任崇雷,高長(zhǎng)青,王 瑤,肖蒼松,吳 揚(yáng)
·臨床研究·
超聲心動(dòng)圖在肥厚性梗阻型心肌病外科治療中的作用
任崇雷,高長(zhǎng)青,王 瑤,肖蒼松,吳 揚(yáng)
目的總結(jié)超聲心動(dòng)圖在肥厚性梗阻型心肌病(HOCM)外科治療中的應(yīng)用經(jīng)驗(yàn)。方法自2003年6月至2014年6月共收治HOCM患者56例。其中男性38例,女性18例;年齡18~65歲,平均(39.4±14.1)歲。術(shù)前均常規(guī)行超聲心動(dòng)圖確診。所有患者采用改良Morrow手術(shù),行肥厚室間隔心肌的徹底切除,疏通左室流出道,術(shù)中經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖(TEE)監(jiān)測(cè)評(píng)估手術(shù)解除梗阻效果,術(shù)后1~2周內(nèi)再次經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖復(fù)查手術(shù)效果。隨訪時(shí)復(fù)查超聲心動(dòng)圖。結(jié)果所有56例患者術(shù)前經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖(TTE)檢查均見室間隔不對(duì)稱肥厚,室間隔厚度平均(28.6±7.9)mm,左心室流出道壓差平均(89.7 ±27.9)mm Hg。所有患者均可見中、重度二尖瓣收縮期前向運(yùn)動(dòng)(SAM征),42例患者伴有不同程度的二尖瓣關(guān)閉不全。所有患者均成功接收改良Morrow手術(shù),無(wú)室間隔穿孔及高度房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。術(shù)中食道超聲測(cè)量左室流出道壓差(LVOTG)14.5±9.6 mm Hg,較術(shù)前[(94.7±32.4)mm Hg]明顯降低(P=0.00001)。手術(shù)前后經(jīng)胸心臟超聲數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)比較表明,術(shù)后室間隔厚度[(12.0±3.8)mm]較術(shù)前[(28.6±7.9)mm]明顯變?。≒=0.0000),左室流出道壓差[(16.8±11.5)mm Hg[較術(shù)前[(89.8±27.9)mm Hg]明顯降低(P=0.0000)。二尖瓣關(guān)閉不全程度及SAM現(xiàn)象明顯改善或消失。術(shù)后平均隨訪60個(gè)月,患者術(shù)前癥狀均明顯減輕或消失,恢復(fù)正常生活,超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查左心室流出道壓力階差保持術(shù)后水平或稍有降低。結(jié)論超聲心動(dòng)圖在HOCM外科治療中起重要作用,可用于術(shù)前診斷、術(shù)中指導(dǎo)手術(shù)、術(shù)后評(píng)估手術(shù)效果及隨訪。
肥厚梗阻型心肌??;超聲心動(dòng)圖;室間隔肌肉切除;外科手術(shù)學(xué)
1.1 臨床資料 自2003年6月至2014年6月,共收治HOCM患者56例,男38例,女18例;年齡18~65(39.4±14.1)歲,平均體重(65.5±18.4)kg。56例患者中,50例有不同程度的勞力性呼吸困難,有35例有頭暈或暈厥病史,有9例曾行化學(xué)消融術(shù)無(wú)效,11例有同類疾病家族史。胸骨左緣三、四肋間均可聞及3~4/VI級(jí)收縮期噴射性雜音,向頸部及胸骨上窩傳導(dǎo)。胸部X片均示心臟擴(kuò)大,心胸比率為0.52~0.64(0.57±0.05)。心電圖有9例為房顫,8例左前分支傳導(dǎo)阻滯。術(shù)前均常規(guī)行超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查確診。56例患者中,6例合并前降支肌橋,4例合并冠心病,1例合并室間隔缺損,2例合并心內(nèi)膜炎二尖瓣贅生物。心功能2級(jí)23例,3級(jí)27例,4級(jí)6例;所有患者術(shù)前均服用倍他樂克等藥物,不能控制癥狀,其中9例曾行化學(xué)消融術(shù)無(wú)效。
1.2 手術(shù)方法 手術(shù)在全麻下進(jìn)行,麻醉成功后常規(guī)放置TEE探頭。常規(guī)中度低溫體外循環(huán)下進(jìn)行手術(shù),主動(dòng)脈阻斷后根部灌注心臟停跳液。低位橫切口切開主動(dòng)脈根部,充分顯露肥厚室間隔和左心室流出道,探查室間隔肥厚部位、程度及二尖瓣乳頭肌有無(wú)畸形等。全部患者采用擴(kuò)大的室間隔肌肉切除術(shù),即改良Morrow手術(shù)[6],施行肥厚室間隔肌肉的徹底切除。自右冠瓣中點(diǎn)下方朝心尖方向切除部分室間隔心肌,切除范圍一直延展到左側(cè)的二尖瓣前葉。切除的厚度取決于術(shù)前室間隔心肌的肥厚程度。切除后的室間隔左室面形成一較寬的“溝槽”,從而解除左心室流出道梗阻和SAM現(xiàn)象。術(shù)中常規(guī)探查二尖瓣葉,3例合并中、重度二尖瓣關(guān)閉不全,同時(shí)行二尖瓣置換術(shù)。4例合并冠心病同時(shí)行冠脈搭橋術(shù)。1例合并室間隔缺損,同時(shí)行室缺修補(bǔ)術(shù)。2例重度心肌橋同時(shí)行心肌橋松解術(shù)。2例合并二尖瓣心內(nèi)膜炎行二尖瓣成形術(shù)。術(shù)中在心臟復(fù)跳后采用TEE評(píng)價(jià)手術(shù)梗阻解除效果。術(shù)后1~2周內(nèi)復(fù)查經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖,與術(shù)前超聲數(shù)據(jù)比較評(píng)估手術(shù)效果。術(shù)后6個(gè)月患者來(lái)院門診或住院復(fù)查超聲心動(dòng)圖、心電圖等檢查,以后每年門診復(fù)查或電話隨訪。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 所有測(cè)定數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析處理,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(s)表示,組間計(jì)量資料比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)或t`檢驗(yàn),組間計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用單項(xiàng)有序等級(jí)資料秩和檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
所有患者經(jīng)術(shù)前超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查均見室間隔不對(duì)稱肥厚,室間隔厚度17~46(28.6±7.9)mm,左室主動(dòng)脈收縮壓差為50~184(89.7±27.9)mm Hg;所有患者均可見中、重度二尖瓣收縮期前向運(yùn)動(dòng)(SAM征),42例患者有不同程度的二尖瓣關(guān)閉不全,其中3例患者為中、重度二尖瓣關(guān)閉不全。
56例患者均成功接受了改良Morrow手術(shù),無(wú)室間隔穿孔及完全房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。術(shù)中食道超聲測(cè)量左室流出道壓差(left ventricular outflow tract gradient,LVOTG)14.5±9.6 mm Hg,較術(shù)前(94.7±32.4 mm Hg)明顯降低(P=0.0000),39例二尖瓣輕至中度關(guān)閉不全患者在左室流出道梗阻解除后關(guān)閉不全減輕或消失,SAM現(xiàn)象消失,瓣葉運(yùn)動(dòng)基本正常。
手術(shù)前后經(jīng)胸心臟超聲數(shù)據(jù)變化見表1、2。統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)表明,HOCM患者行改良MORROW術(shù)后,室間隔厚度明顯變薄,左室流出道壓差明顯降低,左房前后徑及左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)亦較術(shù)前降低,無(wú)室間隔穿孔。二尖瓣關(guān)閉不全程度及SAM現(xiàn)象明顯改善或消失。
術(shù)后平均隨訪60個(gè)月(4~132個(gè)月),無(wú)遠(yuǎn)期死亡,生活質(zhì)量明顯提高,均恢復(fù)正常生活工作。隨訪超聲心動(dòng)圖顯示室間隔(溝槽)厚度及左心室流出道壓力階差保持術(shù)后早期水平或稍有降低,左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)較術(shù)后早期略有增加(見表3),殘存輕度SAM現(xiàn)象7例,輕度二尖瓣反流8例,與術(shù)后早期無(wú)差異。
表1改良Morow手術(shù)前后早期超聲數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比(n=56,±s)
表1改良Morow手術(shù)前后早期超聲數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比(n=56,±s)
超聲指標(biāo) 術(shù) 前 術(shù) 后 t值 P值左房前后徑(mm) 42.8±7.5 35.1±6.1 4.578 0.0000左室舒張末徑(mm) 37.7±6.0 35.8±5.2 1.498 0.1387室間隔厚度(mm) 28.6±7.9 12.0±3.8 11.656 0.0000左室后壁厚度(mm) 15.7±5.6 15.3±5.2 0.5130 0.6096左室流出道壓差(mm Hg) 89.8±27.9 16.8±11.5 12.729 0.0000左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(%) 76.7±8.4 68.0±7.4 5.168 0.0000
表2 改良Morrow手術(shù)前后超聲檢查MR及SAM程度變化(n=56,s)
表2 改良Morrow手術(shù)前后超聲檢查MR及SAM程度變化(n=56,s)
注:MR:二尖瓣關(guān)閉不全。
超聲指標(biāo) 程 度 術(shù) 前 術(shù) 后 U值 P值MR(n)5.213 P<0.01無(wú)14 41輕24 15中19 0重3 0 SAM(n)7.930 P<0.01無(wú)0 48輕5 8中28 0重22 0
表3 改良Morrow手術(shù)后隨訪與早期超聲數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比(n=56,s)
表3 改良Morrow手術(shù)后隨訪與早期超聲數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比(n=56,s)
超聲指標(biāo) 術(shù)后早期 術(shù)后隨訪 t值 P值左房前后徑(mm) 35.1±6.1 36.1±7.0 0.036 0.9715左室舒張末徑(mm) 35.8±5.2 36.5±5.1 0.515 0.6085室間隔厚度(mm) 12.0±3.8 11.7±2.5 0.453 0.6522左室后壁厚度(mm) 15.3±5.2 14.4±4.0 0.154 0.8782左室流出道壓差(mm Hg) 16.8±11.5 16.8±12.7 0.688 0.4935左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(%) 68.0±7.4 71.7±8.2 2.360 0.0211
HOCM是肥厚性心肌病中除非梗阻型以外的另一種亞型(占20%),也稱特發(fā)性肥厚性主動(dòng)脈瓣下狹窄(IHSS)[7]。該病診斷并不困難,除勞力性呼吸困難、心絞痛、暈厥等表現(xiàn),超聲心動(dòng)圖是最重要的無(wú)創(chuàng)診斷手段[8]。HOCM超聲心動(dòng)圖的特征性表現(xiàn)[8]包括:室間隔非對(duì)稱性肥厚,左室流出道梗阻,二尖瓣SAM現(xiàn)象等。鑒別診斷包括非梗阻型肥厚性心肌病、膜性主動(dòng)脈瓣下狹窄、左室流出道腫瘤及二尖瓣畸形等疾病。對(duì)于術(shù)前經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖無(wú)法明確左室流出道梗阻病因及二尖瓣病變者,需要進(jìn)一步行TEE檢查[9]。通常認(rèn)為,靜息狀態(tài)下左室流出道壓力階差>50 mm Hg的有癥狀患者及左室流出道壓力階差大于100 mm Hg的無(wú)癥狀年輕患者均應(yīng)考慮手術(shù)治療。因此,超聲心動(dòng)圖除具有明確診斷的重要價(jià)值外,還為醫(yī)生對(duì)患者手術(shù)指征的判定提供重要的指導(dǎo)。
肥厚性梗阻型心肌病的手術(shù)方式主要包括單純的室間隔肥厚肌肉切除術(shù),單純二尖瓣替換和室間隔切除加二尖瓣替換術(shù)[3]。改良的MORROW手術(shù)將肥厚的室間隔肌肉徹底切除是最為有效的治療手段[8],行室間隔切除時(shí)要有足夠的厚度和盡可能的深(遠(yuǎn))度,保證左室流出道的通暢,術(shù)者需要在術(shù)前通過超聲心動(dòng)圖詳細(xì)了解術(shù)前肥厚室間隔肌肉的厚度來(lái)評(píng)估術(shù)中切除肥厚肌肉的厚度,避免發(fā)生室間隔穿孔,切除范圍不宜向右側(cè)擴(kuò)展,防止傳導(dǎo)束損傷。對(duì)于輕、中度二尖瓣反流,無(wú)明確器質(zhì)性二尖瓣病變者,單純的室間隔肌肉切除術(shù)后即可隨著左室流出道壓差的下降,消除SAM征而消除或減輕二尖瓣反流;二尖瓣置換手術(shù)僅適用于重度或器質(zhì)性的二尖瓣病變[8]。因此,術(shù)前需要通過超聲心動(dòng)圖觀察二尖瓣瓣葉及瓣器的形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)及功能狀況,準(zhǔn)確定量地測(cè)量二尖瓣反流量的多少,以進(jìn)一步指導(dǎo)選擇手術(shù)方式。本組39例術(shù)前超聲判定二尖瓣輕至中度關(guān)閉不全的患者,僅行單純的改良Morrow手術(shù)后,二尖瓣反流減輕或消失,避免二尖瓣置換手術(shù)。
術(shù)中使用TEE對(duì)于室間隔肥厚肌肉的切除具有重要指導(dǎo)意義,可于術(shù)前確切評(píng)估室間隔肥厚肌肉的位置、厚度,二尖瓣是否存在畸形等,術(shù)中可以指導(dǎo)肌肉切除的部位及程度,避免室間隔肌肉切除不足致流出道殘余梗阻或切除過深導(dǎo)致室間隔穿孔。術(shù)后可以立即評(píng)估手術(shù)效果,如果不滿意可以再次手術(shù),值得推薦[9-10]。TEE技術(shù)能用二維超聲直接觀察室間隔增厚的程度、心肌最肥厚的部位,測(cè)量要切除的肥厚心肌的范圍及深度;實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)觀察SAM現(xiàn)象,并對(duì)其進(jìn)行分級(jí);用彩色多普勒觀察五彩鑲嵌血流的起始部位,判定最狹窄的位置,測(cè)量最狹窄的部位距主動(dòng)脈瓣的距離;用連續(xù)頻譜多普勒在左室流出道最狹窄處測(cè)量左室流出道的峰值流速,并計(jì)算LVOTG,從而給外科醫(yī)生提供最精確的數(shù)據(jù),定位、定量地切除心肌,指導(dǎo)手術(shù)。本組所有患者均在術(shù)中TEE指導(dǎo)下成功接受了改良Morrow手術(shù),TEE測(cè)量左室流出道壓差明顯減低,無(wú)室間隔穿孔及完全房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。
在術(shù)后早期,超聲心動(dòng)圖的檢查主要測(cè)量左室流出道壓差,觀察有無(wú)左室流出道殘余梗阻、二尖瓣反流及SAM征,有無(wú)室間隔穿孔等并發(fā)癥,同時(shí)觀察心功能及有無(wú)心包積液等,評(píng)估手術(shù)效果。本組病例手術(shù)前后的超聲結(jié)果比較顯示室間隔厚度(溝槽)明顯變薄,左室流出道壓差明顯降低,無(wú)室間隔穿孔,二尖瓣關(guān)閉不全程度及SAM現(xiàn)象明顯改善或消失,說(shuō)明手術(shù)效果滿意。
在術(shù)后隨訪階段,需要通過超聲心動(dòng)圖繼續(xù)觀察左室流出道壓差變化,有無(wú)左室流出道梗阻的復(fù)發(fā)、二尖瓣反流加重及SAM征等,觀察心功能,特別是舒張功能,從而為術(shù)后用藥或再次手術(shù)提供指導(dǎo)。本組病例的超聲心動(dòng)圖隨訪結(jié)果顯示室間隔(溝槽)厚度及左心室流出道壓力階差保持術(shù)后早期水平或稍有降低,左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)較術(shù)后早期略有增加,殘存輕度SAM現(xiàn)象7例,需要繼續(xù)服用β受體阻滯劑,無(wú)需要再手術(shù)者。
總之,超聲心動(dòng)圖作為一項(xiàng)重要的診斷工具在HOCM外科治療中起重要作用,可用于術(shù)前診斷、術(shù)中指導(dǎo)手術(shù)、術(shù)后評(píng)估手術(shù)效果及隨訪。
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Echocardiography in the surgical treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
Ren Chong-lei,Gao Chang-qing,Wang Yao,Xiao Cang-song,Wu Yang
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of PLA General Hospital,Institute of Cardiac Surgery of PLA,Beijing 100853,China
Gao Chang-qing,Email:gaochq301@yahoo.com
ObjectiveTo summarize the role of echocardiography in the surgical management of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy(HOCM).MethodsFrom June 2003 to June 2014,56 patients(38 males and 18 females)with HOCM underwent modified Morrow procedure.The mean age was 39.4 years(range,18 to 65 years).The diagnosis was made by echocardiography.Transesophageal echocardiography(TEE)was used intraoperatively to monitor and evaluate the results of the surgical procedures.After 1-2 weeks of operation,transthoracic echocardiography(TTE)was performed to evaluate the effect of operation.All patients were followed up with TTE after operation.ResultsPreoperative TTE examination showed all 56 patients had the characteristic of marked left ventricular asymmetric hypertrophy.Echocardiographic assessment revealed that the mean thickness of the ventricular septum was 28.6 ±7.9 mm and the mean preoperational peak gradient between the LV and the aorta was 89.7±27.9 mm Hg.There was moderate or severe systolic anterior motion(SAM)in 56 cases and mitral regurgitation in 42 cases.Ventricular septal myectomy with modified Morrow procedure was successfully performed in all 56 cases without complications.Intraoperative TEE showed that the mean systolic gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta decreased from 94.7±32.4 mmHg pre-operatively to 14.5±9.6 mmHg(P=0.0000)after operation,and the thickness of ventricular septum decreased from 28.6±7.9 mm Hg to 12.0±3.8 mm(P=0.0000).TTE showed that the mean systolic gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta was decreased from 89.8±27.9 mmHg pre-operatively to 16.8±11.5 mm-Hg(P=0.0000)at 1-to 2-week after operation.Mitral regurgitation and SAM were significantly improved or disappeared.During the follow-up,all patients were asymptomatic or mild dyspneic on exertion.No syncope was noted.TTE showed that the pressure gradientmaintained on the post-operative level or slightly decreased.ConclusionEchocardiography plays an important role in the surgical management of HOCM.It is a useful tool for preoperative diagnosis,intraoperative guidance to the site and extent of septal myectomy,post-operative evaluating the surgical effects and follow-up.
Hypertrophy obstructive cardiomyopathy;Echocardiography;Ventricular septum myectomy;Surgery肥厚性梗阻型心肌?。╤ypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy,HOCM)是以室間隔非對(duì)稱性肥厚伴有二尖瓣前向運(yùn)動(dòng)征(systolic anterior motion,SAM)引起的左室流出道梗阻為主要特征的常染色體顯性遺傳性疾病。以Morrow手術(shù)為代表的室間隔肌肉切除術(shù)是治療HOCM的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法[1],但因?qū)κ中g(shù)技巧及經(jīng)驗(yàn)要求高[2-4],且圍術(shù)期危險(xiǎn)性大,受益者很少,國(guó)內(nèi)外只有幾個(gè)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的心臟中心能進(jìn)行此手術(shù)[5-6]。近年來(lái)超聲心動(dòng)圖技術(shù)的發(fā)展特別是經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用,為手術(shù)的廣泛開展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。本文旨在總結(jié)超聲心動(dòng)圖在HOCM外科治療中的作用價(jià)值。
2015-01-13)
2015-01-27)
10.13498/j.cnki.chin.j.ecc.2015.01.07
2013年解放軍總醫(yī)院“百病妙決”培育項(xiàng)目
100853北京,解放軍總醫(yī)院心血管外科全軍心臟外科研究所
高長(zhǎng)青,Email:gaochq301@yahoo.com