劉志艷
你是不是也因做閱讀題時(shí)經(jīng)常碰到不認(rèn)識的單詞而苦惱?有時(shí)候甚至想把遇到的所有生詞都背下來“以絕后患”?當(dāng)然,如果你擁有超凡的記憶力,那也未嘗不可。但是對于課業(yè)繁重的高中小伙伴們來說,這可不是一個(gè)good idea。那我們該怎么辦呢?今天筆者就以因生詞太多而著稱的托福閱讀中的天文類文章為例,教大家一個(gè)閱讀技巧——跳讀。
托福閱讀中的天文類文章一直都令考生感到懼怕,這并不是因?yàn)樘煳念愇恼碌念}目難度大,而是因?yàn)槔锩嬗刑嗌г~匯,讓人一看就膽怯,讀不下去。而跳讀法可以讓我們在看這類文章的時(shí)候“偷個(gè)懶”,跳過一些生僻詞匯卻又不影響對文章大意的理解。下面我們就以托福閱讀真題為例,嘗試一下閱讀中的“跳躍運(yùn)動”吧!
先來看一個(gè)簡單的句子:The largest terrestrial planet, Earth, has a diameter only one quarter as great as the diameter of the smallest Jovian planet, Neptune. 如果我們懂得基本語法,就能分析出此句中的terrestrial planet與Earth是同位語,Jovian planet與Neptune是同位語。如果我們還認(rèn)識基本詞匯(如diameter)的話,我們就可以跳過不認(rèn)識的專業(yè)詞匯,將這句話翻譯為:最大的terrestrial planet——地球——的直徑只有最小的Jovian planet——Neptune——的四分之一。這樣句子就已經(jīng)大體讀懂了。可見,在這句話中只要掌握了diameter、quarter等基礎(chǔ)詞匯,完全忽略掉terrestrial、Jovian、Neptune這些“外星”詞也一樣能讀懂句子大意。
再來看一個(gè)段落:The Sun is the hub of a huge rotating system consisting of nine planets, their satellites, and numerous small bodies, including asteroids, comets, and meteoroids. An estimated 99.85 percent of the mass of our solar system is contained within the Sun, while the planets collectively make up most of the remaining 0.15 percent. The planets, in order of their distance from the Sun, are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Under the control of the Sun's gravitational force, each planet maintains an elliptical orbit and all of them travel in the same direction. 其中黑體標(biāo)注的是天文詞匯。小小一段文字中有這么多“外星”詞,看完是不是頭都大了?別慌,我們在一定的詞匯和語法知識的基礎(chǔ)上,可以用下面的方法跳著看。
跳躍運(yùn)動第一步。我們以首字母代替上文中除planets以外的所有黑體標(biāo)注的詞匯,原文就簡化為:
The Sun is the hub of a huge rotating system consisting of nine planets, their s, and numerous small bodies, including a, c, and m. An estimated 99.85 percent of the mass of our solar system is contained within the Sun, while the planets collectively make up most of the remaining 0.15 percent. The planets, in order of their distance from the Sun, are M, V, E, M, J, S, U, N, and P. Under the control of the Sun's gravitational force, each planet maintains an elliptical orbit and all of them travel in the same direction.
跳躍運(yùn)動第二步。在上一步的基礎(chǔ)上,我們再跳過上文中的下劃線部分,上文進(jìn)一步簡化為:
The Sun is the hub of a ... system consisting of.... An estimated 99.85 percent of the mass of our solar system is contained within the Sun, while the planets collectively make up most of the remaining 0.15 percent. The planets, in order of their distance from the Sun, are.... Under the control of the Sun's gravitational force, each planet maintains an elliptical orbit and all of them travel in the same direction.endprint
跳讀完后,相對應(yīng)的中文大意如下:太陽是一個(gè)×××系統(tǒng)的中心,這個(gè)系統(tǒng)包含×××。據(jù)估計(jì),太陽系物質(zhì)的99.85%存在于太陽中,而其余的0.15%絕大多數(shù)是由planets組成的。根據(jù)它們距離太陽的遠(yuǎn)近來排序的話,這些planets分別是×××。在太陽引力的控制下,每一個(gè)planet保持一個(gè)橢圓形的軌道運(yùn)行,并且它們的運(yùn)行方向是一致的。
從中文大意中我們可以很清楚地看到,原文中的十幾個(gè)不認(rèn)識的天文詞匯其實(shí)并不會影響我們對文章的理解。所以,在閱讀此類文章時(shí),一定要保持好心態(tài),不要被那些不認(rèn)識的詞匯絆住,“跳”過去,前途一片光明。
通過以上例子我們可以知道,跳過一些專業(yè)詞匯能夠幫助我們在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)理解文章,但有的小伙伴可能會皺著眉頭問:這種跳讀法會不會影響答題?一起來看一道托福真題。
真題回顧:
... The compositional similarity (between chondritic meteorites, like Allende, and the Sun) is striking. The major difference is that Allende is depleted in the most volatile elements, like hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and the noble gases, relative to the Sun.
Question: According to paragraph 6, the composition of chondritic meteorites differs from the composition of the Sun primarily in .
A. containing nebular matter
B. containing many fewer atoms of iron
C. the relative amount of volatile elements
D. the ratio of iron to silicon
解析:
本段文字跳讀后大意為:像Allende這樣的chondritic meteorites與the Sun的組成成分的相似性是驚人的。最大的不同就是,相對于the Sun來講,Allende里面最volatile元素,如×××,已經(jīng)消耗殆盡?;氐筋}目,根據(jù)跳讀后的中文大意,我們可以很輕松地選出正確答案為C項(xiàng)。顯而易見,通過跳讀法處理后,上文中我們只要認(rèn)識major、deplete、element等核心基礎(chǔ)詞匯即可答題,而不是必須認(rèn)識如hydrogen、carbon、oxygen、nitrogen、noble gases等專業(yè)詞匯才能解題。
這一跳讀法適用于幾乎所有生詞或?qū)I(yè)詞匯太多的閱讀理解文章,時(shí)間緊任務(wù)重的各位小伙伴們一定不要盲目地去做無用功,認(rèn)為把所有的生僻詞匯全背下來才能準(zhǔn)確答題,要知道,高考閱讀不需要考生用任何特殊的背景知識就能作答。在考試中遇到生詞較多的文章時(shí),請大家記住:“跳一跳”,更高效!endprint