袁艷紅,劉冬云,姜 紅,李向紅(青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院新生兒科,山東 青島 266000)
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早產(chǎn)兒支氣管肺發(fā)育不良臨床高危因素及防治策略
袁艷紅,劉冬云,姜 紅,李向紅(青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院新生兒科,山東 青島 266000)
目的 探討早產(chǎn)兒發(fā)生支氣管肺發(fā)育不良(bronchopulmonary dysplasia,BPD)的高危因素,尋求預(yù)防BPD發(fā)生、治療及改善其預(yù)后的策略。方法 回顧性分析312例胎齡<37周且住院時間≥28 d早產(chǎn)兒的臨床資料,根據(jù)BPD診斷標準分為BPD組(60例)和非BPD組(252例)。結(jié)果 BPD發(fā)生率為19.2%。通過對32個因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn)小胎齡、低出生體質(zhì)量、多胎、男性、新生兒呼吸窘迫綜合征(NRDS)、肺炎、窒息、貧血、動脈導(dǎo)管未閉(PDA)、敗血癥、肺出血、氣胸、膽汁淤積或病理性黃疸、高壓力機械通氣、高濃度氧療是BPD發(fā)生的潛在危險因素(P<0.05或P<0.01);Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果示多胎(OR=2.386,P<0.05)、NRDS(OR=1.806,P<0.05)、肺炎(OR=94.278,P<0.01),貧血(OR=1.805,P<0.05)、敗血癥(OR=19.712,P<0.01)、機械通氣(OR=48.750,P<0.01)是BPD發(fā)生的獨立危險因素。母親孕期疾病對BPD發(fā)生率無明顯影響(均P>0.05)。結(jié)論 避免早產(chǎn),預(yù)防感染,減少早產(chǎn)兒合并癥及輸血,避免高壓力機械通氣、高濃度氧療,注意維生素的補充,積極進行出院后指導(dǎo),對于BPD防治及改善其預(yù)后極為重要。
早產(chǎn)兒; 支氣管肺發(fā)育不良; 高危因素; 防治策略
隨著醫(yī)療水平的提高,患有支氣管肺發(fā)育不良(bronchopulmonary dysplasia,BPD)的早產(chǎn)極低出生體質(zhì)量兒的存活率顯著增加[1],但國內(nèi)外文獻[2-5]多報道其預(yù)后不容樂觀,病死率高,存活者亦常遺留高反應(yīng)性氣道疾病,反復(fù)下呼吸道感染,生長發(fā)育遲緩。因此探索BPD發(fā)生的影響因素并積極預(yù)防與治療以降低其發(fā)病率、改善預(yù)后尤為重要。筆者對60例早產(chǎn)BPD患兒的臨床資料進行回顧性歸納及分析,并針對其發(fā)病的高危因素探索積極有效的預(yù)防及治療策略。
1.1 研究對象
2010年1月至2013年12月青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院新生兒科重癥監(jiān)護室收治的、住院胎齡<37周并且住院時間≥28 d的早產(chǎn)兒312例,其中BPD患兒60例(BPD組),男38例,女22例;非BPD患兒252例(非BPD組),男115例,女137例。BPD發(fā)生率為19.2%。BPD的診斷參照美國國家兒童保健和人類發(fā)展研究院(NICHD)2001年所通過的BPD診斷標準[6]。
1.2 研究方法
對60例早產(chǎn)BPD患兒的臨床資料進行回顧性分析。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
運用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行分析。計量資料用獨立樣本t檢驗,計數(shù)資料采用單因素χ2檢驗,對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行分析,篩選出BPD發(fā)生潛在危險因素,并對潛在的因素進行多因素Logistic回歸分析,探討B(tài)PD發(fā)生的獨立危險因素。P<0.05差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 胎齡、出生體質(zhì)量與BPD發(fā)病之間的關(guān)系
胎齡越小、出生體質(zhì)量越低,BPD發(fā)生率越高(均P<0.01),見表1。
表1 胎齡、出生體質(zhì)量與BPD發(fā)病之間的關(guān)系
2.2 各種危險因素與BPD發(fā)病之間的關(guān)系
男性、多胎、新生兒呼吸窘迫綜合征(NRDS)、肺炎、窒息復(fù)蘇后、肺炎、動脈導(dǎo)管未閉(PDA)、貧血、敗血癥、肺出血、氣胸、膽汁淤積或病理性黃疸、機械通氣、氣壓傷、容量傷、高濃度氧療是BPD發(fā)生的潛在高危因素(P<0.05或P<0.01),母親孕期疾病對BPD發(fā)生率無明顯影響(均P>0.05),見表2。對男性、多胎、NRDS、肺炎、PDA、貧血、敗血癥、肺出血、氣胸、機械通氣等12個潛在危險因素進行多因素Logistic回歸分析,可見多胎、NRDS、肺炎、貧血、敗血癥、機械通氣是BPD發(fā)生的獨立危險因素,見表3。
因素BPD組(n=60)非BPD組(n=252)例%例%χ2P男性3863.311545.66.0740.014多胎610.052.09.1550.002NRDS5591.712650.034.5410.000肺炎5998.39738.569.4160.000貧血4575.010340.922.6360.000
因素BPD組(n=60)非BPD組(n=252)例%例%χ2PPDA1220.0207.97.6620.006持續(xù)性肺動脈高壓11.720.00.3380.533敗血癥23.35019.89.5090.002肺出血35.000.012.7220.000氣胸11.700.04.2140.040窒息復(fù)蘇3558.36023.827.2750.000心功能不全1423.35421.40.1030.748新生兒腦病2135.07128.21.0860.297病理黃疸、膽汁淤積1931.72710.716.9250.000羊水吸入綜合征1016.77329.03.7560.053凝血功能障礙1321.74216.70.8340.361妊高癥、重度子癇前期2846.712449.20.1250.724胎盤前置或早剝58.32811.10.3950.529宮內(nèi)窘迫或羊水糞染1423.34618.30.8050.370妊娠期糖尿病23.3228.71.9880.159胎膜早破1220.06927.41.3740.241產(chǎn)前感染或發(fā)熱46.752.03.7930.051先兆早產(chǎn)915.04517.90.2760.599Hellp綜合征或腎臟疾病58.32710.70.2980.585機械通氣4168.35220.652.6970.000持續(xù)氣道正壓通氣1931.710039.71.3200.251吸氧時間(x±s)t/d25.13±18.405.40±3.9712.4340.000吸氣峰壓(x±s)p/kPa1.87±0.171.78±0.202.0450.044平均氣道壓(x±s)p/kPa0.40±0.080.36±0.064.3860.000最高吸入氧濃度(x±s)/%40.10±9.7731.82±8.165.8150.000胎齡(x±s)t/周29.28±1.8331.02±1.78-6.7400.000出生體質(zhì)量(x±s)m/kg1.17±0.331.43±0.32-5.6180.000
表3 Logistic分析BPD發(fā)生的獨立危險因素
BPD的發(fā)病率較高,是早產(chǎn)兒尤其是超低和極低出生體質(zhì)量兒呼吸系統(tǒng)常見的并發(fā)癥之一,并成為嬰兒肺疾病的主要病因[7],因缺乏特效的治療手段,BPD已成為存活嬰幼兒期甚至青少年期反復(fù)慢性呼吸道感染、氣道異常的主要病因[8],對嬰幼兒神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育、行為智力、運動、視聽覺等亦造成嚴重的影響[9]。有研究[10-11]發(fā)現(xiàn)早產(chǎn)并發(fā)BPD使患兒神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)預(yù)后更差,重者可并發(fā)腦癱。因此,BPD已成為影響早產(chǎn)兒生存質(zhì)量的重要因素。
Jobe[12]提出BPD是遺傳易感性下發(fā)育不成熟的肺受感染后的異常修復(fù)。BPD是一種先天性疾病[13],它的發(fā)生與遺傳因素密切相關(guān)[14]。此外,BPD具有個體易感性,胎兒肺發(fā)育過程中存在一些罕見的遺傳突變,可影響圍產(chǎn)期新生兒肺的順應(yīng)性,導(dǎo)致某些疾病的發(fā)生如RDS等,由此可見遺傳變異是患兒發(fā)生BPD的風(fēng)險因素之一[15]。在遺傳易感性的基礎(chǔ)上,小早產(chǎn)、低出生體質(zhì)量早產(chǎn)兒的肺發(fā)育不成熟則是BPD發(fā)生的重要危險因素[16-17]。本研究單因素分析顯示,胎齡越小、出生體質(zhì)量越低,BPD發(fā)生率越高(P<0.05),因此,避免早產(chǎn)是BPD發(fā)生較為重要的預(yù)防措施。多胎、男嬰亦增加了BPD的發(fā)生率。Fanos等[13]指出BPD發(fā)病原因可以理解為肺泡損傷的發(fā)展及血管生成的增加。此外,許多研究者[18-20]認為感染與BPD的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),肺部感染時炎性介質(zhì)刺激中性粒細胞及巨噬細胞活化產(chǎn)生大量氧自由基致肺部損傷。本研究結(jié)果顯示,NRDS、肺炎、窒息、PDA、貧血、敗血癥、肺出血、氣胸、機械通氣、氣壓傷、容量傷、高濃度氧療是BPD發(fā)生的高危因素(P<0.05),與肺泡損傷及肺部感染密切相關(guān)。有研究[21]表明預(yù)防性應(yīng)用阿奇霉素可顯著減少BPD的發(fā)生及早產(chǎn)BPD患兒的死亡。機械通氣為BPD發(fā)生的獨立危險因素[22-23]。因此,在出生時避免插管和持續(xù)氣道正壓通氣輔助可降低早產(chǎn)兒BPD的發(fā)生率[24]。Meyer等[25]等提出產(chǎn)后盡早額外補充高劑量的維生素A可防止BPD的發(fā)生。維生素D可改善嬰幼兒肺結(jié)構(gòu),發(fā)揮預(yù)防BPD的潛在作用[26]。維生素A和維生素D的臨床應(yīng)用對于肺泡損傷及黏膜修復(fù)有重要作用。本研究多因素回歸分析可見貧血為BPD發(fā)生的獨立危險因素之一。早產(chǎn)兒在其生理因素、醫(yī)源性貧血、內(nèi)外科疾病、人工喂養(yǎng)不當?shù)榷喾N因素下貧血與足月兒相比其發(fā)生率高、出現(xiàn)時間早、持續(xù)時間長。臨床上常有組織缺氧的表現(xiàn),呼吸急促、窒息、反復(fù)呼吸暫停多發(fā),致出生后28 d或矯正胎齡36周仍不能停止吸氧,致BPD的發(fā)生。胎齡越小、體質(zhì)量越低、貧血越重,僅靠患兒自身難以糾正,大多需輸血或多次輸血治療,亦成為BPD發(fā)生的促成因素。有報道[27]稱減少紅細胞輸注可降低BPD的發(fā)生率。Geary等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PDA可導(dǎo)致早產(chǎn)兒肺組織水腫、肺順應(yīng)性下降,本研究單因素分析亦可見PDA是BPD發(fā)生的危險因素之一。因此,在積極改善早產(chǎn)患兒呼吸困難同時,對于PDA的發(fā)生應(yīng)提高警惕,以早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早治療PDA。
隨著醫(yī)療水平的提高,BPD早產(chǎn)患兒的存活率越來越高,經(jīng)過住院期間的積極救治,大多數(shù)可逐漸停止吸氧,病情穩(wěn)定出院,仍有少數(shù)患兒需繼續(xù)氧療。因BPD患兒早產(chǎn)、各系統(tǒng)發(fā)育不成熟、免疫力低下,并發(fā)癥較多,王國芬等[28]提出早產(chǎn)BPD患兒出院后健康教育尤為重要,可明顯降低此類患兒感染率、再入院率及病死率,改善其預(yù)后。
綜上所述,BPD是由多種因素引起的慢性肺部疾患,發(fā)生率逐年升高。遺傳易感性是其發(fā)生的基礎(chǔ),小胎齡、低出生體質(zhì)量早產(chǎn)兒的肺發(fā)育不成熟是BPD發(fā)生的最基本因素,多胎、男嬰、呼吸窘迫綜合征、肺炎、窒息、貧血、PDA、肺出血、敗血癥、氣胸、膽汁淤積或病理性黃疸、氧中毒、氣壓傷是BPD發(fā)生的高危因素。避免早產(chǎn)及低出生體質(zhì)量兒、極低出生體質(zhì)量兒的出生,減少肺部感染及機械通氣,防治全身并發(fā)癥,積極修復(fù)受損肺組織,注意維生素的補充,積極進行出院后指導(dǎo),對于BPD預(yù)防及改善預(yù)后極為重要。
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(責(zé)任編輯:鐘榮梅)
High-Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Premature Infants
YUAN Yan-hong,LIU Dong-yun,JIANG Hong,LI Xiang-hong
(NeonatalIntensiveCareUnitoftheAffiliatedHospital,QingdaoUniversity,Qingdao266000,China)
Objective To explore the high-risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD) in premature infants,and to seek the strategies for preventing BPD and improving prognosis.Methods Clinical data of 312 premature infants(gestation<37 weeks,hospital stay≥28 days) were analyzed retrospectively.According to the diagnosis standard of BPD,these infants were divided into BPD group(n=60) and non-BPD group(n=252).Results The incidence of BPD was 19.2%.The low gestational age,low birth weight,multiple births,male,neonatal respiratory distress syndrome(NRDS),pneumonia,asphyxia,anemia,patent ductus arteriosus,sepsis,pulmonary hemorrhage,pneumothorax,cholestasis or pathological jaundice,mechanical ventilation,and high concentration of oxygen therapy were the potential risk factors for BPD(P<0.05 orP<0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that multiple births(OR=2.386,P<0.05),NRDS(OR=1.806,P<0.05),pneumonia(OR=1.805,P<0.05),anemia(OR=94.278 ,P<0.01),sepsis(OR=9.712 ,P<0.01) and mechanical ventilation(OR=48.750,P<0.01) were the independent risk factors for BPD.Maternal disease had no effect on the incidence of BPD(P>0.05).Conclusion Strategies such as avoiding premature delivery,preventing infection,reducing complications and blood transfusion,averting mechanical ventilation and high concentration of oxygen therapy,supplementing vitamin,and providing guidance after hospital discharge are extremely important to prevent BPD and to improve prognosis.
premature; bronchopulmonary dysplasia; high-risk factors; prevention strategies
2014-12-29
袁艷紅(1986—),女,碩士研究生,主要從事新生兒學(xué)的研究。
劉冬云,副主任醫(yī)師,E-mail:liudongyunoo7@163.com。
R722.6
A
1009-8194(2015)06-0066-04
10.13764/j.cnki.lcsy.2015.06.026