鄭州大學第一附屬醫(yī)院淋巴瘤診療中心,河南 鄭州 450052
IL-2、IL-6及TNF-α在結(jié)外NK/T細胞淋巴瘤鼻型患者血清中的表達及臨床意義
王媛媛,李兆明,張旭東,張明智
鄭州大學第一附屬醫(yī)院淋巴瘤診療中心,河南 鄭州 450052
背景與目的:結(jié)外NK/T細胞淋巴瘤鼻型(extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma,nasal type,ENKTL)屬于非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,NHL)的一種少見類型,在亞洲國家發(fā)病率較歐美國家強。該病侵襲性強,發(fā)病機制至今仍尚未明確,但其與EB病毒(epstein-barr virus,EBV)感染密切相關。到目前為止ENKTL尚無標準治療指南,其治療效果不佳,患者預后極差,因此,探索ENKTL的發(fā)病機制勢在必行。本研究探討ENKTL患者血清中白細胞介素-2(interleukin,IL-2)、白細胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)表達水平及其臨床意義。方法:通過Luminex液相芯片技術(shù)檢測67例ENKTL患者及26名正常人血清中的IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α的表達水平。結(jié)果:ENKTL患者血清中IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α的表達水平分別為(564.1±387.6)、(293.3±191.6)和(181.3±91.8)pg/mL;正常人血清中的IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α的表達水平分別為(1 097.0±365.7)、(417.5±289.6)和(291.3±89.4)pg/mL。和正常人相比,ENKTL患者血清中IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α的表達水平明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。進一步研究表明,經(jīng)化療達到完全緩解(complete response,CR)的5例ENKTL患者血清中TNF-α水平明顯高于初治患者,分別為(162.7±10.3)和(125.2±7.3)pg/mL,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α在ENKTL患者血清中的表達水平降低,并且TNF-α的表達水平與化療療效密切相關。
結(jié)外NK/T細胞淋巴瘤鼻型;白細胞介素-2;白細胞介素-6;腫瘤壞死因子α;炎性反應
結(jié)外NK/T細胞淋巴瘤鼻型(extranodal NK/ T-cell lymphoma,nasal type,ENKTL)屬于非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,NHL)的一種少見類型,占全部惡性淋巴瘤的2%~10%[1],大多起源于結(jié)外部位,很少發(fā)生于淋巴結(jié)內(nèi)[2]。ENKTL在亞洲,尤其是中國南方和東南亞地區(qū)發(fā)病率較高,而在歐美地區(qū)少見[3]。本病的發(fā)生機制尚不清楚,但是越來越多的研究表明,慢性炎性反應的持續(xù)存在在腫瘤啟動、維持和促進生長中發(fā)揮重要作用[4-5]。本研究將探討細胞因子白細胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2),白細胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)在ENKTL患者血清中的表達及臨床意義。
1.1 病例選擇
實驗組共67例患者,其中女性19例,男性48例,男女比例為2.53∶1,中位年齡是47.5歲。入選條件:①根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織的分類方法病理檢查結(jié)果確診為ENKTL;②初治,之前未接受過抗腫瘤治療;③起病于鼻腔;④后續(xù)檢查完善;⑤接受治療前同意采集血清標本。對照組為26名健康的正常人。
1.2 實驗方法
1.2.1 采集標本
清晨空腹采集靜脈血5 mL,其中2 mL加入EDTA鹽抗凝,另外3 mL血靜置,200×g離心,提取血清。處理后將樣本置于-80 ℃冰箱保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.2.2 標本檢測
在芯片每個檢測孔中緩慢加入25 μL緩沖劑和25 μL待測血清標本,一式兩份。之后加入被待測分子抗體所包裹的混合微珠25 μL,將Luminex200芯片(美國Luminex公司產(chǎn)品)放入4 ℃的搖床中過夜。第2天,清洗芯片,以移除多余的血清中未結(jié)合的成分,然后加入25 μL生物素化的檢測抗體的混合物,放入室溫條件下的搖床中。30 min后取出再次清洗,并加入25 μL PE標記鏈親和素溶液,繼續(xù)室溫在搖床中反應30 min。最后,清洗芯片兩次,加入100 μL鞘液后,微珠顆粒將會重懸,此時就可以用Luminex200系統(tǒng)進行檢測。各種細胞因子的濃度會根據(jù)平均熒光強度的高低被表示出來。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學處理
采用SPSS 17.0對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析。計量資料均用χ±s 來表示,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1 實驗組患者基本數(shù)據(jù)
在實驗組中,有B癥狀的患者為37例(55.2%),局部淋巴結(jié)腫大的患者為16例(23.9%),EB病毒陽性的患者為32例(47.8%)。52例患者一般狀況較好,ECOG評分為0~1分(77.6%),其余(22.4%)評分為2~3分。37例患者疾病分期為1~2期(55.2%),其余分期為3~4期(44.8%)。53例(79.1%)IPI評分為0~2分,14例(20.9%)IPI評分為3~4分(表1)。
2.2 ENKTL患者血清中IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α水平的變化
ENKTL患者共67例,血清中IL-2水平為(564.1±387.6)pg/mL,IL-6水平為(293.3±191.6)pg/mL,TNF-α水平為(181.3±91.8)pg/mL。正常對照共26名,血清中IL-2水平為(1 097.0±365.7)pg/mL,IL-6水平為(417.5±289.6)pg/mL,TNF-α水平為(291.3±89.4)pg/mL (表2)。IL-2在正常人血清中明顯高于ENKTL患者(P=0.000),IL-6(P=0.042)與TNF-α(P=0.000)在ENKTL患者血清中水平也明顯低于正常人(圖1)。
表1 患者血清中IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α水平與臨床各項指標的關系Tab . Relationship between the expression level of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α in the serum of patients and the clinical indexes
表2 ENKTL患者及正常對照組血清中IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α水平Tab. 2 Expression level of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α in ENKTL patients and control group
圖1 對照組和ENKTL患者血清中IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α水平分布情況Fig. 1 Distribution of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α in ENKTL patients and control group
2.3 ENKTL初治患者和化療6個周期達到完全緩解(complete response,CR)患者血清中TNF-α水平比較
5例初治ENKTL患者經(jīng)化療達到CR后血清中TNF-α水平明顯高于初治患者,初治和CR患者血清中TNF-α水平分別為(125.2±7.3)和(162.7±10.3)pg/mL(圖2)。
ENKTL屬NHL的一種少見類型,其惡性細胞大部分來源于成熟的NK細胞[6]。多數(shù)病例原發(fā)于鼻腔和咽喉部以上部位,少數(shù)病例原發(fā)于鼻外,如胃腸道、皮膚和軟組織等[7]。其組織學表現(xiàn)為腫瘤細胞的多形性、不同程度的炎性細胞浸潤、腫瘤組織的壞死和血管侵犯等[8]。
炎性反應是具有血管系統(tǒng)的活體組織對損傷因子所發(fā)生的復雜的防御反應。有研究在腫瘤組織中觀察到浸潤的白細胞,據(jù)此推測腫瘤可能源自慢性的炎性反應[9-10],因此,將腫瘤起源與慢性炎性反應聯(lián)系起來。很多研究已經(jīng)證實,炎性反應是一個明確可以導致腫瘤的危險因素,ENKTL的發(fā)病與EBV的感染密切相關[11]。例如感染了乳頭瘤病毒的患者更容易患宮頸癌[12],胃幽門螺桿菌的感染有增加胃癌風險的趨勢[13-14]。
IL-2是由活化T細胞分泌的,參與免疫反應的重要細胞因子。IL-2可以促進T細胞的生長、增殖和分化[15],增強細胞毒性T細胞(CTL)和自然殺傷細胞(NK)活性[16],誘導干擾素(IFN)產(chǎn)生及介導腫瘤免疫等多種功能,有研究表明IL-2在體外能有效破壞腫瘤細胞[17]。IL-6是迄今為止發(fā)現(xiàn)的功能最為廣泛的細胞因子之一,它主要參與調(diào)節(jié)機體的免疫應答,并在血細胞的生成及其他多種細胞的增殖和分化過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[18-19]。
我們的研究表明,血清中IL-2和IL-6的水平在ENKTL患者中均明顯降低,這表明IL-2、IL-6水平的降低可能與ENKTL的發(fā)生密切相關。TFN-α通過與腫瘤壞死因子受體結(jié)合誘導腫瘤細胞的凋亡,還具有促進免疫細胞增殖分化、影響腫瘤血管生成等功能[20],因此也是一種機體保護因子。實驗數(shù)據(jù)顯示,TNF-α在ENKTL患者血清中明顯降低,可見TNF-α的降低可能與IL-2、IL-6共同參與ENKTL的發(fā)生。此外,我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)血清TNF-α水平在經(jīng)化療后病情達到CR的患者較初治患者明顯升高,這表明TNF-α的表達水平與化療療效密切相關,有可能作為ENKTL化療療效預測的潛在指標。
而TNF-α對于腫瘤具有雙刃劍的作用,在腫瘤中的作用還存在爭議。一方面TNF-α能夠激活CD8+T細胞或NK細胞等釋放IFN-γ和穿孔素,從而抑制腫瘤細胞生長[21-22]。另一方面TNF-α可以通過多種途徑促進腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,例如激活NF-κB信號通路從而刺激腫瘤生長。這可能是由于TNF-α在不同的腫瘤類型激活了不同的信號傳導途徑造成的,但是在ENKTL中的具體作用機制還有待深入研究。
根據(jù)本研究結(jié)果,ECOG評分0~1分和2~3分兩類患者血清中3種細胞因子IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α表達的差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P值分別為0.087、0.181和0.248);同樣1~2期和3~4期患者3種細胞因子表達的差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P值分別為0.756、0.353和0.548)。但IL-2和TNF-α的表達水平在高IPI評分(2~4分)患者中稍高于低IPI評分(0~1分)患者,其具體機制尚待進一步研究。
[1] CHAN J K. The new World Health Organization classification of lymphomas: the past, the present and the future[J]. Hematol Oncol, 2001, 19(4): 129-150.
[2] HARRIS N L, JAFFE E S, STEIN H, et al. A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group[J]. Blood, 1994, 84(5): 1361-1392.
圖2 ENKTL初治患者和達到CR患者血清中TNF-α水平比較Fig. 2 Comparision of TNF-α between CR and initial treatment patients
[3] AU W Y, WEISENBURGER D D, INTRAGUMTORNCHAIT, et al. Clinical differences between nasal and extranasal NK/ T-cell lymphoma: a study of 136 cases from the international peripheral T-cell lymphoma project[J]. Blood, 2009, 113(17): 3931-3937.
[4] LIN W W, KARIN M. A cytokine-mediated link between innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer[J]. J Clin Invest, 2007, 117(5): 1175-1183.
[5] OROM U A, NIELSEN F C, LUND A H. MicroRNA-10a binds the 5'UTR of ribosomal protein mRNAs and enhances their translation[J]. Mol Cell, 2008, 30(4): 460-71.
[6] HIROSHI N, AKIYOSHI K, NOBUHIRO K, et al. Characterization of novel natural killer(NK)-cell and γδT-cell lines established from primary lesions of nasal T/NK-cell lymphomas associated with the Epstein-Barr virus[J]. Blood, 2001, 97(3): 708-713.
[7] LI Y X, FANG H, LIU Q F, et al. Clinical features and treatment outcome of nasal type NK/T cell lymphoma of Waldeyer ring[J]. Blood, 2008, 112(8): 3057-3064.
[8] 鐘博南, 張曉華, 李敏, 等. NK/T細胞淋巴瘤的病理組織學、免疫表型及基因研究[J]. 中華血液學雜志, 2003, 24(10): 505-509.
[9] CLEVERS H. At the crossroad of inflammation and cancer[J]. Cell, 2004, 118(6): 671-674.
[10] BALKWILL F, MANTOVANI A. Inflammation and cancer, back to Virchow[J]. Lancet, 2001, 357(9255): 539-545.
[11] WU X, LI P, ZHAO J, et al. A clinical study of 115 patients with extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type[J]. Clin Oncol, 2008, 20(8): 619-625.
[12] YILDIRIM J G, ARABACI Z. Innovations in HPV vaccination and roles of nurses in cervical cancer prevention[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014, 15(23): 10053-10056.
[13] MALFERTHEINER P, SELGRAD M. Helicobacter pylori[J]. Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 2014, 30(6): 589-595.
[14] POURHOSEINGHOLI M A,VAHEDI M, BAGHESTANI A R. Burden of gastrointestinal cancer in Asia; an overview[J]. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench, 2015, 8(1): 19-27.
[15] LAN R Y, SELMI C, GERSHWIN M E. The regulatory, inflammatory, and T cell programming roles of interleukin-2 (IL-2) [J]. Autoimmun, 2008, 31(1): 7-12.
[16] GRUENBACHER G, GANDER H, NUSSBAUMER O, et al. IL-2 costimulation enables statin-mediated activation of human NK cells, preferentially through a mechanism involving CD56+ dendritic cells[J]. Cancer Res, 2010, 70(23): 9611-9620.
[17] BULLOCK T N, VULLINS D W, COLELLA T A, et al. Manipulation of avidity to improve effectiveness of adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells for melanoma immunotherapy in human MHC class I-transgenic mice[J]. J Immunol, 2001, 167(10): 5824-5831.
[18] RAVAGLIA G, FORTI P, MAIOLI F, et al. Associations of the -174 G/C interleukin-6 gene promoter polymorphism with serum interleukin 6 and mortality in the elderly[J]. Biogerontology, 2005, 6(6): 415-423.
[19] 劉徽, 朱波, 林志華. IL-6信號通路與腫瘤[J]. 細胞與分子免疫學雜志, 2011, 27(3): 353-355.
[20] 古翠萍, 張沂平. TNF-α抗腫瘤作用機制新進展[J].中國腫瘤, 2007, 16(2): 102-105.
[21] PRéVOST-BLONDEL A, ROTH E, ROSENTHAL F M, et al. Crucial role of TNF-alpha in CD8 T cell-mediated elimination of 3LL-A9 Lewis lung carcinoma cells in vivo[J]. J Immunol, 2000, 164(7): 3645-3651.
[22] BAXEVANIS C N,VOUTSAS I F,TSITSILONIS O E, et al. Compromised anti-tumor responses in tumor necrosis factoralpha knockout mice[J]. Eur J Immunol, 2000, 30(7): 1957-1966.
The expressions of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α in the serum of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) patients and their clinical significances
WANG Yuanyuan, LI Zhaoming, ZHANG Xudong, ZHANG Mingzhi (Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan 450052, China)
ZHANG Mingzhi E-mail: mingzhi-zhang1@163.com
Background and purpose:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL) belongs to a rare type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Its incidence rate in Asian country is higher than that in Western country. This disease is highly invasive, the pathogenesis of it is still unclear. Resent research shows that epstein-barr virus (EBV) is closely related to the occurrence of it. There is still no standard treatment guidelines of ENKTL, and the prognosis is very bad. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the pathogenesis of ENKTL. This study aimed to investigate the expressions of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the serum of ENKTL patients and their clinical significances.Methods:Luminex liquid chip technology was used to detect the expression levels of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α in the serum of 67 ENKTL patients and 26 normal persons.Results:The expression levels of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α in the serum of 67 ENKTL patients were (564.1±387.6), (293.3±191.6) and (181.3±91.8)pg/mL, while in the normal persons were (1 097.0±365.7), (417.5±289.6) and (291.3±89.4)pg/mL, respectively. Compared with normal persons, the expression levels of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α in ENKTL patients were significantly lower (P<0.05). Further study showed that the expression level of TNF-α in 5 complete remission ENKTL patients [(162.7±10.3)pg/mL] was significantly higher than that in initial treatment patients [(125.2±7.3)pg/mL, P<0.05].Conclusion:The expressions of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α are reduced in the serum of ENKTL patients, and the serum expression level of TNF-α is closely related to the effect of chemotherapy.
Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-6; Tumor necrosis factor-α; Inflammation
10.3969/j.issn.1007-3969.2015.05.010
R733.4
A
1007-3639(2015)05-0377-05
2015-01-12
2015-03-18)
國家自然科學基金(81402380)。
張明智 E-mail:mingzhi-zhang1@163.com