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        肝細(xì)胞癌的影像學(xué)研究現(xiàn)狀與進(jìn)展*

        2015-02-22 08:29:08宋彬吳苾
        西部醫(yī)學(xué) 2015年4期
        關(guān)鍵詞:包膜肝細(xì)胞特異性

        宋彬 吳苾

        (四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院放射科,四川成都610041)

        原發(fā)性肝癌90%以上的組織學(xué)類型是肝細(xì)胞癌(Hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)。根據(jù)美國肝病研究學(xué)會、亞太肝臟研究協(xié)會、歐洲肝病學(xué)會及我國衛(wèi)生部最新指南[1~4],影像學(xué)檢查是HCC診斷與監(jiān)測的重要手段。近年來,隨著影像學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷完善與飛速發(fā)展,特別是在功能與代謝磁共振成像技術(shù)方面的深入研究,影像學(xué)不僅能夠早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和早期確診HCC,還可以反映HCC的致病機(jī)制、組織病理水平的特征改變和細(xì)胞水平的基因型異常與影像表現(xiàn)的聯(lián)系,并據(jù)此判斷HCC的生物學(xué)行為和指導(dǎo)治療方案的選擇,而且還能夠早期評判療效和預(yù)測預(yù)后。本文就常規(guī)影像學(xué)檢查應(yīng)用于HCC診斷的現(xiàn)狀及近年來在功能與代謝磁共振成像技術(shù)方面的研究進(jìn)展和未來的方向作一述評。

        1 常規(guī)影像學(xué)檢查的價值

        超聲檢查為非侵入性檢查,對人體組織無不良影響,可用于HCC的普查和治療后隨訪。超聲造影能實(shí)時反映病灶的血供特征,常用于HCC的鑒別診斷。術(shù)中超聲可發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)前CT、超聲檢查皆未發(fā)現(xiàn)的肝內(nèi)小病灶。超聲檢查的缺點(diǎn)是易受氣體干擾,偽影較多,受超聲醫(yī)師檢查水平影響較大。

        現(xiàn)代CT應(yīng)用非常廣泛,因其圖像清晰而穩(wěn)定,能全面客觀地反映HCC的特性,常用于肝癌常規(guī)診斷和治療后隨訪。CT增強(qiáng)掃描有以下優(yōu)勢:可清楚地顯示肝癌的大小、數(shù)目、形態(tài)、部位、邊界、腫瘤血供豐富程度以及與肝內(nèi)管道的關(guān)系;對門靜脈、肝靜脈和下腔靜脈是否有癌栓,肝門和腹腔淋巴結(jié)是否有轉(zhuǎn)移,肝癌是否侵犯鄰近組織器官都有重要的診斷價值;還可通過顯示肝臟的外形、脾臟的大小以及有無腹水來判斷肝硬化的嚴(yán)重程度。特別是CT動態(tài)增強(qiáng)掃描可以顯著提高小肝癌的檢出率。

        MRI具有很高的組織分辨率和多參數(shù)、多方位成像等特點(diǎn),而且無輻射,對肝內(nèi)小病灶的檢出、血管的情況以及腫瘤內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的顯示有獨(dú)到之處,因此是HCC最佳檢查方法。MRI在早期診斷小HCC、對HCC與肝臟局灶性增生結(jié)節(jié)、肝腺瘤等的鑒別診斷方面,準(zhǔn)確度高于CT。對于肝癌患者肝動脈化療栓塞(TACE)療效的跟蹤觀察,MRI較CT有更高的臨床價值。

        利用上述常規(guī)超聲、CT、MRI等影像學(xué)檢查方法,約75%的HCC可以通過其形態(tài)學(xué)特征,特別是典型的血流動力學(xué)改變而得到明確診斷;但有約25%的HCC不表現(xiàn)典型的血流動力學(xué)改變,并且在硬化肝背景上通過影像學(xué)檢查來鑒別不典型增生結(jié)節(jié)(dysplastic nodule)與早期小HCC仍具有較大挑戰(zhàn)性。

        2 與HCC生物學(xué)行為有關(guān)的征象

        目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),多種與HCC的組織病理、生物學(xué)行為相關(guān)的MRI征象具有預(yù)測HCC預(yù)后的價值。

        纖維包膜和假包膜:HCC的纖維包膜內(nèi)層為較致密的纖維組織,呈T1/T2稍低信號;外層為擴(kuò)張的血竇和新生小膽管,呈T1稍低/T2稍高信號。假包膜由擴(kuò)張的血竇和瘤周纖維組織組成,T1增強(qiáng)的延遲期表現(xiàn)為環(huán)狀強(qiáng)化[5]。纖維包膜是進(jìn)展期結(jié)節(jié)性HCC的特征,具有完整纖維包膜的HCC病灶治療后的復(fù)發(fā)率低于沒有包膜或包膜不完整的病灶,提示纖維包膜可能可以阻止HCC的播散[5]。

        HCC內(nèi)部脂肪成分:T1W同/去相位掃描能夠明確HCC病灶內(nèi)是否含脂肪成分。脂肪常常出現(xiàn)在1.5~3cm大小的腫瘤灶內(nèi),很少出現(xiàn)在較大的腫瘤內(nèi)。含有脂肪成分的HCC腫瘤生長和進(jìn)展較緩慢,較少發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,預(yù)后相對較好[6]。

        T1高信號結(jié)節(jié):由結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)銅蛋白等順磁性物質(zhì)、淀粉或糖蛋白堆積、鐵沉著、出血和脂肪沉著等HCC內(nèi)病理過程所致[7]。T1高信號常見于再生結(jié)節(jié)和不典型增生結(jié)節(jié),部分高分化HCC也可有類似表現(xiàn)。T1低信號的HCC常常組織學(xué)分級較低,而T1高信號的HCC分級較高,提示HCC預(yù)后相對較好[7]。

        結(jié)節(jié)中結(jié)節(jié)(nodule in nodule):在大結(jié)節(jié)中(常常是DN,特別是高度DN,少數(shù)是早期HCC)出現(xiàn)進(jìn)展期HCC小結(jié)節(jié)灶,反映了HCC的生長方式。小結(jié)節(jié)通常呈現(xiàn)典型進(jìn)展期HCC信號特點(diǎn)、強(qiáng)化方式;而大結(jié)節(jié)的MR信號常常表現(xiàn)為分化較好組織的特點(diǎn)[7,8]。結(jié)節(jié)中結(jié)節(jié)是影像監(jiān)測、隨訪肝硬化相關(guān)結(jié)節(jié)演變過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)早期小HCC的關(guān)鍵階段。

        HCC的微血管侵犯(micro vascular invasion,MVI):在單結(jié)節(jié)型、單結(jié)節(jié)伴結(jié)節(jié)外生長型、多結(jié)節(jié)融合型HCC中,MVI的發(fā)生率依次增高。直徑大于4cm的HCC,MVI發(fā)生率3倍于直徑小于4cm的HCC。低分化/未分化的HCC,MVI發(fā)生率是高分化HCC的6倍。影像學(xué)檢查目前還不能直接顯示MVI,但一些影像學(xué)的表現(xiàn)可以間接提示MVI的存在,如MVI的發(fā)生與HCC的多灶性[9]、MR肝膽期HCC病灶周圍低信號環(huán)、18F-FDG-PET的攝取程度相關(guān)[10],這是目前HCC研究的熱點(diǎn)。

        3 MRI新技術(shù)的進(jìn)展

        3.1 DCE-MRI(Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging,動態(tài)增強(qiáng)磁共振成像) DCE-MRI通過靜脈團(tuán)注順磁性對比劑后,動態(tài)采集動脈期、門靜脈期、平衡期,觀察對比劑的分布變化及測量容積轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)參數(shù)(Volume transfer coefficient,Ktrans)、血管外細(xì)胞外容積分?jǐn)?shù)(Ve)、速率常數(shù)(Kep),可定量反映不同掃描時間正常肝臟組織及病灶區(qū)域的血流動力學(xué)變化。該技術(shù)能夠幫助鑒別肝臟結(jié)節(jié)良惡性,還能描繪出惡性病灶周圍微血管的浸潤情況,也可用于HCC患者的預(yù)后分析以及評估局部化療、TACE及抗血管生成藥物的療效[11~21]。DCE-MRI能顯示HCC的“光環(huán)帶”強(qiáng)化表現(xiàn)(Corona enhancement),為HCC結(jié)節(jié)周圍肝實(shí)質(zhì)組織的靜脈引流現(xiàn)象,反映了HCC的生長方式,HCC結(jié)節(jié)靜脈引流的演變特點(diǎn)是HCC極易侵犯門靜脈的病理解剖基礎(chǔ),早期富血供小肝癌常常出現(xiàn)這類強(qiáng)化特點(diǎn)[22]。

        3.2 DWI(Diffusion-weighted Imaging,彌散加權(quán)成像) DWI是基于組織細(xì)胞間水分子布朗運(yùn)動的磁共振成像技術(shù),通過測量表觀彌散系數(shù)(Apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)定量地反映組織水分子的活動能力[23]。通常情況下,HCC細(xì)胞密度較周圍正常組織高,水分的自由彌散受到限制,導(dǎo)致其在DWI圖像上表現(xiàn)為高信號,且ADC值低于周圍正常組織。DWI應(yīng)用于HCC中,能夠顯著提高微小HCC的檢出率[24~26],可幫助鑒別肝臟良性及惡性結(jié)節(jié),可用于預(yù)測HCC的病理分級[27~29],并用于HCC定量評價HCC患者接受TACE等局部消融治療及系統(tǒng)性治療后腫瘤細(xì)胞壞死情況[30~32]。DWI和ADC值反映HCC病灶結(jié)構(gòu)異常,包括細(xì)胞數(shù)目、細(xì)胞密度、細(xì)胞排列、纖維增生等,因此與HCC的組織分化程度密切相關(guān)。DWI信號高、低ADC值提示HCC組織分化程度差;DWI顯著高信號、ADC值低,與HCC病灶周圍MVI和腫瘤侵襲性相關(guān)[33]。因此DWI和ADC值可以評價HCC的生物學(xué)行為。

        3.3 肝臟特異性MRI對比劑 近年來,新型肝臟特異性MRI對比劑的應(yīng)用明顯提高了MRI對早期HCC的診斷能力。這些肝臟特異性對比劑包括網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng)(Reticuloendothelial system,RES)特異性的超順磁性氧化鐵(Superparamagnetic iron oxid,SPIO)顆粒及肝細(xì)胞特異性對比劑。SPIO是肝臟RES內(nèi)Kupffer細(xì)胞特異性對比劑,靜脈注射后可被Kupffer細(xì)胞攝取并顯著縮短T2弛豫時間,從而明顯減低組織T2WI信號強(qiáng)度。HCC內(nèi)一般沒有或僅有少量Kupffer細(xì)胞[35],故其組織信號強(qiáng)度明顯高于周圍正常肝臟組織。由于SPIO-MRI中組織的強(qiáng)化程度與Kupffer細(xì)胞的數(shù)量密切相關(guān),SPIO-MRI可以有效鑒別早期HCC與其他良性肝臟結(jié)節(jié)并且預(yù)測HCC的分化程度[34~38]。肝細(xì)胞特異性對比劑經(jīng)靜脈團(tuán)注后可被正常肝細(xì)胞特異性攝取再經(jīng)膽管排泄,從而能夠顯示組織微循環(huán)情況及肝細(xì)胞功能。目前常用的肝細(xì)胞特異性對比劑包括Gd-EOB-DTPA及Gd-BOPTA。大部分HCC在肝細(xì)胞特異期表現(xiàn)為低信號,可用于與一些肝膽期表現(xiàn)為高信號的肝臟結(jié)節(jié)鑒別[38~42]。OATP-8的表達(dá)是決定HCC病灶肝膽期強(qiáng)化程度的主要因素,其表達(dá)受相關(guān)基因的調(diào)控。肝膽期高信號的HCC病灶,攝入的HSCA存在于細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)、膽小管內(nèi)或?qū)訝罴傧袤w內(nèi)(與MRP2通道蛋白的表達(dá)狀態(tài)有關(guān))。肝膽期HCC的強(qiáng)化方式與其組織分化程度、腫瘤侵襲性和預(yù)后密切相關(guān),肝膽期高信號的HCC病灶,其分化程度好、腫瘤侵襲性低、術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率低[43~46]。

        3.4 BOLD(blood-oxygen-level dependent,血氧水平依賴成像) BOLD是一種新興的磁共振成像技術(shù),它能夠通過測定自旋-自旋弛豫時間(Spin-spin relaxation time,T2*)、表觀自旋-自旋弛豫率(Apparent spin-spin relaxation ratio,R2*)等與組織血紅蛋白含氧量密切相關(guān)的指標(biāo),定量反映組織的氧代謝情況,目前已經(jīng)運(yùn)用于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、腎臟、肝臟等領(lǐng)域。動物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明[47~49],正常肝組織在氧氣的刺激下R2*明顯增強(qiáng),而纖維化的肝組織R2*無明顯變化,后者的ΔR2*明顯小于前者,表明ΔR2*可以作為反映肝臟血流動力學(xué)及纖維化程度的良好指標(biāo)。BOLD具有無創(chuàng)、可重復(fù)性強(qiáng)且無需注入對比劑等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在肝臟良、惡性病灶的診斷與評估中擁有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。

        3.5 ASL(arterial spin labeling,動脈自旋質(zhì)子標(biāo)記)

        ASL利用磁性標(biāo)記的動脈血作為內(nèi)源性標(biāo)記物定量反映組織灌注情況,具有無創(chuàng)、可重復(fù)使用且無需注射對比劑等優(yōu)點(diǎn),目前已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于評估腦、肺、腎、心臟等器官的血流灌注情況。近年來的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ASL可以很好地顯示腸系膜上靜脈及肝內(nèi)門靜脈的結(jié)構(gòu)及灌注情況[50,51]。目前雖尚無ASL在HCC中的相關(guān)研究,但ASL可以在不使用對比劑的情況下無創(chuàng)地反映出組織的灌注情況,因此在HCC的診斷與監(jiān)測中具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。

        3.6 SWI(susceptibility-weighted imaging,磁敏感成像) SWI是一種以T2*加權(quán)梯度回波序列作為序列基礎(chǔ),根據(jù)不同組織間的磁敏感性差異提供對比增強(qiáng)機(jī)制的新技術(shù)[1]。核磁共振磁敏感成像對組織中血液或鐵的存在非常敏感。SWI可以反映HCC的組織病理特點(diǎn),評估HCC假包膜、腫瘤內(nèi)部微出血、HCC鑲嵌征等微觀征象。

        3.7 MRS(MR spectroscopy,MR波譜成像) MRS是可以無創(chuàng)性評估器官組織生化代謝的唯一手段。目前,MRS在肝臟中的研究主要集中在彌漫性肝臟疾?。ㄈ绺闻K脂肪化程度的定量評估)及局灶性肝臟疾病。MRS在診斷肝臟惡性腫瘤中的敏感性與特異性均較低[52,53],在HCC的診斷及監(jiān)測中的應(yīng)用仍處于探索階段,其診斷價值的提高很大程度上依賴于設(shè)備與儀器的改進(jìn)及呼吸運(yùn)動偽影干擾的減小。但MRS可以無創(chuàng)地反映出HCC及周圍肝組織的代謝及生化情況,因此在HCC的診斷與監(jiān)測中的應(yīng)用價值及前景不可忽視。

        4 小結(jié)與展望

        綜上所述,未來的影像醫(yī)學(xué)將越來越多的反映HCC的發(fā)病機(jī)理、基因水平的改變和分子通道等微觀信息,影像醫(yī)學(xué)將在HCC的早期篩查和定性診斷、生物學(xué)行為與預(yù)后評估、治療方案決策、治療監(jiān)控與早期療效評價等諸多方面發(fā)揮巨大作用。

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        [3]Bruix J,Sherman M,Llovet JM,et al.Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma.Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference.European Association for the Study of the Liver[J].J Hepatol,2001,35:421-430.

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