楊永學(xué) 汪子琪(成都市第五人民醫(yī)院,四川 成都 611130)
老年綜合評(píng)估研究進(jìn)展
楊永學(xué)汪子琪
(成都市第五人民醫(yī)院,四川成都611130)
〔關(guān)鍵詞〕老年綜合評(píng)估;聯(lián)合干預(yù)
第一作者:楊永學(xué)(1964-),女,主任醫(yī)師,主要從事心血管病研究。
老年綜合評(píng)估(CGA)被廣泛運(yùn)用于臨床研究,尤其腫瘤領(lǐng)域〔1~4〕。這些研究可歸為4類(lèi)〔5~18〕:①發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在的健康問(wèn)題;②預(yù)測(cè)治療結(jié)果及存活狀況;③實(shí)現(xiàn)多學(xué)科聯(lián)合干預(yù);④CGA的可行性。見(jiàn)表1。本文對(duì)運(yùn)用CGA的臨床研究進(jìn)行綜述。
表1 應(yīng)用或評(píng)價(jià)CGA的臨床試驗(yàn)舉例
目前,CGA已經(jīng)在一些國(guó)家被用于各種老年患者的健康狀況研究,清晰地展現(xiàn)老年患者的健康狀況(表2)。這些例子中,包含一個(gè)韓國(guó)的前瞻性試驗(yàn)〔7〕,其研究對(duì)象為65歲以上等待系統(tǒng)性化療的老年癌癥病人,所收集的CGA數(shù)據(jù)包括共病、ADL、IADL、認(rèn)知功能、精神心理狀態(tài)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)和藥物。試驗(yàn)報(bào)道有25%的患者Charlson共病指數(shù)(CCI)分?jǐn)?shù)在2及以上,23% ADL依賴,14% IADL依賴。通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)檢查表(MMSE)發(fā)現(xiàn)51%的患者有輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙(MMSE分?jǐn)?shù)17~24),5%有認(rèn)知功能障礙(MMSE分?jǐn)?shù)≤16)。一個(gè)相似的研究〔5〕采用CGA問(wèn)卷發(fā)現(xiàn),245例老年腫瘤患者中,在IADL方面有49%需要一些幫助,21%在過(guò)去6個(gè)月至少有一次跌倒史,94%至少有一種共病現(xiàn)象,20%存在低體重〔體重指數(shù)(BMI)<22 kg/m2〕。國(guó)內(nèi)亦有報(bào)道〔22〕,132例老年門(mén)診及病房住院的75歲以上2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者功能障礙者高達(dá)50.0%(66例) ;罹患癡呆(包括輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙在內(nèi))的比例為39.4%(52例) ;合并抑郁癥28.0%(37例) ;營(yíng)養(yǎng)失衡30.0%(39例)。
表2 各種老年人群應(yīng)用CGA概況舉例
盡管研究發(fā)現(xiàn)老年人存在大量老年問(wèn)題,但多數(shù)研究未詳細(xì)報(bào)道哪些問(wèn)題是CGA發(fā)現(xiàn)的。Lucchetti等〔6〕將CGA用于普通門(mén)診患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)60歲以上的170例老年患者中,CGA平均發(fā)現(xiàn)6種先前未知的醫(yī)療問(wèn)題,其中,CGA之前12.3%的患者伴有抑郁,CGA之后發(fā)現(xiàn)32.9%伴有抑郁,CGA之前5.3%、CGA之后23.5%的患者伴有認(rèn)知功能障礙,CGA之前5.8%、CGA之后27.1%的患者具有跌倒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一些研究報(bào)告在腫瘤患者治療前后使用CGA制定治療計(jì)劃〔10,23〕。治療的變化在很大程度上可能是由于探索重大疑難問(wèn)題。
研究已證實(shí)CGA對(duì)預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)作用(表3)。Winkelmann等〔8〕報(bào)道了一項(xiàng)143例新診斷惡性淋巴瘤患者前瞻性試驗(yàn),包括ADL,IADL和并發(fā)癥CGA。經(jīng)過(guò)Cox回歸分析,IADL〔危險(xiǎn)比(HR) 2.1; 95%可信區(qū)間(CI) 1.1~3.9〕、共病(HR1.9; 95% CI 0.9~3.9)與生存時(shí)間獨(dú)立地、強(qiáng)烈相關(guān)。
表3 CGA對(duì)預(yù)后的預(yù)測(cè)作用
擇期手術(shù)的老年癌癥患者術(shù)前進(jìn)行CGA,評(píng)估手術(shù)適應(yīng)性和預(yù)測(cè)圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥也表現(xiàn)出了類(lèi)似的有效性〔24〕。Tucci等〔25〕分析一項(xiàng)前瞻性隊(duì)列研究以評(píng)估CGA是否可以識(shí)別老年彌漫性大細(xì)胞淋巴瘤患者,這些患者可以有效地使用含蒽環(huán)類(lèi)免疫療法進(jìn)行治療。這些患者根據(jù)臨床判斷接受治療,治療反應(yīng)率(92.5% vs 48.8%; P<0.000 1)和中位生存期(P<0.000 1)顯著優(yōu)于42例(50%)患者認(rèn)為不適合CGA。在不適合的患者中,20例實(shí)際接受根治性治療,22例接受姑息性治療,兩種治療結(jié)果相似(中位生存期8個(gè)月和7個(gè)月; P>0.05)。研究〔25〕認(rèn)為CGA比臨床判斷更有效去識(shí)別老年彌漫性大細(xì)胞淋巴瘤患者,這些患者受益于積極的治療。
多學(xué)科聯(lián)合干預(yù)的研究基本分為兩個(gè)路線:隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)和前瞻性隊(duì)列研究,評(píng)估老年會(huì)診的影響(表4)。
3.1隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)Stenvall等〔29〕對(duì)64例伴有癡呆的股骨頸骨折患者進(jìn)行亞組分析發(fā)現(xiàn): CGA組較少發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,如尿路感染(P = 0.001)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)問(wèn)題(P = 0.025)、術(shù)后譫妄(P = 0.002)、跌倒(P=0.006)。4個(gè)月后大部分恢復(fù)室內(nèi)行走能力(P=0.005),ADL 1年后大部分患者恢復(fù)到骨折前水平(P = 0.027)。研究者推測(cè)伴有癡呆的髖骨骨折患者能夠從多學(xué)科的老年評(píng)估和康復(fù)中獲益,因此不應(yīng)從康復(fù)程序中被排除。
表4 實(shí)現(xiàn)多學(xué)科聯(lián)合干預(yù)的試驗(yàn)
3.2前瞻性隊(duì)列研究ELCAPA研究前瞻性隨訪某大型教學(xué)醫(yī)院的實(shí)體瘤患者〔10〕,共656例患者被診斷為癌癥,且這些患者均已有一個(gè)先期的治療方案。其中,392例被分配到老年醫(yī)師照顧組,最終375例進(jìn)入多學(xué)科討論,而最終的腫瘤治療方案也將在討論會(huì)上決定。20.8%先前制定的治療方案被改變。10.2%得到強(qiáng)化治療,9%需要延遲進(jìn)行老年病管理,80.8%治療強(qiáng)度降低。老年病相當(dāng)流行,無(wú)改變組改變老年醫(yī)學(xué)參數(shù)的中位數(shù)是3,而改變組是5。在多變量分析中,治療中參數(shù)的改變與以下變量有關(guān):功能障礙(ADL分?jǐn)?shù)每減少0.5: OR = 1.25)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良(OR=2.99)。基于CGA,老年病學(xué)家還對(duì)全部患者的管理給予如下建議: 30.7%藥物需要改變、41.9%需要社會(huì)支持、69.9%需要關(guān)注營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況、35.7%需要關(guān)注心理健康、20.8%需要評(píng)估記憶力、54.9%需要檢查。但研究者未評(píng)估是什么原因促使患者轉(zhuǎn)移到老年病房。在一個(gè)65例患者的小樣本研究提及患者選擇轉(zhuǎn)移到老年腫瘤病房而不是腫瘤專(zhuān)科治療的原因更傾向于近期有體重下降而不是治療期間體重下降(32.3% vs 15.3%,P= 0.03)〔30〕。Girre等〔20〕總結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移到老年腫瘤門(mén)診的105例患者多學(xué)科評(píng)估,38.7%改變了最初的治療方案,這些修改絕大多數(shù)是影響那些準(zhǔn)備化療的患者,主要的變換是要么選擇替代方案,要么改變治療策略。
CGA的可行性是影響其在臨床試驗(yàn)中應(yīng)用的一個(gè)重要因素。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)在一項(xiàng)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查研究〔5〕中得到驗(yàn)證,250例患者中245例完成了CGA問(wèn)卷調(diào)查。大多數(shù)患者(78%)自行完成問(wèn)卷并表示接受問(wèn)卷的長(zhǎng)度(91%),完成問(wèn)卷沒(méi)有困難94%、沒(méi)有難受96%、沒(méi)有遺漏問(wèn)題89%。平均完成問(wèn)卷時(shí)間為15 min。癌癥和白血病組研究〔17〕評(píng)估CGA在協(xié)作組應(yīng)用時(shí)具有相似的結(jié)果,試驗(yàn)中85例被評(píng)估的患者,完成老年評(píng)估工具時(shí)間的中位數(shù)為22 min,87%的患者(n = 74)無(wú)需幫助完成問(wèn)卷、92%(n=78)對(duì)問(wèn)卷的長(zhǎng)度感到滿意、95%(n= 81)的患者完成問(wèn)卷沒(méi)有困難問(wèn)題,調(diào)查者總結(jié)認(rèn)為自己管理老年評(píng)估工具符合納入將來(lái)協(xié)作組臨床試驗(yàn)協(xié)議規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
綜上,干預(yù)試驗(yàn)表明,CGA可以在多數(shù)環(huán)境中應(yīng)用,包括住院患者、門(mén)診病人、居家患者,需要多學(xué)科努力才能降低老年患者患病率和死亡率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。未來(lái)的CGA研究方向?yàn)?①提高老年患者指導(dǎo)和測(cè)試的干預(yù)性研究;②評(píng)估專(zhuān)科治療在老年評(píng)估領(lǐng)域的影響。
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〔2013-11-26修回〕
(編輯安冉冉/杜娟)
〔中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)〕R592
〔文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼〕A
〔文章編號(hào)〕1005-9202(2015) 16-4732-04;
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2015.16.151