年本院應(yīng)用EOX方案的晚期胃癌患者58例,根據(jù)治療前以及治療過程中血紅蛋白水平分為貧血組(A1,Hb<120 g/L)和非貧血組(A0,Hb>120 g/L),分析兩組預(yù)后的差異。結(jié)果貧血組無疾病進(jìn)展期(progress free survival,PFS)、總生存期(overall survival,OS)均略短于非貧血組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(5.3個(gè)月 vs 7.2個(gè)月,P=0.032;13.6個(gè)月 vs 17.1個(gè)月,P=0.027),COX多因素回歸分析顯示,非貧血組較貧血組進(jìn)展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低25%(HR=0.75, 95% CI:0.413 ~0.914,P=0.018);死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低26%(HR=0.74,95% CI:0.452 ~ 0.921,P=0.032)。結(jié)論出現(xiàn)腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血的胃癌患者無進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間和總生存時(shí)間均略短于非貧血組患者,貧血是胃癌預(yù)后不良的獨(dú)立影響因素之一,糾正貧血有望改善預(yù)后。
胃癌;腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血;預(yù)后
胃癌是全球范圍內(nèi)導(dǎo)致惡性腫瘤相關(guān)性死亡的第二大疾病,全球每年新發(fā)約9.8萬例,死亡近7.3萬例;其中35% ~ 40%死亡病例在中國[1]。腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血(cancer related anemia,CRA)指腫瘤患者在疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展以及治療過程中發(fā)生的貧血[2]。缺氧是腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié),而貧血加重了腫瘤組織缺氧。缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子1(hypoxia inducible factor 1,HIF1)是缺氧條件下傳遞缺氧信號(hào)、介導(dǎo)缺氧效應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,通過結(jié)合缺氧反應(yīng)元件激活下游眾多靶基因從而參與腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移、血管生成、能量代謝及放療化療抵抗等多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。從而導(dǎo)致了腫瘤的耐藥,增加了其侵襲能力[3-4]。多項(xiàng)臨床研究表明,貧血是腫瘤的獨(dú)立不良預(yù)后因素,與腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)密切相關(guān)。晚期胃癌患者中腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血與預(yù)后的關(guān)系的研究較少,因此本研究擬分析晚期胃癌患者腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血與預(yù)后的關(guān)系,以期提供臨床證據(jù),輔助臨床治療。
1對(duì)象 選取2012年2月- 2013年8月本院腫瘤內(nèi)科住院的晚期胃癌患者58例,具有完整臨床病例資料和隨訪資料。所有病例均經(jīng)病理學(xué)明確診斷為胃癌,臨床分期(由兩位主治醫(yī)生確認(rèn))按照TNM分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)Ⅳ期患者,無手術(shù)指征;2)具有客觀病灶作為觀察和評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo);3)年齡<75歲;4)治療前KPS評(píng)分≥80分,無化療禁忌證;5)骨髓造血功能正常(且外周血白細(xì)胞總數(shù)>4×109/L,粒細(xì)胞總數(shù)>2×109/L,血小板計(jì)數(shù)>100×109/L,血紅蛋白>120 g/L);6)肝、腎功能正常;7)既往無腫瘤病史,無骨轉(zhuǎn)移,未接受過化療和放療;8)預(yù)計(jì)生存期在3個(gè)月以上;9)患者知情同意。
2治療方法 患者均接受表柔比星、奧沙利鉑聯(lián)合卡陪他濱方案(EOX方案)化療,表柔比星50 mg/m2,靜脈滴入,d1;奧沙利鉑85 mg/m2,靜脈滴入2 h,d1;卡陪他濱片(Xeloda)1 000 mg/m2,口服,d1 ~d14。21 d為1個(gè)周期,2個(gè)周期后通過影像學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)療效,通過血液學(xué)及癥狀評(píng)價(jià)不良反應(yīng)?;熐敖o予保肝、抑酸、止吐、保護(hù)心肌等對(duì)癥治療。
3貧血評(píng)估及分組 血常規(guī)的檢驗(yàn)在每個(gè)化療周期的前1 d及化療后第7、14天。根據(jù)治療前及化療過程中血紅蛋白的化驗(yàn)值,出現(xiàn)貧血(Hb<120 g/L)患者為貧血組(A1);未出現(xiàn)貧血為非貧血(A0)組。
4臨床觀察及評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo) 患者無進(jìn)展生存期(progress free survival,PFS)定義為從化療開始至疾病進(jìn)展或死亡的時(shí)間間隔。總生存期(overall survival,OS)定義為化療開始至死亡的時(shí)間間隔。
5隨訪 患者化療第1年內(nèi)每3個(gè)月隨訪1次,以后每6個(gè)月隨訪1次,全組病人隨訪至2014年9月20日,建立完整的隨訪檔案。本組資料的隨訪率為95%。
6統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 采用SPSS19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。相關(guān)性分析采用Spearman檢驗(yàn),率的比較選用χ2檢驗(yàn)。采用Kaplan-Meier乘積極限法估算總生存分布,單因素顯著性檢驗(yàn)選擇Log-rank法,采用COX比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型驗(yàn)證各因素對(duì)PFS和OS的預(yù)后價(jià)值,生存時(shí)間以中位數(shù)表示。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1患者基本臨床資料 共納入58例晚期胃癌患者,中位年齡58(26 ~ 71)歲。其中肝轉(zhuǎn)移28例。病理分級(jí):低分化36例,高、中分化22例。所有患者均接受至少2個(gè)周期EOX方案化療,中位治療周期4個(gè)周期。
2貧血分析 58例中貧血組26例(45%),非貧血組32例(55%)。兩組年齡、性別、有無肝轉(zhuǎn)移、組織學(xué)分級(jí)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),KPS評(píng)分差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.034)。見表1。
3PFS、OS的單因素分析 性別、年齡、體表面積、病理分級(jí)、有無肝轉(zhuǎn)移不是PFS、OS的顯著影響因子,而KPS評(píng)分、貧血、病理分級(jí)等因素是PFS、OS的顯著影響因子(P<0.05)。見表2。
表1 貧血和非貧血患者基本特征Tab. 1 Characteristics of anemia patients and normal controls (n, %)
圖 2 晚期胃癌貧血患者和未出現(xiàn)貧血患者OS曲線比較Fig. 2 Comparison of OS in presence and absence of anemia group
4PFS、OS的COX多因素分析 貧血是PFS、OS的獨(dú)立影響因素;而病理分級(jí)、KPS評(píng)分不是獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素。非貧血組較貧血組進(jìn)展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低25%(HR=0.75,95% CI:0.413 ~ 0.914,P=0.018);生存風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低26%(HR=0.74,95% CI:0.452 ~0.921,P=0.032)。見表3。
5生存分析 腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血組(A1) mPFS較非貧血組(A0)顯著縮短(5.3個(gè)月 vs 7.2個(gè)月,P=0.012)。腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血組(A1) mOS較非貧血組(A0)顯著縮短(13.6個(gè)月 vs 18.1個(gè)月,P=0.012)。見圖1、圖2。
表2 晚期胃癌患者相關(guān)臨床指標(biāo)與PFS、OS的關(guān)系Tab. 2 Univariate analysis showing the correlation between clinical parameters and survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer
表3 COX多因素分析晚期胃癌患者相關(guān)指標(biāo)與PFS、OS的關(guān)系Tab. 3 Multivariate analysis showing the correlation between clinical parameters and survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer
歐洲癌癥貧血發(fā)生率39.3%,以消化道腫瘤最常見,占26.3%[5]。腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血產(chǎn)生的原因較多,造血原料攝入不足、腫瘤相關(guān)性失血、溶血,腎功能受損、骨髓受侵,放、化療引起的骨髓抑制等均可造成腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血[6]。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血還可能與免疫系統(tǒng)相關(guān),如活化的T淋巴細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞可分泌多種細(xì)胞因子(IFN-γ、IL-1、TNF等),導(dǎo)致紅細(xì)胞分化不良、紅細(xì)胞壽命縮短和鐵的利用障礙[7]。
多項(xiàng)國內(nèi)外研究證實(shí)了腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血與多種腫瘤較差的預(yù)后相關(guān)[8]。Caro等[9]對(duì)60項(xiàng)臨床研究的回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),肺癌伴貧血的患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加19%。Waters等也報(bào)道了通過治療使血紅蛋白水平維持120 g/L以上的患者,其生存率明顯高于Hb≤120 g/L的患者(中位生存期分別為12個(gè)月和9個(gè)月,P=0.001)[10]。然而,Gauthier等[11]研究顯示,基礎(chǔ)Hb水平較低與較短的生存趨勢相關(guān),但與生存期或無疾病進(jìn)展期的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
本研究回顧性分析了一線化療方案為EOX的晚期胃癌患者,貧血發(fā)生率為45%。貧血組(A1) mPFS較非貧血組(A0)顯著縮短(5.3個(gè)月 vs 7.2個(gè)月,P=0.012);mOS較非貧血組(A0)顯著縮短(13.6個(gè)月 vs 18.1個(gè)月,P=0.012)。同時(shí),COX回歸分析顯示,非貧血組較貧血組進(jìn)展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低25%(HR=0.75,95% CI:0.413 ~ 0.914,P=0.018);死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低26%(HR=0.74,95% CI:0.452 ~0.921,P=0.032)。本研究證實(shí),腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血與較短的PFS和OS相關(guān),與國際多項(xiàng)臨床研究結(jié)論相似。
分析原因,缺氧亦是腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié),而貧血加重了腫瘤組織缺氧,通過HIF-1a因子誘導(dǎo)了下游眾多通路。參與腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移、血管生成、能量代謝及放療、化療抵抗等多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)[12]。
腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血加重缺氧環(huán)境,從而影響化療藥物的療效,其機(jī)制可分為以下3類:1)由于氧自由基產(chǎn)生減少,限制了化療藥物對(duì)DNA的破壞,從而使化療療效降低[13]。2)缺氧環(huán)境下化療藥物彌散過程中穩(wěn)定性降低,影響化療療效。3)由于親核產(chǎn)物增多(如谷胱甘肽)與烷化劑競爭結(jié)合靶向DNA及DNA修復(fù)酶,減弱了烷化劑的作用[14]。從而影響放化療的療效,降低生存期,因此血紅蛋白水平可能是影響胃癌患者生存期的預(yù)后因素之一[15]。
一項(xiàng)大型的薈萃分析證實(shí)了提高血紅蛋白水平和腫瘤患者生存期的相關(guān)性。Vansteenkiste等對(duì)314例肺癌伴化療相關(guān)性貧血研究顯示,促紅細(xì)胞生成素治療組的生存期長于對(duì)照組,分別為46周和34周[16]。Beggs等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),21例不可手術(shù)切除的Ⅱ/ⅢB期非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者中,促紅細(xì)胞生成素治療組患者的中位生存期為15.1個(gè)月,而對(duì)照組為6.0個(gè)月[17]。由此可見,糾正患者貧血,給予補(bǔ)充鐵劑或者促紅素的治療,有望改善患者腫瘤微環(huán)境,增加放化療敏感性,從而延長患者生存期。
腫瘤相關(guān)性貧血可能縮短胃癌患者的生存時(shí)間,且與不良預(yù)后相關(guān)[18]。但影響胃癌患者預(yù)后的因素較多,本研究僅為回顧性研究,研究病例數(shù)量亦有限,仍需進(jìn)一步的研究以明確貧血和糾正貧血對(duì)于胃癌患者預(yù)后的影響。
1 Asombang AW, Kelly P. Gastric cancer in Africa: what do we know about incidence and risk factors?[J]. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg,2012, 106(2):69-74.
2 Gilreath JA, Stenehjem DD, Rodgers GM. Diagnosis and treatment of cancer-related anemia[J]. Am J Hematol, 2014, 89(2):203-212.
3 Martinsson A, Andersson C, Andell P, et al. Anemia in the general population: prevalence, clinical correlates and prognostic impact[J]. Eur J Epidemiol, 2014, 29(7):489-498.
4 Zhang X, Liu L, Wei X, et al. Impaired angiogenesis and mobilization of circulating angiogenic cells in HIF-1alpha heterozygous-null mice after burn wounding[J]. Wound Repair Regen, 2010, 18(2):193-201.
5 Beguin Y. Prediction of response and other improvements on the limitations of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in anemic cancer patients[J]. Haematologica, 2002, 87(11): 1209-1221.
6 Bron D, Meuleman N, Mascaux C. Biological basis of anemia[J]. Semin Oncol, 2001, 28, Supplement 8 (2 Suppl 8): 1-6.
7 Erslev AJ. Erythropoietin and anemia of cancer[J]. Eur J Haematol, 2000, 64(6):353-358.
8 Socinski MA, Zhang C, Herndon JE 2nd, et al. Combined modality trials of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: analysis of factors influencing survival and toxicity[J]. Ann Oncol, 2004, 15(7):1033-1041.
9 Caro JJ, Salas M, Ward A, et al. Anemia as an Independent prognostic factor for survival in patients with cancer: a systemic,quantitative review[J]. Cancer, 2001, 91(12): 2214-2221.
10 Henry DH, Langer CJ, McKenzie RS, et al. Hematologic outcomes and blood utilization in cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA) pre- and post-national coverage determination(NCD): results from a multicenter chart review[J]. Support Care Cancer, 2012, 20(9):2089-2096.
11 Gauthier I, Ding K, Winton T, et al. Impact of hemoglobin levels on outcomes of adjuvant chemotherapy in resected non-small cell lung cancer: the JBR.10 trial experience[J]. Lung Cancer, 2007, 55(3):357-363.
12 顧琳萍,陸舜.貧血與肺癌[J].臨床腫瘤學(xué)雜志,2007,12(6):401-406.
13 Vaupel P, Kelleher DK, H?ckel M. Oxygen status of malignant tumors: pathogenesis of hypoxia and significance for tumor therapy[J]. Semin Oncol, 2001, 28(2 Suppl 8):29-35.
14 Yuan G, Khan SA, Luo W, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 mediates increased expression of NADPH oxidase-2 in response to intermittent hypoxia[J]. J Cell Physiol, 2011, 226(11):2925-2933.
15 Vaupel P, Thews O, Hoeckel M. Treatment resistance of solid tumors: role of hypoxia and anemia[J]. Med Oncol, 2001, 18(4):243-259.
16 Kleinman L, Benjamin K, Viswanathan H, et al. The anemia impact measure (AIM): development and content validation of a patientreported outcome measure of anemia symptoms and symptom impacts in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy[J]. Qual Life Res,2012, 21(7): 1255-1266.
17 Dubsky P, Sevelda P, Jakesz R, et al. Anemia is a significant prognostic factor in local relapse-free survival of premenopausal primary breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant cyclophosphamide/ methotrexate/5-fluorouracil chemotherapy[J]. Clin Cancer Res,2008, 14(7):2082-2087.
18 Shen JG, Cheong JH, Hyung WJ, et al. Pretreatment anemia is associated with poorer survival in patients with stage I and II gastric cancer[J]. J Surg Oncol, 2005, 91(2):126-130.
Relationship between cancer related anemia and prognosis in patients with advanced gastric cancer
CHEN Yang, WANG Yanrong, ZHANG Quan, SHI Yan, CHEN Li, DAI Guanghai
No.2 Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
DAI Guanghai. Email: daigh60@sohu.com
ObjectiveTo assess the relationship between cancer related anemia (CRA) and prognosis in patients with advanced gastric cancer who were treated by Epirubicin Oxaliplatin and Xeloda as first-line chemotherapy.MethodsClinical data about 58 patients diagnosed with advanced gastric cancer who underwent first-line chemotherapy of EOX regimen at least 2 cycles in our hospital from 2012 to 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the level of hemoglobin before and during treatment period, the patients were divided into two groups: anemia group (A1) and the absent group (A0).The relationship between CRA and clinical outcome of these two groups were analyzed.ResultsThe median PFS and OS in group A1 were significantly lower than group A0 (5.3 vs 7.2 m, P=0.032; 13.6 vs 17.1 m, P=0.027). The multivariate Cox analysis showed that the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of PFS in anemia group was 25% lower than group A0 (HR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.413-0.914, P=0.018). The mortality risk of OS was 26% lower than group A0 (HR 0.74, 95% CI: 0.452-0.921, P=0.032).ConclusionThe anemia patients are likely to have a shorter PFS and OS compared with normal patients. The cancer related anemia is an independent prognostic factor. Prospective trials are required to validate those findings.
gastric cancer; cancer related anemia; prognosis
R 735.2
A
2095-5227(2015)04-0351-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.04.014
時(shí)間:2014-12-18 11:24
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20141218.1124.001.html
2014-10-11
陳楊,女,在讀碩士。研究方向:消化道腫瘤。Email: alice6542@163.com
戴廣海,男,主任醫(yī)師,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。Email: dai gh60@sohu.com