丁裕潤(rùn) 王偉力 馬濤 胡光宇 李展春 王博
(上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院骨科, 上?!?00127)
·論著·
DHS與Intertan治療老年患者股骨粗隆間Evans Ⅰ型骨折的療效比較
丁裕潤(rùn)王偉力馬濤胡光宇李展春王博
(上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬仁濟(jì)醫(yī)院骨科, 上海200127)
摘要目的:比較閉合復(fù)位動(dòng)力髖螺釘(dynamic hip screw,DHS)與閉合復(fù)位股骨近端髓內(nèi)釘Intertan治療老年患者股骨粗隆間Evans Ⅰ型骨折的療效。方法: 手術(shù)治療股骨粗隆間骨折(Evans Ⅰ型)老年患者70例,其中行閉合復(fù)位DHS內(nèi)固定術(shù)30例(DHS組),行閉合復(fù)位Intertan內(nèi)固定術(shù)40例(Intertan組)。結(jié)果:患者均獲隨訪,時(shí)間6~24 (12.0±3.0)個(gè)月。骨折均愈合,未出現(xiàn)內(nèi)固定失敗、股骨頭壞死等并發(fā)癥。手術(shù)時(shí)間:DHS組40~90 (63.6±8.4) min,Intertan組40~90 (55.6±9.8) min;術(shù)中出血量:DHS組100~200 (145.4±22.5)mL,Intertan組100~200 (92.4±25.5)mL;住院時(shí)間:DHS組6~16 (11.2±2.8)d,Intertan組6~9 (7.9±1.1) d;兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、住院時(shí)間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。DHS組4例患者術(shù)后手術(shù)切口液化,換藥后愈合。骨折愈合時(shí)間:DHS組2.5~4.0 (3.4±0.8)個(gè)月,Intertan組2.5~4.0 (3.2±0.7)個(gè)月,兩組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后髖關(guān)節(jié)Harris總評(píng)分:DHS組67~84 (73.5±5.1)分,Intertan組70~86 (77.9±3.7)分;功能評(píng)分:DHS組23~40 (30.8±3.2)分,Intertan組25~44 (34.4±2.9)分;兩組術(shù)后髖關(guān)節(jié)Harris總評(píng)分和功能評(píng)分比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。疼痛評(píng)分:DHS組為20~44 (34.9±4.8)分,Intertan組為20~44 (35.8±5.0)分;活動(dòng)范圍評(píng)分:DHS組2~4 (3.0±0.8)分,Intertan組2~4 (3.0±1.0)分;兩組疼痛評(píng)分和活動(dòng)范圍評(píng)分比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:Intertan和DHS內(nèi)固定都是治療老年患者股骨粗隆間骨折的有效手段,但前者創(chuàng)傷較小,住院時(shí)間較短,髖關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)更好。
關(guān)鍵詞股骨粗隆間骨折;Evans分型;Intertan髓內(nèi)釘;動(dòng)力髖螺釘;Harris髖關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分
Efficacy Comparison between DHS and Intertan in the Treatment of Elderly Patients with Evans Type Ⅰ Intertrochanteric FractureDINGYurunWANGWeiliMATaoHUGuangyuLIZhanchunWANGBoDepartmentofOrthopedics,RenjiHospital,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Shanghai200127,China
AbstractObjective:To compare the clinical efficay between dynamic hip screw (DHS)and proximal femoral nail(Intertan) fixation after closed reduction for the treatment of elderly patients with Evans type Ⅰ intertrochanteric fracture. Methods:Among 70 elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture (Evans Ⅰ) undergoing surgical treatment, 30 cases (DHS Group) were treated by closed reduction and DHS internal fixation and the other 40 cases (Intertan Group) were treated by closed reduction and Intertan fixation. Results: All the patients were followed up for 6-24 (12.0±3.0) months. All the fractures were healed and no complication such as failure of internal fixation or femoral head necrosis occurred. There was statistically significant difference between operation time the DHS group and the Intertan group with 40-90 (63.6±8.4) min and 40-90 (55.6±9.8) min in DHS Group and Intertan Group, respectively. And the intraoperative blood loss were 100-200 (145.4±22.5) mL and 100-200 (92.4±25.5) mL in DHS Group and Intertan Group, respectively. Furthermore, the duration of stay were 6-16 (11.2±2.8) days and 6-9 (7.9±1.1) days in DHS Group and Intertan Group, respectively. There were significant difference regarding operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and duration of stay between the two groups(P<0.05). Wound healing were achieved by postoperative liquefaction wound care in 4 cases of DHS group. There was no significant difference regarding fracture healing time between the 2.5-4.0 (3.4±0.8) months in DHS Group and the 2.5-4.0 (3.2±0.7) months in Intertan Group(P>0.05). There were statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding Harris function scores after operation, which were 67-84 (73.5±5.1) points in DHS Group and 70-86 (77.9±3.7) points in Intertan Group, and function scores which were 23-40 (30.8±3.2) points in DHS Group and 25-44 (34.4±2.9) points in Intertan Group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between two groups regarding pain scores, which were 20-44 (34.9±4.8) points in DHS Group and 20-44 (35.8±5.0) points in Intertan Group, and activity range scores, which were 2-4 (3.0±0.8) points in DHS Group and 2-4 (3.0±1.0) points in Intertan Group (P>0.05). Conclusions: The Intertan and DHS internal fixation are effective methods for the treatment of elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures. Intertan showed less trauma, shorter duration of stay, and better recovery of hip function.
Key WordsIntertrochanteric fracture;Evans type;Intramedullary intertan nail;Dynamic hip screw;Harris function score
股骨粗隆間骨折在四肢骨折中較為常見(jiàn),是老年人的常見(jiàn)病和多發(fā)病。保守治療股骨粗隆間骨折雖可使骨折愈合,但因老年患者常合并多種內(nèi)科疾患,加上長(zhǎng)期臥床會(huì)發(fā)生褥瘡、肺部感染等并發(fā)癥,故病死率較高。對(duì)于沒(méi)有手術(shù)禁忌的股骨粗隆間骨折患者,一般主張?jiān)缙谑中g(shù)治療,以減少并發(fā)癥[1-2]。但對(duì)于Evans Ⅰ型股骨粗隆間骨折,目前臨床上尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一的手術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3-5]。2010年1月—2014年3月我院分別采用動(dòng)力髖螺釘(dynamic hip screw,DHS)和股骨近端髓內(nèi)釘Intertan治療70例老年股骨粗隆間Evans Ⅰ型骨折患者,現(xiàn)比較兩種治療方法的臨床效果,并報(bào)告如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料選擇2010年1月—2014年3月在我院手術(shù)治療的股骨粗隆間Evans Ⅰ型骨折的老年患者70例,其中男性20例,女性50例;年齡70~83(74.2±3.3)歲;均經(jīng)X線片及CT檢查確診為單側(cè)閉合骨折;Evans Ⅰ型穩(wěn)定型骨折37例,Ⅰ型不穩(wěn)定型骨折33例;排除其他疾病引起的髖關(guān)節(jié)功能障礙。70例中,30例行閉合復(fù)位DHS內(nèi)固定術(shù)(DHS組),40例行閉合復(fù)位Intertan內(nèi)固定術(shù)(Intertan組)。DHS組中,男性6例,女性24例;年齡70~81 (74.1±3.3)歲;穩(wěn)定型骨折25例,不穩(wěn)定型骨折5例;受傷至手術(shù)時(shí)間1~3(1.6±0.6) d。Intertan組中,男性14例,女性26例;年齡70~83(74.3±3.4)歲;穩(wěn)定型骨折17例,不穩(wěn)定型骨折23例;受傷至手術(shù)時(shí)間1~3 (1.5±0.6) d。兩組術(shù)前資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
1.2手術(shù)方法采用全身麻醉,患者置于牽引床,在C臂機(jī)透視下行閉合復(fù)位,復(fù)位滿意后消毒鋪巾。(1)DHS組的手術(shù)方法參照文獻(xiàn)[6]:取外側(cè)切口,自股骨大粗隆頂點(diǎn)向遠(yuǎn)端延伸,長(zhǎng)10~12 cm;逐層切開(kāi)皮膚及皮下組織、闊筋膜、肌肉,在C臂機(jī)透視下,將加壓螺釘?shù)膶?dǎo)針打入股骨頸內(nèi),測(cè)量長(zhǎng)度,置入加壓螺釘;置入側(cè)方鋼板,用皮質(zhì)骨螺釘固定鋼板與股骨干;在C臂X線機(jī)透視下確認(rèn)無(wú)誤后,關(guān)閉切口。 (2)Intertan組的手術(shù)方法參照文獻(xiàn)[7-8]:在股骨大粗隆頂點(diǎn)處作3~5 cm的直切口。用手指觸摸到大轉(zhuǎn)子頂點(diǎn),進(jìn)釘點(diǎn)為大轉(zhuǎn)子頂點(diǎn)偏內(nèi)處;用開(kāi)孔器在進(jìn)釘點(diǎn)開(kāi)孔,穿透皮質(zhì),放入球形導(dǎo)針;擴(kuò)髓后放入相應(yīng)大小的Intertan主釘,用手連接器將主釘插入髓腔;在C臂機(jī)透視下確認(rèn)主釘位置后,通過(guò)側(cè)方組件套筒打入導(dǎo)針,透視下確認(rèn)導(dǎo)針位置在頸部中央偏下;鉆孔后選擇合適長(zhǎng)度組合釘,先旋入主釘,再旋入加壓釘,加壓效果滿意后,在股骨遠(yuǎn)端打入鎖釘;在C臂機(jī)透視下確認(rèn)無(wú)誤后,關(guān)閉切口。
1.3術(shù)后處理術(shù)后第2天起開(kāi)始被動(dòng)活動(dòng)髖、膝、踝關(guān)節(jié),采用膝關(guān)節(jié)功能訓(xùn)練機(jī)(CPM)輔助鍛煉。術(shù)后2周左右傷口拆線,加強(qiáng)主動(dòng)不負(fù)重床上及床邊活動(dòng),加強(qiáng)股四頭肌肌力訓(xùn)練。穩(wěn)定型骨折患者術(shù)后4周可以用助步器下床進(jìn)行不負(fù)重活動(dòng)。不穩(wěn)定型骨折患者則需要適當(dāng)延后下床時(shí)間,術(shù)后8周若X線片示骨折線開(kāi)始模糊、骨痂生長(zhǎng),可以在助步器輔助下逐漸負(fù)重;術(shù)后12周骨折愈合后,可以自由負(fù)重活動(dòng)。
1.4觀察指標(biāo)及功能評(píng)價(jià)觀察患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、骨折愈合時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間及并發(fā)癥情況[9-10]。骨折愈合后半年采用Harris評(píng)分評(píng)價(jià)髖關(guān)節(jié)功能[11]:疼痛44分,功能51分,髖關(guān)節(jié)前屈、外展、外旋等活動(dòng)范圍5分,總分100分。
2結(jié)果
70例患者均獲得隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間為6~24 (12.0±3.0)個(gè)月。
2.1兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、骨折愈合時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間的比較見(jiàn)表1。
2.2并發(fā)癥70例患者的骨折均愈合。DHS組4例患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)傷口液化,經(jīng)過(guò)換藥處理后痊愈。兩組均無(wú)神經(jīng)、血管損傷,未出現(xiàn)股骨頭缺血性壞死和骨折畸形愈合,未見(jiàn)明顯的螺釘松動(dòng)。
2.3兩組患者的Harris髖關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分見(jiàn)表2。 典型病例的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)見(jiàn)圖1~2。
表1 兩組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、骨折愈合時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間的比較 (±s)
表2 兩組患者術(shù)后Harris髖關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分比較 (分,±s)
A: 術(shù)前X線片示左股骨粗隆間骨折;B: 術(shù)前CT三維重建;C: 術(shù)后X線片示DHS內(nèi)固定術(shù)后,骨折對(duì)位對(duì)線好; D: 末次隨訪X線片,示骨折愈合
圖1患者女,81歲,左股骨粗隆間骨折,Evans Ⅰb型,行閉合復(fù)位DHS內(nèi)固定術(shù)
A: 術(shù)前X線片示右股骨粗隆間骨折;B: 術(shù)前CT三維重建; C: 術(shù)后X線片示髓內(nèi)釘術(shù)后,骨折對(duì)位對(duì)線好; D: 末次隨訪X線片,示骨折愈合
圖2患者女,79歲,右股骨粗隆間骨折,Evans Ⅰc型,行閉合復(fù)位Intertan內(nèi)固定術(shù)
3討論
3.1DHS和股骨近端髓內(nèi)釘Intertan治療股骨粗隆間骨折的特點(diǎn)[12]DHS的特點(diǎn):套筒鋼板有不同規(guī)格的頸干角,由于內(nèi)固定器結(jié)構(gòu)上滑動(dòng)螺釘和鋼板將骨折遠(yuǎn)近端牢固固定,抗彎強(qiáng)度強(qiáng),并能恢復(fù)內(nèi)側(cè)穩(wěn)定性,較適用于穩(wěn)定型的股骨粗隆間骨折。但是,由于無(wú)有效的抗旋轉(zhuǎn)作用,DHS不能有效防止骨折端旋轉(zhuǎn)移位。此外,DHS內(nèi)固定術(shù)切口大,出血常較多。Intertan的特點(diǎn):Intertan系統(tǒng)的生物力學(xué)特性符合生物負(fù)重力線,股骨距區(qū)壓應(yīng)力減小,應(yīng)力遮擋小,有助于骨折愈合。髓內(nèi)針上、下端均有鎖定交鎖,可以防止骨折段的各種移位及髓內(nèi)針旋轉(zhuǎn)、下沉,起靜力交鎖作用。近端梯形的橫斷面采用關(guān)節(jié)假體柄設(shè)計(jì)原理,增強(qiáng)了穩(wěn)定性,較小的近端最大程度地保留了正常骨質(zhì)及周?chē)浗M織。因此,Intertan系統(tǒng)適用于幾乎所有類(lèi)型的股骨粗隆間骨折。不過(guò),主釘進(jìn)針點(diǎn)的選擇偏差及暴力操作容易使骨折移位加重,甚至造成新的骨折。
本研究中,DHS組4例患者出現(xiàn)術(shù)后切口液化,雖然經(jīng)過(guò)換藥處理后愈合,但延長(zhǎng)了住院時(shí)間及功能恢復(fù)。Intertan作為髓內(nèi)固定,適應(yīng)證范圍廣,幾乎可用于所有的股骨骨折,如股骨頸骨折,順、逆轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折,轉(zhuǎn)子下骨折等,其中尤其適用于股骨多段骨折。對(duì)于不穩(wěn)定型的股骨粗隆間骨折,重建釘較接骨板具有固定牢固、防旋轉(zhuǎn)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
3.2手術(shù)技巧DHS:加壓髖螺釘由套筒式鋼板、近端拉力螺釘及遠(yuǎn)端多枚螺釘組成。近端套筒與鋼板成130°或135°;套筒長(zhǎng)度為25~38 mm,當(dāng)中可通過(guò)拉力螺釘插入股骨頭中,通過(guò)滑動(dòng)給予折線加壓;鋼板有2~14個(gè)孔、60~300 mm長(zhǎng),擰入螺釘后可自動(dòng)加壓。導(dǎo)針位置在正位股骨頭中央或偏頭內(nèi)下,側(cè)位在略偏頭的后部或中部。為防止鉆孔及攻絲過(guò)程中骨折旋轉(zhuǎn),可在導(dǎo)針上方1.5 cm處插入1枚導(dǎo)針以臨時(shí)固定,選擇合適拉力的螺釘及鋼板。 Intertan:暴露大粗隆的梨狀窩進(jìn)針點(diǎn),插入導(dǎo)針,切忌暴力,避免引起大粗隆頂點(diǎn)的骨折;將導(dǎo)針插入遠(yuǎn)端,如果復(fù)位困難,可用股骨外側(cè)小切口,使導(dǎo)針進(jìn)入遠(yuǎn)端達(dá)骺線處;擴(kuò)髓后將選定的髓內(nèi)針固定于近端瞄準(zhǔn)器上,插入髓內(nèi)針。調(diào)整近端瞄準(zhǔn)器,使2枚鎖釘位于股骨頸及頭的中央,以防止術(shù)后因鎖釘偏向外上方而發(fā)生“割頭”并發(fā)癥。遠(yuǎn)端鎖定以加強(qiáng)固定。
綜上所述,DHS和Intertan治療股骨粗隆間Evans Ⅰ型骨折都可以達(dá)到解剖復(fù)位與堅(jiān)強(qiáng)內(nèi)固定的效果。本研究中Intertan組的住院時(shí)間短于DHS組,髖關(guān)節(jié)功能優(yōu)于DHS組,這主要得益于股骨近端髓內(nèi)釘內(nèi)固定的手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,從而降低了早期并發(fā)癥,提高了早期功能鍛煉的效率,促進(jìn)髖關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)。
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通訊作者李展春, E-mail: kcb069@163.com
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):81370976、81400904);上海市自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):13ZR1424900);上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)工交叉基金項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):YG2014MS41)
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)R 683.42
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