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        替吉奧在非小細(xì)胞肺癌的應(yīng)用

        2014-12-22 02:47:30顧陽春曹寶山馬力文
        癌癥進(jìn)展 2014年4期
        關(guān)鍵詞:血液學(xué)吉奧單藥

        顧陽春 曹寶山 馬力文

        北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院腫瘤化療與放射病科,北京 100191

        替吉奧是替加氟、吉美嘧啶和奧替拉西鉀的復(fù)方制劑[1]。其中替加氟(FT207)體內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)化成氟尿嘧啶(5-FU),抑制胸苷合成酶(TS酶),發(fā)揮主要治療作用;吉美嘧啶(CDHP)能夠選擇性、可逆性地抑制肝5-FU分解代謝的主要限速酶——雙氫嘧啶脫氫酶(DPD酶),提高5-FU的濃度從而增強(qiáng)療效;奧替拉西鉀(OXO)分布于胃腸道,能夠選擇性、可逆性地抑制另一個(gè)5-FU代謝酶——乳清酸磷酸核糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶(OPRT酶),在減輕胃腸道毒副反應(yīng)的同時(shí)不影響療效。替吉奧在消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤尤其是胃癌的治療中,已經(jīng)逐步替代5-FU占據(jù)核心地位[2]。在其他腫瘤的治療中也具有較好的療效,例如胰腺癌、腸癌等[3-4]。本文主要總結(jié)近幾年替吉奧在NSCLC中的應(yīng)用情況,并展望前景。

        1 替吉奧單藥用于非小細(xì)胞肺癌

        1.1 替吉奧的用法和毒性評估

        早在2001年就有早Ⅱ期研究評估S-1用于肺癌的安全性和療效,主要的3/4級不良反應(yīng)為貧血、白細(xì)胞減少、中性粒細(xì)胞減少、血小板減少、厭食和腹瀉[5]。在回顧性研究中S-1用法為:每日80 mg/m2,日總劑量不超過120 mg,分2次服用,連服28天,休息14天[6]。也有一些研究采用3周方案,將S-1用法調(diào)整為每日60~80 mg/m2,連續(xù)服14天,休7天[7-8]。兩種用法3/4級血液學(xué)毒性比較少見(<10%),但3級非血液學(xué)毒性總發(fā)生率為10.4%~16.67%,最常見的是厭食和腹瀉[7-9]。近兩年又有Ⅰ期研究采用新的用法:25 mg或40 mg,每日2次,連服5天休2天,持續(xù)應(yīng)用,該用法不僅能夠獲得和5-FU持續(xù)靜脈輸注相近的血藥濃度和AUC值,而且不良反應(yīng)輕,僅出現(xiàn)1級乏力和厭食[10]。

        1.2 替吉奧單藥用于經(jīng)治的非小細(xì)胞肺癌

        在多個(gè)回顧性的研究中,S-1單藥作為NSCLC三線甚至更多線的治療時(shí),仍然能夠獲得一定療效:有效率(response rate,RR)4.8%~13%,疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)33.3%~40%[6,11-12]。在順鉑耐藥的患者中療效為:部分緩解率(partial response,PR)14%,DCR 78%,中位無進(jìn) 展 生 存 期(middle progression-free survival,mPFS)4.2個(gè)月,中位生存時(shí)間(median survival time,MST)16.4個(gè)月[13]。S-1單藥作為NSCLC 二線化療的2個(gè)Ⅱ期研究中,RR分別為7.1%和12.5%,DCR分別為55.3%和39.6%,mPFS分別為2.9個(gè)月和2.5個(gè)月,MST分別為7.3個(gè)月和8.2個(gè)月[8-9],這和目前NCCN指南所推薦的其他化療藥物單藥作為二線治療的療效類似。

        1.3 替吉奧單藥用于用于非小細(xì)胞肺癌一線治療

        在Ⅱ期研究中S-1單藥作為NSCLC一線治療,獲得PR 22%、mPFS 3.4個(gè)月、MST 10.2個(gè)月,充分顯示了S-1對肺癌的療效[14]。并且,因S-1毒性低,近些年被用于老年NSCLC患者一線化療以及同步放化療和一線化療后的維持治療[15-17]。在>70歲的老年NSCLC中(Ⅱ期研究),S-1再次顯示了良好的抗肺癌活性:PR 27.6%,DCR 65.5%,mPFS 4個(gè)月,MST 12.1個(gè)月[16]。

        2 替吉奧聯(lián)合鉑類用于非小細(xì)胞肺癌

        目前NCCN指南推薦NSCLC一線化療采用三代新藥聯(lián)合鉑類的雙藥方案。替吉奧的抗肺癌活性已在多個(gè)Ⅱ期研究中獲得證實(shí)。替吉奧和順鉑的聯(lián)合應(yīng)用在晚期胃癌已是成熟的方案,毒性可耐受。因此替吉奧與鉑類的聯(lián)合主要作為NSCLC的一線治療進(jìn)行研究。

        2.1 替吉奧聯(lián)合順鉑(SP SP方案)用于非小細(xì)胞肺癌的一線治療

        多數(shù)Ⅱ期研究采用SP方案作為NSCLC的一線化療時(shí),S-1的劑量強(qiáng)度與單藥方案相比略低(詳見表1)[18-21]。在近5年的研究中SP方案治療NSCLC的RR在20%左右,mPFS 4~5.4個(gè)月,MST大于1年。3/4級血液學(xué)毒性發(fā)生率在30%左右,主要有中性粒細(xì)胞缺乏、貧血、血小板缺乏;3級非血液學(xué)毒性發(fā)生率為15%左右,表現(xiàn)為惡心、嘔吐、腹瀉和伴隨的水電解質(zhì)紊亂。

        2.2 替吉奧聯(lián)合卡鉑用于非小細(xì)胞肺癌的一線治療

        卡鉑(CBP)在多種方案中可以替代順鉑(CDDP)。卡鉑的消化道反應(yīng)輕,替吉奧與其聯(lián)合時(shí)可以更加順利地完成14天服藥,并且劑量強(qiáng)度也有所提高,而且以消化道反應(yīng)為主的非血液學(xué)毒性發(fā)生率有所降低。類似的,S-1聯(lián)合CBP也是直接作為NSCLC的一線方案來研究,經(jīng)過Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究確定推薦劑量為S-1 80 mg/m2,d1~d14,AUCCBP=5,d1,q21d,療效:RR 36.8%,MST 11.1個(gè)月,但3/4級血小板減少的發(fā)生率增加至47%[22]。另一項(xiàng)Ⅱ期研究將化療周期延長到28天,也得到了類似的結(jié)果:RR 31%,mPFS 4.5個(gè)月,MST 16個(gè)月,3/4級血小板發(fā)生率同樣高達(dá)41%[23]。S-1聯(lián)合CBP的療效堪比目前NCCN指南推薦的三代新藥聯(lián)合鉑類的雙藥方案,這在與紫杉醇(PTX)聯(lián)合CBP進(jìn)行比較的非劣效性Ⅲ期臨床研究中得到證實(shí),S-1+CBP組:RR 20.4%,DCR 71.1%,mOS 15.2個(gè)月,1年OS 57.3%;PTX+CBP組:RR 39.0%,DCR 73.5%,mOS 13.1個(gè)月,1年OS 55.5%[24-25]。

        表1 SPSP方案作為NSCLCNSCLC一線化療的Ⅱ期研究

        3 替吉奧聯(lián)合其他藥物用于非小細(xì)胞肺癌

        多西他賽(TXT)單藥是NSCLC的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)二線治療。多項(xiàng)Ⅰ/Ⅱ研究嘗試在此基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合替吉奧,對兩藥的劑量進(jìn)行摸索[26-30]。替吉奧的用法多數(shù)為 80 mg/m2,d1~d14,q21d或 q28d,但 TXT 的劑量強(qiáng)度受到較多影響,多數(shù)研究中在每周17 mg/m2左右甚至更低(如50 mg/m2q21d;35 mg/m2q14d;40 mg/m2q21d等),而臨床實(shí)踐中常用的TXT劑量強(qiáng)度為每周25 mg/m2。該方案的毒性中,TXT常見的3/4級血液學(xué)毒性有所減少,但粒細(xì)胞缺乏發(fā)生率仍然高達(dá)50%,并且增加了S-1常見的非血液學(xué)毒性:厭食和腹瀉[28-29]。療效方面,有Ⅱ期隨機(jī)對照研究,S-1+TXT和TXT單藥用于經(jīng)治的NSCLC,雖然兩者在近期療效RR(16.1%vs 20.7%)和mPFS(3.4個(gè)月vs 3.7個(gè)月)上差異不大,但聯(lián)合組的主要終點(diǎn)mOS卻不及TXT單藥(8.7個(gè)月vs 11.9個(gè)月)[29]。因此,TXT單藥作為NSCLC二線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方案的地位未被動(dòng)搖,但若維持TXT劑量強(qiáng)度在每周20 mg/m2以上,而適當(dāng)減少S-1的劑量,是否能改善生存,仍需逐步開展Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究進(jìn)行探索。

        當(dāng)S-1和伊立替康(IRI)聯(lián)合時(shí),Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期研究中同樣采用了維持S-1劑量,摸索IRI劑量強(qiáng)度的方案:S-1每天 80 mg/m2,d1~d14,q21d或q28d;IRI多采用周療,劑量強(qiáng)度為每周40~50 mg/m2(150 mg/m2,d1,q21d;60 mg/m2,d1,d8,q21d;70 mg/m2,d1,d8,d15,q28d;80 mg/m2,d1,d15,q28d;100 mg/m2,d1,d15,q28d)[31-35]。S-1 常見不良反應(yīng)有厭食和腹瀉,而IRI劑量限制性毒性有嚴(yán)重腹瀉,因此腹瀉成為該聯(lián)合方案中較為常見的3級非血液學(xué)毒性(8.9%~15.0%)也是意料之中的;3/4級血液學(xué)毒性為粒細(xì)胞缺乏(17.9%~32.5%)[31-32,34]。S-1+IRI在經(jīng)治的NSCLC中:RR 15.8%,mPFS 4.5個(gè)月,mOS 15個(gè)月[32]。而用于一線時(shí),該方案療效:RR 28.6%~30%,DCR 71.4%~72.5%,mPFS 4.8~4.9個(gè)月,mOS 15~16.1個(gè)月[31,34]。若能夠減少腹瀉的發(fā)生率,降低腹瀉嚴(yán)重程度,S-1+IRI的方案可進(jìn)行Ⅲ期或有對照的Ⅱ期臨床研究,與NSCLC現(xiàn)行規(guī)范的一線或二線化療方案進(jìn)行比較。

        此外,還有一些比較少見的聯(lián)合用藥嘗試:替吉奧聯(lián)合吉西他濱,或者替吉奧聯(lián)合阿柔比星,均處于Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期初步研究中[36-38]。

        4 替吉奧用于肺癌術(shù)后輔助化療

        在晚期NSCLC獲得了不菲的成績后,一些研究者嘗試將S-1應(yīng)用于術(shù)后輔助治療。在初期的可行性研究中,采用S-1固定劑量80~120 mg/d,d1~d14,q21d的劑量,擬進(jìn)行8周期,完成率僅為60.7%,較年輕的患者(<70歲)完成率為78.6%;3級血液學(xué)毒性有白細(xì)胞減少(6.7%)、貧血(6.7%)和血小板減少(3.3%),3級非血液學(xué)毒性:最常見為厭食,還有消化道出血(3.3%),沒有出現(xiàn)4級不良反應(yīng)[39]。其后的類似研究將S-1的劑量減少至每日50~80 mg/m2,其余未變,完成率為70.8%,影響治療進(jìn)行的主要原因是厭食和血小板減少,最終的相對劑量強(qiáng)度為76.3%[40]。也有采用聯(lián)合方案,S-1 每日 80 mg/m2,d1~d14,AUCCBP=6,d8,q28d,擬進(jìn)行4周期,完成率為82.35%,主要不良反應(yīng)為3級血小板減少,無嚴(yán)重的非血液學(xué)毒性[41]。需要更大樣本量來探索S-1不同劑量強(qiáng)度、不同間歇和不同藥物組合的耐受性以及對預(yù)防復(fù)發(fā)的作用,尤其是與現(xiàn)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方案——紫杉醇聯(lián)合卡鉑方案進(jìn)行比較??傊琒-1作為NSCLC的術(shù)后輔助治療仍有很長的路要走。

        5 替吉奧與靶向藥聯(lián)合用于非小細(xì)胞肺癌

        替吉奧和吉非替尼在體外和體內(nèi)研究中均對抑制肺癌細(xì)胞有協(xié)同作用[42-43]。吉非替尼能夠抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄因子E2F-1的表達(dá),從而下調(diào)胸苷酸合成酶(TS)的mRNA和蛋白水平。而TS酶是5-FU發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用的靶酶。這一協(xié)同作用不受表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突變狀態(tài)的影響,并且能扭轉(zhuǎn)由MET基因擴(kuò)增引起的酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(tyrosine kinase inhibitors,TKI)繼發(fā)耐藥。同樣,厄洛替尼和S-1在體內(nèi)研究中也有協(xié)同抗肺癌的作用[44]。二代不可逆EGFR-TKI,阿法替尼(BIBW2992,afatinib),和S-1聯(lián)合能夠扭轉(zhuǎn)T790M所致的EGFR-TKI繼發(fā)耐藥,原理之一也是加強(qiáng)了對TS酶的抑制[45]。有了基礎(chǔ)研究的證據(jù),Ⅰ期臨床研究已摸索出了吉非替尼和S-1聯(lián)合用藥的推薦劑量:吉非替尼250 mg qd,S-1每日 80 mg/m2,d1~d14,q21d,劑量限制毒性為肝功能異常,觀察到初步療效:9例EGFR突變患者中7例有效,mPFS可達(dá)12.4個(gè)月[46]。

        6 替吉奧用于非小細(xì)胞肺癌的同步放化療

        氟尿嘧啶類藥物有放療增敏作用,替吉奧也具有此特性。采用SP方案作為放療同步時(shí),放療劑量以DT 60Gy 2Gy/f為基礎(chǔ),化療推薦劑量為S-1 每 天 50 mg/m2,d1~d14,CDDP 40 mg/m2,d1,d8,q21d[47]。采用此劑量治療Ⅲ期NSCLC的Ⅱ期研究,獲得RR 87.8%,mPFS 15.4個(gè)月,mOS 29.7個(gè)月[48]。SP方案還有其他用法和放療同步應(yīng)用,耐受性良好,例如S-1每天80mg/m2,d1~d14,DDP 60~80 mg/m2單次或者分為d1和d8,q28d[49-50]。對75歲以上的老年人可以采用S-1單藥進(jìn)行同步放化療,Ⅰ期研究摸索出的推薦劑量為每天80 mg/m2,d1~d14,q28d[51]。已有小樣本的研究得出結(jié)論,在同步放化療中采用SP方案不劣于傳統(tǒng)的NP方案(長春瑞濱聯(lián)合順鉑),但毒性反應(yīng)不同,SP主要為3級血小板減少、食管炎和皮疹,而NP方案主要為3級白細(xì)胞和中性粒細(xì)胞減少[52]。SP方案聯(lián)合放療同步治療對局部晚期NSCLC有降期的作用,有初步研究將其應(yīng)用于術(shù)前治療,安全有效,未增加圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥[53-54]。

        7 含替吉奧的化療方案和非小細(xì)胞肺癌病理類型的關(guān)系

        含S-1的方案在消化道腺癌中療效卓著,但在NSCLC的不同組織學(xué)類型中療效是否存在差異,結(jié)論尚不統(tǒng)一。有研究采用SP聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗治療非鱗NSCLC,并采用貝伐珠單抗用于維持治療,30例患者中,RR 71%,DCR 100%,mPFS 7個(gè)月,MST 20個(gè)月[55]。同樣,S-1+CBP聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗作為一線治療,并采用S-1聯(lián)合貝伐珠單抗作為維持治療,在非鱗NSCLC獲得RR 54.2%,mPFS 6.8個(gè)月[17]。還有研究觀察到S-1單藥在腺癌的有效率顯著高于非腺癌[12]。似乎傾向于得出結(jié)論:含S-1的方案對腺癌療效更好。然而,其他研究卻得到SP方案在鱗癌中有效率優(yōu)于腺癌[21]。LETS研究中,分別統(tǒng)計(jì)S-1聯(lián)合CBP一線治療鱗癌和非鱗癌OS沒有顯著差異(14個(gè)月vs 15.5個(gè)月)[25]。還有一些Ⅱ期研究同樣沒有觀察到含S-1的方案在NSCLC不同病理類型間的療效差異[8,20]。

        8 展望

        替吉奧的應(yīng)用已逐步涉及非小細(xì)胞肺癌治療的各個(gè)階段。替吉奧聯(lián)合鉑類的方案作為NSCLC一線治療或者替吉奧單藥作為經(jīng)治NSCLC的治療,研究證據(jù)相對較多,級別也相對較高,可以作為臨床治療選擇之一。厭食反應(yīng)是影響治療順利進(jìn)行的主要因素,少數(shù)情況會(huì)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重腹瀉,血液學(xué)毒性相對較輕。替吉奧和其他藥物聯(lián)合用于NSCLC仍然需要進(jìn)一步研究來評估療效和毒性。但是這些研究基本上都是在日本進(jìn)行的,需要在亞洲其他地區(qū)以及歐美進(jìn)行類似研究來驗(yàn)證其療效并觀察不良反應(yīng),若存在差異,則需找出人種或地區(qū)間差異的原因。

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