SUN Hao JIANG Yong-Jun YU Qing-Sen GAO Hui

(1Southwest Forestry University,Kunming 650224,P.R.China;2Key Laboratory for Molecular Design and Nutrition Engineering of Ningbo City,Ningbo Institute of Technology,Zhejiang University,Ningbo 315100,Zhejiang Province,P.R.China;3Department of Chemistry,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,P.R.China)

Molecular Dynamics Simulations on the Role of Structural Mg2+Ions in Phosphoryl Transfer Catalyzed by GSK-3β

SUN Hao1JIANG Yong-Jun2,＊YU Qing-Sen3GAO Hui3

(1Southwest Forestry University,Kunming 650224,P.R.China;2Key Laboratory for Molecular Design and Nutrition Engineering of Ningbo City,Ningbo Institute of Technology,Zhejiang University,Ningbo 315100,Zhejiang Province,P.R.China;3Department of Chemistry,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,P.R.China)

Abstract：Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)is a kind of serine/threonine protein kinase.It regulates the synthesis of glycogen and plays an important part in several signal pathways.It is believed to be an important target for a number of diseases such as diabetes,cancers,chronic inflammation,and Alzheimer′s disease.Mg2+ions are conserved structural metal ions in GSK-3β and they interact with adenosine-triphosphate(ATP).They are very important in phosphoryl transfer in the kinase.In this paper,the effect of two Mg2+ions(Mg,Mg)on GSK-3β is illustrated.Mg2+can stabilize the conformation of GSK-3β and ATP.Without Mg2+,the stabilization of GSK-3β reduces explicitly and the conformation of ATP changes.Mgis important in the phosphorylation reaction while Mgis essential and Lys183 alone cannot maintain the conformation of ATP without the assistance of Mg.ATP forms intramolecular hydrogen bonds and adopts a folded conformation when both Mgand Mgare absent.

Key Words： GSK-3β kinase;Phosphoryl transfer;Mg2+;Structural metal ion;Molecular dynamics simulation

There are more than 500 protein kinase genes identified,representing about 1.7%of all human genes[1].In the large and very diverse family of protein kinases,glycogen synthase kinase-3(GSK-3)is of particular interest.It was originally identified in 1980 and was initially believed to phosphorylate and inactivate glycogen synthase(GS)which was the rate-limiting enzyme of glycogen biosynthesis[2].It is ubiquitously expressed in eukaryote[3-4].There are two major isoforms of GSK-3 in mammals:GSK-3β and GSK-3α,which are encoded by different genes.The kinase domain sequences of the two isoforms are almost the same and the main differences occur at the N and C termini[5-7].

Many different pathways have been described in which GSK-3β plays an important role.Historically GSK-3β fulfilled a significant role in the insulin/IGF1(insulin-like growth factor 1)and Wnt/Shaggy signaling pathways.However,recently it has become clear that GSK-3β is present in many other pathways such as those involving NGF(nerve growth factor)signaling,estradiol signaling,or reelin pathways[8].

GSK-3β phosphorylates many of its substrates via a primedphosphorylation mechanism,recognizing the canonical phosphorylation motif SXXXpS.This motif contains the phosphoaccepting Ser or Thr that is separated by three residues from a phospho-serine or phospho-threonine.The phosphorylation mechanism is called primed-phosphorylation because a different kinase must first phosphorylate the substrate at the P+4 position before GSK-3β can phosphorylate the P0 residue[9].

Since GSK-3β has more than 40 substrates and the list is still growing[10],it has being considered as one of the most promising drug targets for adult onset type 2 diabetes[11-13],stroke[14-15],neurodegenerative disorders(Alzheimer′s disease)[16-17],bipolar disorder[18],and schizophrenia[19-20],acute inflammatory processes[21],cancer[2223],and so forth.

Structural metal ions are important.They can influence the structure of kinases,and the binding of structural metal ions is energetically favored[24].Mg2+is conserved structural metal ion in GSK-3β.Experimental studies[8]on GSK-3β revealed that in GSK-3β,two Mg2+binding sites mainly involve the conserved residues Asn186 and Asp200,like PKA(protein kinase A),CDK(cyclin-dependent kinases)and other protein kinases.

Many studies showed that Mg2+could increase the activity of GSK-3β,but the details of Mg2+function in GSK-3β still were indistinct.However,some useful information can be learned by referring the other kinase:PKA,because of the structural similarity[8].In PKA,Mg(Mg2+binding with β-and γ-phosphates of ATP)is generally identified as a catalytic activator,while Mg(Mg2+binding with α-and γ-phosphates of ATP)as an inhibitor[25-26].Ab initio studies[1]on PKA revealed that the phosphorylation reaction probably proceeded through a mainly dissociative transition state,and the conserved Asp166(corresponding to Asp181 in GSK-3β)served as the catalytic base to accept the late proton transfer,shown in Fig.1.That study also reported that both metal ions contributed greatly to lower the energy barrier through electrostatic interactions,and the catalytic role of Lys168(corresponding to Lys183 in GSK-3β)was demonstrated to keep ATP and substrate peptide in the near-attack reactive conformation[1,27-28].Because of the conservation of kinase domain structures,we can presume the functions of Mg2+in GSK-3β on the foundation of PKAstudies.In order to reveal the functions of Mg2+in GSK-3β,we performed computational studies on GSK-3β using molecular mechanical methods.In this paper,four enzyme complexes were investigated,which respectively contained two Mg2+,Mgonly,Mgonly,and no Mg2+.

1 Computational methods

1.1 Preparation of the systems

The structure of GSK-3β in a complex with ATP mimic AMP-PNP(PDB code:1PYX)was chosen as the initial structure.Absent residues on disordered loop of the crystal structure were added and the conformations of the residues were modeled using Loop Search module of Sybyl 6.8(Tripos Inc.).The structure of AMP-PNP was changed to that of ATP by replacing the nitrogen atom N3B in 1PYX with an oxygen atom.Four systems were prepared.System 1,complex-2Mg featured GSK-3β with ATP and two Mg2+ions.System 2,complex-MgI,featured GSK-3β with ATP and Mg,whileMgwas removed.System 3,complex-MgII featured GSK-3β with ATP and Mgwhile Mgwas removed.System 4,complex-noMg,featured GSK-3β withATP,while both Mgand Mgwere removed.

1.2 Molecular dynamics simulations

Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out on the four systems respectively,using the SANDER module of AMBER 9.0 with the Amber FF03[29-30]and GAFF force field[31].The parameters of ATP were provided by Amber web site[32].All simulations were carried out at neutral pH.Lys and Arg residues were positively charged,and Asp and Glu residues were negatively charged.Default His protonation state in AMBER9 was adopted.To maintain the electroneutrality of the systems,seven counterions(Cl-)were added into complex-2Mg;fivecounterions(Cl-)were added into complex-MgI and complex-MgII;and three counterions(Cl-)were added into complex-noMg.Every system was immersed in a 1 nm truncated octahedron periodic water box,and the structure water molecules were maintained.The box of water molecules in all systems contained around 13635 TIP3P[33]water molecules.A 2 fs time step was used in all simulations,and long-range electrostatic interactions were treated with the particle mesh Ewald(PME)procedure[34]with a 1 nm non-bonded cutoff.Bond lengths involving hydrogen atoms were constrained using the SHAKE algorithm[35].All systems were minimized prior to the production run.The minimization employed SANDER module under constant volume condition.The solvent molecules were firstly relaxed,while all heavy atoms in both protein and ATP were restrained with forces of 2.0×105kJ·mol-1·nm-2.Then,the systems were continually relaxed.All heavy atoms of the system were restrained with forces of 2.0×105kJ·mol-1·nm-2,except the atoms of the residues modeled by Loop Search module of Sybyl 6.8.Finally,all restraints were lifted and whole system was relaxed.The 3 steps above all featured 1000 cycles of steepest descent followed by 1000 cycles of conjugate gradient minimization.After the relaxation,300 ps of MD simulations were carried out at constant volume,with 4.0×103kJ·mol-1·nm-2restraint on solute.Then 2 ns of equilibration MD followed by 3 ns of production MD were respectively carried out on all systems at constant pressure(101325 Pa).All simulations were performed at 300 K.

2 Results and discussion

The root-mean-squared deviations(RMSD)value curves of backbone atoms during the MD simulation have been obtained.The curves in Fig.2 show that corresponding to the relaxation of the systems,the RMSD values of backbone atoms of the complex increase slowly before 1000 ps.And after 1000 ps,the RMSD values are fairly stable around 0.20 nm.The total potential energy fluctuates around a constant mean value after 2 ns.This indicates that the systems attain equilibrium.

Mg2+can stabilize the structure of GSK-3β.RMS fluctuation(RMSF)values from structure provide an approach to evaluate the convergence of the dynamical properties of the system.As shown in Fig.3,the fluctuation values of complex-2Mg(black curve)are the lowest,while the values of complex-noMg(blue curve)are the highest.The fluctuation values of systems containing only one Mg2+are moderate,and the values of complex-MgI(green curve)are lower than that of complex-MgII(red curve).These indicate that Mg2+can stabilize GSK-3β,just like Mg2+in other kinases[26,36].Furthermore,we can conclude that Mgis more powerful than Mgin stabilizing GSK-3β,because of the lower fluctuation values of complex-MgI.

Mg2+can influence the conformation of ATP.The stability of conformation of ATP is essential to catalytic reaction[37-38].RMSD values of ATP in different systems during simulations confirm the importance of Mg2+and the necessity of Mg.As shown in Fig.4,the RMSD values of ATP of complex-2Mg(black curve)and complex-MgI(green curve)are stable around 0.025 nm,while the values of complex-MgII are stable around 0.050 nm(red curve).The RMSD values of ATP of complex-noMg(blue curve)increase continuously,corresponding to remarkable conformation change of ATP,which is adverse to phosphoryl transfer.

To facilitate phosphoryl transfer,ATP and substrates must keep the near-attack reactive conformations(in-line phosphoryl transfer mechanism)[38].The right conformation of ATP is guaranteed by the H-bond between γ-phosphate of ATP and conserved Lys183[1,39-40].As shown in Fig.5(a),in complex-2Mg,the oxygen atom on γ-phosphate of ATP can form H-bond with Lys183,and ATP can adopt right conformation.As shown in Fig.5(d),in complex-noMg,ATP moves away from phosphate transfer region and forms H-bond with Asn64 and Ser66,but without Lys183.As shown in Fig.5(b),in complex-MgII,ATP can form H-bond with Lys183,while as shown in Fig.5(c),in complex-MgI,ATP does not form H-bond with Lys183,but forms H-bond with Ser66.These indicate that Mgplays an important role in keeping the right position of γ-phosphate ofATP.

Mg2+can influence the interactions between ATP and Lys85.Lys85 is a conserved catalytic residue which anchors α-and βphosphate of ATP by H-bond.Experimental studies illustrated that if Lys85 was mutated to Arg,GSK-3β would lose its activity[37,41].Calculation studies showed that in kinase,PKA for example,this conserved Lys could strongly stabilize the transition state through electrostatic interactions during phosphoryl transfer[1].To investigate the effect of Mg2+on the interactions between ATP and Lys85,the distances between atoms were monitored:the distances between the oxygen atom of ATP,O1α,and the nitrogen atom of Lys85,NZ,are shown in Fig.6;the distances between the oxygen atom of ATP,O2β,and the nitrogen atom of Lys85,NZ,are shown in Fig.7.As shown in Fig.6 and Fig.7,in complex-2Mg(black curve)and complex-MgI(green curve),the distances between O1αand NZ,and between O2βand NZ are around 0.30 nm,which indicates that stable H-bond between ATP and Lys85 can form,referring to Fig.5(a)and Fig.5(c).In complex-MgII(red curve),the distances are more than 0.35 nm,which indicates that stable H-bonds between ATP and Lys85 can not form,referring to Fig.5(b).In complex-noMg(blue curve),the distances increase continuously,which indicates that ATP is moving away from Lys85,referring to Fig.5(d).The interactions between ATP and Lys85 are important to phosphoryl transfer.The important roles of Mgare evident,because the interactions are demolished when Mgions are absent.

Mg2+can influence the formation of the conserved H-bonds between adenine moiety of ATP and GSK-3β.The H-bonds between adenine moiety of ATP and Asp133,Val135 are conserved in kinase ATP binding sites[6].These H-bonds can strengthen the binding of ATP to kinases.As shown in Figs.5(a),5(b),and 5(c),in complex-2Mg,complex-MgII,and complex-MgI,the conserved H-bonds can form.As shown in Fig.5(d),in complex-noMg,the conserved H-bonds can not form,suggesting the drifting of ATP in binding site and the weakening ofATP binding.

We found interesting phenomena during the simulations.Without Mg2+,ATP can form an intramolecular H-bond intermittently,like ATP in CheA histidine kinase[42].The distances between O3′and O1αwere monitored.As shown in Fig.8,in complex-2Mg(black curve),complex-MgII(red curve),and complex-MgI(green curve),the distances between O3′and O1αareabout 0.60 nm.H-bond can not form obviously.In complexnoMg(blue curve),the distances swing between 0.25 and 0.40 nm,indicating the intermittent forming of H-bond between O3′and O1α,Fig.9 shows the process of the H-bond formation.When this H-bond forms,ATP will adopt folded conformation,which is adverse to phosphoryl transfer.

3 Conclusions

Mg2+ions stabilize the structure of GSK-3β.Complex containing two Mg2+ions has the lowest RMSF values,while complex containing no Mg2+ion has the highest RMSF values.Mg2+Iis more powerful than Mgin stabilizing GSK-3β,because the RMSF values of complex-MgI are lower than those of complex-MgII.Mg2+can also stabilize the conformation of ATP.Without Mg2+,conformation of ATP will change remarkably and the in-line phosphoryl transfer mechanism will be demolished.Mgguarantees the interactions between ATP and Lys85,while Mgguarantees the right position of γ-phosphate of ATP.Without Mg2+,the conserved H-bonds between adenine moiety ofATP and GSK-3β can not form,and the binding of ATP will weaken.Without Mg2+,an intramolecular H-bond of ATP will form intermittently,which disturbs the catalytic reaction.Mg2+ions take an important role in GSK-3β.Mgseems more important than Mg,while Mgis not dispensable.

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分子動力學(xué)模擬研究結(jié)構(gòu)金屬鎂離子在GSK-3β激酶磷酸化中的作用

孫 浩1蔣勇軍2,*俞慶森3高 慧3

(1西南林業(yè)大學(xué),昆明650224;2浙江大學(xué)寧波理工學(xué)院分子設(shè)計與營養(yǎng)工程市重點實驗室,浙江寧波315100;3浙江大學(xué)化學(xué)系,杭州310027)

糖原合成酶激酶-3β(GSK-3β)是一種絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,調(diào)節(jié)糖原合成酶的活性,并在生物體內(nèi)的多條信號通路中發(fā)揮作用.GSK-3β是糖尿病,腫瘤,急性炎癥,早老性癡呆等多種復(fù)雜疾病的藥物作用靶標(biāo).Mg2+是GSK-3β激酶的保守結(jié)構(gòu)金屬離子,與三磷酸腺苷(ATP)分子作用,在激酶的磷酸化中扮演重要的角色,本文闡明了兩個Mg2+離子(Mg,Mg)在激酶磷酸化中的作用:Mg2+穩(wěn)定GSK-3β與ATP的構(gòu)象.缺乏Mg2+離子,GSK-3β結(jié)構(gòu)的柔性增強(qiáng),同時ATP的構(gòu)象發(fā)生改變,相對Mg離子而言,Mg離子在磷酸化反應(yīng)中的作用更突出,但Mg離子也是必不可少的,如果沒有Mg離子,Lys183無法獨立穩(wěn)定ATP的合適構(gòu)象.當(dāng)兩個Mg2+離子都不存在時,ATP形成分子內(nèi)的氫鍵,成為一種折疊的構(gòu)象.

GSK-3β激酶; 磷酸化;Mg2+; 結(jié)構(gòu)金屬離子; 分子動力學(xué)模擬

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Received:September 1,2010;Revised:October 15,2010;Published on Web:November 30,2010.

?Corresponding author.Email:yjjiang@nit.zju.edu.cn;Tel:+86-574-88229517.

The project was supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863)(2007AA02Z301),National Natural Science Foundation of China(20803063),Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo,China(2010A610024),and Key Scientific Research Foundation of Southwest Forestry University,China(110932).

國家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計劃(863)(2007AA02Z301),國家自然科學(xué)基金(20803063),寧波市自然科學(xué)基金(2010A610024)及西南林業(yè)大學(xué)重點科研基金(110932)資助項目