摘要: 分別從時(shí)間與狀態(tài)兩個(gè)維度對(duì)1994—2013年間中國外匯儲(chǔ)備的積累動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)研究,得到以下結(jié)論:2005年匯改前,重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)在外匯儲(chǔ)備積累動(dòng)機(jī)中占據(jù)絕對(duì)主導(dǎo)地位,引致儲(chǔ)備大量積累;匯改后,其影響力度下降,但仍是促使儲(chǔ)備積累的重要力量,影響力高于交易性動(dòng)機(jī)和預(yù)防性動(dòng)機(jī)。此后,基數(shù)龐大的外匯儲(chǔ)備在慣性作用下保持穩(wěn)定增長,形成了當(dāng)下巨額的外匯儲(chǔ)備。政策建議如下:深入推進(jìn)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)改革,加快國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)增長方式;深化人民幣匯率形成機(jī)制改革,不斷增強(qiáng)匯率機(jī)制靈活性;在此基礎(chǔ)上控制外匯儲(chǔ)備增長速度。
關(guān)鍵詞:外匯儲(chǔ)備;時(shí)變分析;平滑轉(zhuǎn)換回歸
中圖分類號(hào):F125.l文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A文章編號(hào):1009-055X(2014)05-0036-10
1994年外匯外貿(mào)體制改革以來,中國外匯儲(chǔ)備經(jīng)歷了指數(shù)式增長,截止到2013年底達(dá)3.8萬億美元,二十年間增長了73倍。即便以相對(duì)規(guī)模衡量,外匯儲(chǔ)備的迅速增長也令人咋舌。隨著時(shí)間的推進(jìn),這種絕對(duì)和相對(duì)值上的龐大數(shù)字,與中國仍在增長的貿(mào)易順差、不斷靈活的匯率制度以及規(guī)模較小且相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的對(duì)外債務(wù)之間的“矛盾”愈發(fā)彰顯:中國積累的外匯儲(chǔ)備已遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出其需求。
那么,究竟是什么因素引致中國外匯儲(chǔ)備二十年來的持續(xù)快速增長?這些背后推動(dòng)因素的力量對(duì)比在二十年間有無變化?它們?cè)鯓訌膫?cè)面反映了此間世界和中國經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢及政策的演變?未來該采取怎樣的政策措施對(duì)外匯儲(chǔ)備的增長速度進(jìn)行控制?以上皆是本文試圖通過實(shí)證研究進(jìn)行解答的問題。
本文先后運(yùn)用滾動(dòng)回歸與平滑轉(zhuǎn)換回歸兩種方法,從時(shí)間與狀態(tài)兩個(gè)維度對(duì)中國外匯儲(chǔ)備積累背后的影響動(dòng)機(jī)展開動(dòng)態(tài)研究。下文安排如下:第一節(jié)對(duì)國內(nèi)外關(guān)于外匯儲(chǔ)備積累動(dòng)機(jī)的研究成果進(jìn)行梳理和歸納總結(jié)。第二節(jié)運(yùn)用滾動(dòng)回歸對(duì)1994—2013年間中國外匯儲(chǔ)備快速積累背后的動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行時(shí)變分析。第三節(jié)運(yùn)用平滑轉(zhuǎn)換回歸對(duì)此間中國外匯儲(chǔ)備積累的動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換分析。最后對(duì)實(shí)證分析結(jié)果進(jìn)行總結(jié)并給出相應(yīng)的政策建議。
一、文獻(xiàn)綜述
對(duì)外匯儲(chǔ)備積累動(dòng)機(jī),也即其需求因素的研究最初源于對(duì)國內(nèi)產(chǎn)出波動(dòng)的關(guān)注。Triffin(1947,1960)[1]-[2]最早從外匯儲(chǔ)備的交易性功能角度研究由貨幣供給引致的國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)整。他認(rèn)為,對(duì)儲(chǔ)備的需求應(yīng)隨對(duì)外貿(mào)易的增長而增加,并提出了以儲(chǔ)備與進(jìn)口額之比衡量一國儲(chǔ)備的充分性,且積累充足的儲(chǔ)備應(yīng)成為一國政策目標(biāo)的觀點(diǎn)。只要外匯儲(chǔ)備高于最低水平,一國就可用儲(chǔ)備為國際收支的暫時(shí)性失衡融資,從而避免陷入因貨幣供給不足引致內(nèi)部調(diào)整的境地。
Machlup(1966)[3]和Heller(1968)[4]則認(rèn)為,一國對(duì)外匯儲(chǔ)備的需求應(yīng)取決于貿(mào)易的波動(dòng)性,而非其絕對(duì)水平。Heller(1966)[5]基于傳統(tǒng)的成本-收益分析提出了決定一國最優(yōu)外匯儲(chǔ)備水平的方法:由外匯儲(chǔ)備的存在而節(jié)約的因國際收支失衡帶來的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)整成本,與持有儲(chǔ)備的機(jī)會(huì)成本相等。這即早期的基于經(jīng)常賬戶波動(dòng)的預(yù)防性動(dòng)機(jī)理論。竇祥勝(2005)[6]對(duì)中國數(shù)據(jù)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),進(jìn)口傾向和債務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在長期中對(duì)儲(chǔ)備需求的影響較大,國民收入和國際收支波動(dòng)程度的影響次之。即中國外匯儲(chǔ)備的經(jīng)常性交易功能和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范功能較為突出。郭梅軍和蔡躍洲(2006)[7]也發(fā)現(xiàn),在影響中國外匯儲(chǔ)備需求的五個(gè)主要因素——外債規(guī)模、外貿(mào)依存度、進(jìn)口傾向、人均 GDP 以及外匯收支波動(dòng)性中,外匯收支波動(dòng)性的影響相比其他因素不是特別明顯。
經(jīng)歷了90年代的兩場金融危機(jī)后,許多資本賬戶開放度加大的新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體通過囤積外匯儲(chǔ)備,預(yù)防潛在的資本賬戶波動(dòng)即資本急停和國內(nèi)資本外逃風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等對(duì)國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)的沖擊,基于此的預(yù)防性動(dòng)機(jī)又稱為“自我保險(xiǎn)”。此后,許多研究基于這一理論展開。如Aizenman & Marion(2003,2004)[8]-[9]的分析表明,當(dāng)一國面臨全球資本市場準(zhǔn)入受限和高成本的征稅系統(tǒng),以及金融危機(jī)導(dǎo)致了經(jīng)濟(jì)沖擊的高波動(dòng)性和主體的損失厭惡后,持有大量儲(chǔ)備是貨幣當(dāng)局的最優(yōu)行為。Aizenman & Lee(2007)[10]的研究顯示,由其不斷加大的貿(mào)易開放度和金融沖擊風(fēng)險(xiǎn)暴露,新興市場的預(yù)防性儲(chǔ)備需求與觀測到的高儲(chǔ)備量相吻合。Cifarelli & Paladino(2009)[11]的實(shí)證結(jié)果強(qiáng)烈表明,預(yù)防動(dòng)機(jī)仍是長期中決定新興市場經(jīng)濟(jì)國家以外匯儲(chǔ)備大量積累的主導(dǎo)因素。Durdu et al.(2009)[12]分析發(fā)現(xiàn),金融一體化和資本急停風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是引致發(fā)展中國家大量囤積外匯儲(chǔ)備的主要因素。Obstfeld & Taylor(2010)[13]則從一個(gè)更為寬泛的“自我保險(xiǎn)”概念出發(fā),證實(shí)了面臨資本外逃風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、需要履行最后貸款人職責(zé)的中央銀行將建立大量外匯儲(chǔ)備作為“戰(zhàn)時(shí)基金”。
華 南 理 工 大 學(xué) 學(xué) 報(bào)(社 會(huì) 科 學(xué) 版)
第5期唐晶星:中國外匯儲(chǔ)備積累動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)態(tài)研究
觀察到90年代以來一些經(jīng)歷外匯儲(chǔ)備高增長的新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體長期內(nèi)具有低匯率、高出口增長率和較快的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長率這些共同特征后,許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為,發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟(jì)體在出口導(dǎo)向型增長政策的指引下,通過人為壓低匯率改變國內(nèi)外產(chǎn)品的相對(duì)價(jià)格以促進(jìn)出口,帶動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,同時(shí)也導(dǎo)致了外匯儲(chǔ)備的被動(dòng)大量積累,這種儲(chǔ)備積累被稱為重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)。Aizenman & Lee (2007)[10]利用滯后的出口增長率和匯率偏離購買力平價(jià)的程度代表重商主義動(dòng)機(jī),發(fā)現(xiàn)新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體的重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)統(tǒng)計(jì)顯著,但其經(jīng)濟(jì)重要性遜于預(yù)防性動(dòng)機(jī)。巴曙松和朱元倩(2007)[14]運(yùn)用非線性的廣義可加模型研究中國外匯儲(chǔ)備狀況表明:匯率彈性的增大是匯率對(duì)外匯儲(chǔ)備的非線性貢獻(xiàn)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)因之一,控制外匯儲(chǔ)備的快速增長應(yīng)該增大匯率彈性、實(shí)現(xiàn)匯率的雙向波動(dòng)。這表明,重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)在中國外匯儲(chǔ)備積累中有著重大影響。Bar-Ilan & Marion(2009)[15]的研究顯示,當(dāng)產(chǎn)出出現(xiàn)負(fù)缺口時(shí),無論是在自由斟酌還是嚴(yán)格規(guī)則的匯率政策下,最優(yōu)選擇都是采取弱貨幣和出口導(dǎo)向增長政策以穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)出和通貨膨脹。這解釋了亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)體大量積累外匯儲(chǔ)備的行為。Delatte & Fouquau(2012)[16]的時(shí)變模型結(jié)果表明:重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)的地位在2000年以后迅速提升,解釋了新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體此后的外匯儲(chǔ)備加速積累行為。Bonatti & Fracasso(2013)[17]的模型分析顯示:只要中國持續(xù)以GDP快速增長和勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移為政策目標(biāo),基于重商主義的外匯儲(chǔ)備積累就能很好地服務(wù)于這些目標(biāo)。張向軍和李夢(mèng)含(2013)[18]卻發(fā)現(xiàn),預(yù)防性和重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)并不能解釋中國外匯儲(chǔ)備的快速增長,外向型經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式和市場化改革才是外匯儲(chǔ)備快速增長的原因。
Cheung & Qian(2009)[19]從一種新的視角——攀比性動(dòng)機(jī)來研究亞洲金融危機(jī)后許多新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體大量囤積外匯儲(chǔ)備的原因。Machlup (1966)[3]最初提出了攀比性動(dòng)機(jī)的概念:相鄰經(jīng)濟(jì)體之間的競爭致使外匯儲(chǔ)備的競爭性持有,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致了不能為傳統(tǒng)理論所解釋的外匯儲(chǔ)備大量積累的現(xiàn)象。Feldstein (1999)[20]和Fischer (1999)[21]認(rèn)為,更多外匯儲(chǔ)備賦予了一國“以鄰為壑”的機(jī)會(huì):危機(jī)發(fā)生時(shí),高額儲(chǔ)備能將本國面臨的投機(jī)壓力迅速轉(zhuǎn)移到鄰國,從而減少了承擔(dān)沖擊全部成本的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。此外,國家間通過競相積累儲(chǔ)備以釋放其經(jīng)濟(jì)健康的信號(hào),以此爭奪具有高生產(chǎn)率的國際資本;以及降低其在國際資本市場上的融資成本,進(jìn)而提供額外流動(dòng)性?;诖?,Cheung &Qian(2009)[19]利用東亞十個(gè)國家的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)攀比動(dòng)機(jī)假說進(jìn)行實(shí)證研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)東亞經(jīng)濟(jì)體在外匯儲(chǔ)備積累中確實(shí)存在攀比效應(yīng),且在1997年金融危機(jī)之后尤為明顯。隨后,Cheung & Sengupta(2011)[22]證實(shí),這種攀比動(dòng)機(jī)同樣影響著拉美國家1980-2007年間的外匯儲(chǔ)備積累行為。國內(nèi)方面,鄒宏元等(2011)[23]發(fā)現(xiàn):交易性動(dòng)機(jī)和基于資本外逃的預(yù)防性動(dòng)機(jī)對(duì)亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)體外匯儲(chǔ)備積累的作用最大,但前者較穩(wěn)定,后者是驅(qū)動(dòng)其變動(dòng)的最重要因素;攀比動(dòng)機(jī)和基于經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目波動(dòng)的預(yù)防性動(dòng)機(jī)存在上升趨勢;持儲(chǔ)動(dòng)機(jī)在不同發(fā)展程度、不同匯率制度經(jīng)濟(jì)體中存在顯著差異。陳奉先和鄒宏元(2012)[24]運(yùn)用中國數(shù)據(jù)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),交易性動(dòng)機(jī)和攀比動(dòng)機(jī)是影響外匯儲(chǔ)備積累的最主要因素,而后者往往在經(jīng)濟(jì)金融危機(jī)后會(huì)突然上升;預(yù)防動(dòng)機(jī)在 2006 年后逐漸強(qiáng)化;重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)和匯率彈性對(duì)中國最優(yōu)外匯儲(chǔ)備變動(dòng)影響微弱。
然而,Aizenman & Lee(2008)[25]認(rèn)為,傳統(tǒng)的重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)導(dǎo)致儲(chǔ)備長期大量積累的前提,是貨幣政策要長期有效,因而將其稱為“貨幣”重商主義。他們認(rèn)為,以“金融”重商主義解釋諸多新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體大量積累儲(chǔ)備的行為更為合理:在早期確立的外向型增長政策下,政府通過直接補(bǔ)貼、道義勸告等行政干預(yù)手段將國民儲(chǔ)蓄分配到目標(biāo)產(chǎn)業(yè)和出口部門,以金融支持促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。然而,信貸泛濫和過度投資于無效率部門導(dǎo)致了金融體系的脆弱性,政府可能會(huì)通過大量囤積儲(chǔ)備而預(yù)防風(fēng)險(xiǎn),加之大量儲(chǔ)備有助于壓低匯率而保持出口競爭力,預(yù)防動(dòng)機(jī)得到進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化,結(jié)果就是外匯儲(chǔ)備的大量囤積并持續(xù)增長。這種基于預(yù)防金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的積累動(dòng)機(jī)即金融重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)。
縱觀上述國內(nèi)外研究成果,可發(fā)現(xiàn)存在以下兩點(diǎn)不足之處:
(1)極少有對(duì)中國自外匯外貿(mào)體制改革至后金融危機(jī)時(shí)代外匯儲(chǔ)備積累的各動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行充分詳盡的研究。國外鮮有對(duì)中國的情況進(jìn)行單獨(dú)研究。國內(nèi)研究要么樣本期過短,數(shù)據(jù)頻率低,樣本數(shù)據(jù)太少;要么只是零散地選取一些變量進(jìn)行實(shí)證分析。這種研究缺乏系統(tǒng)性,不能準(zhǔn)確地反映在一個(gè)較長的時(shí)間段內(nèi),各種動(dòng)機(jī)的綜合作用對(duì)中國外匯儲(chǔ)備積累行為的影響。
(2)國內(nèi)關(guān)于中國外匯儲(chǔ)備積累動(dòng)機(jī)的研究幾乎無一例外是靜態(tài)研究。即便陳奉先和鄒宏元(2012)[24]在滾動(dòng)回歸基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)持儲(chǔ)動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行了動(dòng)態(tài)分解,也只是簡單描述了各動(dòng)機(jī)的大致走向。在中國經(jīng)濟(jì)不斷發(fā)展背景下,外匯儲(chǔ)備增長背后的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素很可能隨時(shí)間和經(jīng)濟(jì)狀態(tài)的演變而不斷變化。因此,對(duì)影響外匯儲(chǔ)備積累的各動(dòng)機(jī)展開動(dòng)態(tài)研究,并結(jié)合經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢變化探尋這種動(dòng)機(jī)變化的原因及其背后的規(guī)律性,對(duì)于中國未來的外匯儲(chǔ)備規(guī)模管理至關(guān)重要。
因此,本文正是在前人研究基礎(chǔ)上,克服上述不足展開對(duì)1994年外匯外貿(mào)體制改革后中國外匯儲(chǔ)備積累動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)態(tài)研究。
二、中國外匯儲(chǔ)備積累動(dòng)機(jī)的時(shí)變分析
(一) 變量選取、模型設(shè)定與數(shù)據(jù)處理
根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)綜述,影響外匯儲(chǔ)備積累的動(dòng)機(jī)主要分為交易性動(dòng)機(jī)、預(yù)防性動(dòng)機(jī)、貨幣重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)、金融重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)與攀比動(dòng)機(jī)五類。本文最終選取代表前三類動(dòng)機(jī)的解釋變量進(jìn)行實(shí)證研究誠如Machlup (1966)所言,攀比動(dòng)機(jī)更多地是代表一種非基本面的行為因素,而本文主要考察外匯儲(chǔ)備的積累動(dòng)機(jī)受經(jīng)濟(jì)變動(dòng)的影響而發(fā)生的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,因此不考慮攀比動(dòng)機(jī)。此外,由于代理變量難以選取和數(shù)據(jù)不可得,金融重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)也沒有納入模型。。變量的具體信息見表1:表1變量相關(guān)信息變量
四、結(jié)論與政策建議
本文先后運(yùn)用滾動(dòng)回歸和平滑轉(zhuǎn)換回歸對(duì)1994-2013年中國外匯儲(chǔ)備積累的動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)實(shí)證研究,得到以下結(jié)論:外匯儲(chǔ)備的大量積累和持續(xù)增長主要源于重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)和增長慣性。2005年人民幣匯率形成機(jī)制改革前,重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)在外匯儲(chǔ)備積累動(dòng)機(jī)中占據(jù)絕對(duì)主導(dǎo)地位,引致外匯儲(chǔ)備的大量積累;匯改后,重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)影響力度下降,但仍是促使儲(chǔ)備積累的重要力量,影響力高于交易性動(dòng)機(jī)和預(yù)防性動(dòng)機(jī)。此后,基數(shù)龐大的外匯儲(chǔ)備在慣性作用下保持穩(wěn)定增長,形成了當(dāng)下巨額的外匯儲(chǔ)備。基于以上結(jié)論,本文給出如下政策建議:
(1)深入推進(jìn)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)改革,加快國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)增長方式。未來中國應(yīng)深入推進(jìn)市場化改革,使價(jià)格正確反映資源稀缺性,同時(shí)利用市場優(yōu)勝劣汰的機(jī)制推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化調(diào)整,使中國經(jīng)濟(jì)能在良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)上保持快速增長,而非一味依賴投資和出口拉動(dòng)。這樣,經(jīng)濟(jì)高效持續(xù)增長的中國才能長久保持對(duì)國際資本的吸引力,從而降低中國面臨的資本賬戶逆轉(zhuǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),進(jìn)而降低基于預(yù)防動(dòng)機(jī)的外匯儲(chǔ)備積累。
(2) 深化人民幣匯率形成機(jī)制改革,不斷增強(qiáng)匯率機(jī)制靈活性。重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)在外匯儲(chǔ)備積累中發(fā)揮了強(qiáng)有力的影響。當(dāng)然,其最終目標(biāo)是要通過促進(jìn)出口增長帶動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長,因此(1)中提到的轉(zhuǎn)變出口導(dǎo)向增長方式對(duì)于降低外匯儲(chǔ)備的積累意義重大。然而,保持匯率低估卻是重商主義的作用源頭。即便在匯改后,人民幣對(duì)美元的浮動(dòng)區(qū)間仍相當(dāng)窄,因此中國仍在盡力控制人民幣的升值幅度以保證出口的穩(wěn)定增長,重商主義對(duì)外匯儲(chǔ)備積累的作用依然非常顯著。從而,未來中國應(yīng)在轉(zhuǎn)變出口導(dǎo)向增長方式的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步放寬人民幣匯率浮動(dòng)區(qū)間,使人民幣匯率更充分反映市場供求力量。使得重商主義動(dòng)機(jī)的作用源頭和傳導(dǎo)途徑對(duì)外匯儲(chǔ)備積累的影響都大大減小,才能使外匯儲(chǔ)備以適度合理的速度增長。
(3)由于慣性對(duì)于外匯儲(chǔ)備動(dòng)態(tài)增長的影響非常重大,當(dāng)前的外匯儲(chǔ)備增長速度對(duì)未來外匯儲(chǔ)備的增長有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。因此,建議在以上兩點(diǎn)從根源控制外匯儲(chǔ)備增加的政策建議基礎(chǔ)上,掌控好外匯儲(chǔ)備的增長速度,避免其落入高增長區(qū)制。盡管長期來看還是會(huì)落入較低的增長區(qū)制,但由于強(qiáng)大的慣性,外匯儲(chǔ)備可能會(huì)在高增長區(qū)制持續(xù)較長時(shí)間,這會(huì)進(jìn)一步增大外匯儲(chǔ)備的絕對(duì)規(guī)模。
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[18]張向軍、李夢(mèng)含.市場化改革、經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略與中國外匯儲(chǔ)備積累:實(shí)證研究[J],數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)與管理,2013(3):521-532.
[19]Cheung ,Y,W., Qian,X,W., Hoarding of International Reserves: Mrs Machlups Wardrobe and the Joneses, Review of International Economics[J],2009,17(4):824-843.
[20]Feldstein, M., Self-Protection for Emerging Market Economies, NBER Working Paper[J],1999,No. 6907.
[21]Fischer, S., On the Need for an International Lender of Last Resort, Journal of Economic Perspectives[J],1999, 13(4):85-104.
[22]Cheung, Y,W, Sengupta,R., Accumulation of reserves and keeping up with the Joneses: The case of LATAM economies, International Review of Economics and Finance[J],2011(20):19-31.
[23]鄒宏元、陳奉先和涂萬春.預(yù)防性持有、攀比效應(yīng)與亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)體外匯儲(chǔ)備囤積——基于1980-2009年的數(shù)據(jù)分析[J],數(shù)量經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2011(7):18-35.
[24] 陳奉先、鄒宏元,中國最優(yōu)外匯儲(chǔ)備:數(shù)量特征、動(dòng)機(jī)分解與調(diào)整速度[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)論,2012(5):103-143.
[25]Aizenman, J. , Lee ,J., Financial versus Monetary Mercantilism: Long-run View of Large International Reserves Hoarding, The World Economy[J],2008, 31(5):593-611.
[26]張海濤.我國1978-1995年月度M2缺失數(shù)據(jù)的估算方法[J],北方經(jīng)濟(jì),2012(10):6-7.
[27],T., Specification, Estimation, and Evaluation of Smooth Transition Autoregressive models, Journal of the American statistical association[J],1994(89):208-218.
[28],T., Modeling Economic Relationships with Smooth Transition Regressions , in Ullah, A., Giles, D.,(eds),Handbook of Applied Economic Statistics[J], Dekker, 1998,New York:507-552.
[29],T. Strikholm, B., van Dijk, D., Changing seasonal patterns in quarterly industrial production in Finland and Sweden,in Hoglund ,R., Jantti, M., Rosenqvist,G.(eds) ,Statistics, Econometrics and Society. Essays in Honour of Leif Nordberg, 2003.
A Dynamic Study on The Motives of Chinas
Foreign Exchange Reserves Accumulation
TANG Jingxing
(Economics and Management School,Wuhan University, Wuhan,430072)
Abstract:Dynamic research are carried out on the motives of Chinas foreign exchange reserves accumulation from the dimension of time and state respectively. Conclusions are as follows: Before Renminbi exchange rate regime reform in 2005,mercantilism dominated the motives of foreign exchange reserves accumulation,inducing the hoarding of reserves by China;After that,the influence of mercantilism declined,while its still an important impetus driving the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves and its importance exceeds that of trade and precautionary motives. Since then,the foreign exchange reserves with huge basis have remaining stable growth under inertia,contributing to the observed foreign exchange reserves surge. Policy suggestions are as follows: The market economic reform should be pushed forward further, the adjustment of domestic economic and industrial structure should be accelerated,and the means of economic growth should be transformed; The authority should deepen the Renminbi exchange rate regime reform and increase its flexibility; The growth rate of foreign exchange reserves should be controlled on the basis of these suggestions.
Keywords:foreign exchange reserves; time-varying analysis;smooth transition regression
(責(zé)任編輯:余樹華)
[18]張向軍、李夢(mèng)含.市場化改革、經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略與中國外匯儲(chǔ)備積累:實(shí)證研究[J],數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)與管理,2013(3):521-532.
[19]Cheung ,Y,W., Qian,X,W., Hoarding of International Reserves: Mrs Machlups Wardrobe and the Joneses, Review of International Economics[J],2009,17(4):824-843.
[20]Feldstein, M., Self-Protection for Emerging Market Economies, NBER Working Paper[J],1999,No. 6907.
[21]Fischer, S., On the Need for an International Lender of Last Resort, Journal of Economic Perspectives[J],1999, 13(4):85-104.
[22]Cheung, Y,W, Sengupta,R., Accumulation of reserves and keeping up with the Joneses: The case of LATAM economies, International Review of Economics and Finance[J],2011(20):19-31.
[23]鄒宏元、陳奉先和涂萬春.預(yù)防性持有、攀比效應(yīng)與亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)體外匯儲(chǔ)備囤積——基于1980-2009年的數(shù)據(jù)分析[J],數(shù)量經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2011(7):18-35.
[24] 陳奉先、鄒宏元,中國最優(yōu)外匯儲(chǔ)備:數(shù)量特征、動(dòng)機(jī)分解與調(diào)整速度[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)論,2012(5):103-143.
[25]Aizenman, J. , Lee ,J., Financial versus Monetary Mercantilism: Long-run View of Large International Reserves Hoarding, The World Economy[J],2008, 31(5):593-611.
[26]張海濤.我國1978-1995年月度M2缺失數(shù)據(jù)的估算方法[J],北方經(jīng)濟(jì),2012(10):6-7.
[27],T., Specification, Estimation, and Evaluation of Smooth Transition Autoregressive models, Journal of the American statistical association[J],1994(89):208-218.
[28],T., Modeling Economic Relationships with Smooth Transition Regressions , in Ullah, A., Giles, D.,(eds),Handbook of Applied Economic Statistics[J], Dekker, 1998,New York:507-552.
[29],T. Strikholm, B., van Dijk, D., Changing seasonal patterns in quarterly industrial production in Finland and Sweden,in Hoglund ,R., Jantti, M., Rosenqvist,G.(eds) ,Statistics, Econometrics and Society. Essays in Honour of Leif Nordberg, 2003.
A Dynamic Study on The Motives of Chinas
Foreign Exchange Reserves Accumulation
TANG Jingxing
(Economics and Management School,Wuhan University, Wuhan,430072)
Abstract:Dynamic research are carried out on the motives of Chinas foreign exchange reserves accumulation from the dimension of time and state respectively. Conclusions are as follows: Before Renminbi exchange rate regime reform in 2005,mercantilism dominated the motives of foreign exchange reserves accumulation,inducing the hoarding of reserves by China;After that,the influence of mercantilism declined,while its still an important impetus driving the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves and its importance exceeds that of trade and precautionary motives. Since then,the foreign exchange reserves with huge basis have remaining stable growth under inertia,contributing to the observed foreign exchange reserves surge. Policy suggestions are as follows: The market economic reform should be pushed forward further, the adjustment of domestic economic and industrial structure should be accelerated,and the means of economic growth should be transformed; The authority should deepen the Renminbi exchange rate regime reform and increase its flexibility; The growth rate of foreign exchange reserves should be controlled on the basis of these suggestions.
Keywords:foreign exchange reserves; time-varying analysis;smooth transition regression
(責(zé)任編輯:余樹華)
[18]張向軍、李夢(mèng)含.市場化改革、經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略與中國外匯儲(chǔ)備積累:實(shí)證研究[J],數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)與管理,2013(3):521-532.
[19]Cheung ,Y,W., Qian,X,W., Hoarding of International Reserves: Mrs Machlups Wardrobe and the Joneses, Review of International Economics[J],2009,17(4):824-843.
[20]Feldstein, M., Self-Protection for Emerging Market Economies, NBER Working Paper[J],1999,No. 6907.
[21]Fischer, S., On the Need for an International Lender of Last Resort, Journal of Economic Perspectives[J],1999, 13(4):85-104.
[22]Cheung, Y,W, Sengupta,R., Accumulation of reserves and keeping up with the Joneses: The case of LATAM economies, International Review of Economics and Finance[J],2011(20):19-31.
[23]鄒宏元、陳奉先和涂萬春.預(yù)防性持有、攀比效應(yīng)與亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)體外匯儲(chǔ)備囤積——基于1980-2009年的數(shù)據(jù)分析[J],數(shù)量經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2011(7):18-35.
[24] 陳奉先、鄒宏元,中國最優(yōu)外匯儲(chǔ)備:數(shù)量特征、動(dòng)機(jī)分解與調(diào)整速度[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)論,2012(5):103-143.
[25]Aizenman, J. , Lee ,J., Financial versus Monetary Mercantilism: Long-run View of Large International Reserves Hoarding, The World Economy[J],2008, 31(5):593-611.
[26]張海濤.我國1978-1995年月度M2缺失數(shù)據(jù)的估算方法[J],北方經(jīng)濟(jì),2012(10):6-7.
[27],T., Specification, Estimation, and Evaluation of Smooth Transition Autoregressive models, Journal of the American statistical association[J],1994(89):208-218.
[28],T., Modeling Economic Relationships with Smooth Transition Regressions , in Ullah, A., Giles, D.,(eds),Handbook of Applied Economic Statistics[J], Dekker, 1998,New York:507-552.
[29],T. Strikholm, B., van Dijk, D., Changing seasonal patterns in quarterly industrial production in Finland and Sweden,in Hoglund ,R., Jantti, M., Rosenqvist,G.(eds) ,Statistics, Econometrics and Society. Essays in Honour of Leif Nordberg, 2003.
A Dynamic Study on The Motives of Chinas
Foreign Exchange Reserves Accumulation
TANG Jingxing
(Economics and Management School,Wuhan University, Wuhan,430072)
Abstract:Dynamic research are carried out on the motives of Chinas foreign exchange reserves accumulation from the dimension of time and state respectively. Conclusions are as follows: Before Renminbi exchange rate regime reform in 2005,mercantilism dominated the motives of foreign exchange reserves accumulation,inducing the hoarding of reserves by China;After that,the influence of mercantilism declined,while its still an important impetus driving the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves and its importance exceeds that of trade and precautionary motives. Since then,the foreign exchange reserves with huge basis have remaining stable growth under inertia,contributing to the observed foreign exchange reserves surge. Policy suggestions are as follows: The market economic reform should be pushed forward further, the adjustment of domestic economic and industrial structure should be accelerated,and the means of economic growth should be transformed; The authority should deepen the Renminbi exchange rate regime reform and increase its flexibility; The growth rate of foreign exchange reserves should be controlled on the basis of these suggestions.
Keywords:foreign exchange reserves; time-varying analysis;smooth transition regression
(責(zé)任編輯:余樹華)