◆丘綠綠
(興寧市沐彬中學)
在英語教學中,“聽說讀寫”一向是四大要素,而閱讀更是英語教學中最基本最重要的內容。閱讀可以保持學生學習外語的持久興趣,可以鞏固加深學生所學的知識,可以提高學生綜合運用能力,可以開發(fā)學生的智力,同樣可以拓展學生的知識面。
既然閱讀如此重要,那么我們就應該注重培養(yǎng)學生的閱讀能力,讓學生掌握提高閱讀能力的方法就顯得尤為重要。筆者就教學體會,淺談一下提高學生閱讀能力的方法。
查閱法是一種查尋式閱讀,它是從閱讀材料中有目的地、有選擇地迅速查找某一具體事實或特定信息的技能,其要求是快速、準確即沒有必要通讀全文,只要能快速找到想索取的有關內容就算完成了閱讀任務。在考試中,學生可先讀文章后面的問題,然后帶著這些問題快速瀏覽文章,查找你想要的信息。也就是說沒有必要每個詞、每個句子都要弄清楚,即能回答即可。
eg:Charles Dickens,one of the grestest writers,was born in 1812,in one of the small towms of England.
When Dickens was 9,the family moved to London,the capital of England.There were several young children in the family.Their life was hard,so Dickens could not go to school.
Until his father was out of prison could Dickens go to school.At that time,he was 12 years old.But he did not finish school.Two years later,he began to work.He often went to the library to read the books.He wrote lots of novels and stories all his life.Dickens died over 100 years ago,but people are still reading his books with great interest.
1.Charles Dickens was born in____.
A.France B.1810 C.June D.England
2.Charles Dickens began to go to school at the age of____.
A.9 B.12 C.20 D.23
第1題提問的是時間或地點,根據(jù)題目中的關鍵詞was born,迅速查到文中對應的句子“was born in 1812,in one of the small towms of England”,可知答案為D。第2題可根據(jù)題目中的關鍵詞began to go to school,查到文中第三段的對應的句子“Until his father was out of prison could Dickens go to school.At that time,he was 12 years old.”可選答案 B。
1.根據(jù)定義或解釋、說明猜測生詞的含義。如在含有be,be called等詞的判斷句中,可以根據(jù)已知的部分,猜測生詞的含義。
Eg:A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter.根據(jù)“A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects”講的意思可猜測出carpenter是“木匠”。
2.根據(jù)對比關系猜測生詞的含義。在含有 but,however,yet,otherwise,though等詞,這些詞都表示意義轉折的連詞,其前后有明顯的對比關系。
Eg:Though Tom's face has been washed quite clean,his neck still remains grubby.與clean相對比的意思是“骯臟的”,猜出grubby是“骯臟的”。
3.通過因果關系猜測詞義。如通過because,since,as,for等詞猜測。
Eg:She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.從because從句所講的意思,可推斷trim是“修剪”之意。
4.根據(jù)同等關系猜測詞義。屬于同一范疇詞義的詞組或短語用and或or連接。
Eg:At forty,he was in his prime and always full of energy.從“年齡40歲”可猜出prime是“盛年時期”。
在閱讀的時候,常常會遇到一些生詞,我們可以通過構詞法來猜測生詞。在英語中,可以通過三種形式構成新詞,即轉換法、派生法、合成法。
1.轉換法。一個單詞或詞組由某一種詞類轉化為另一詞類,叫轉換法。轉換后的詞義與轉換前的詞義有密切的關系。
Eg:The sick and wounded were tobetaken good care of by the nurses.句中的“the sick and wounded”(傷病員)是由形容詞加定冠詞轉化而來的名詞,表示具有某種特點的一類人,不是指個別人。
2.派生法。在一個單詞前或后加上一個詞綴,即前綴或后綴,變成一個新詞,這種方法叫派生法。
Eg:happy-unhappy,regular-irregular,kind -kindness,helphelpful等。
3.合成法。將兩個或兩個以上的詞合成一個新詞,這種構詞法叫做合成法。合成詞的詞義也很容易從每個詞的原來詞義中推測出來。
Eg:You can buy such things as toilet soap,toothbrush and toothpaste.句中的“toothbrush and toothpaste”是合成詞,分別是由tooth(牙齒)+brush(刷子),tooth(牙齒)+paste(糊膏)構成,可猜出 toothbrush為“牙刷”,toothpaste為“牙膏”。
培養(yǎng)學生抓句子中關鍵詞,以及句意群理解,明確全句大意等。
Eg:Edisson planted vegetables/in his garden/and sold them to buy/what he needed for his lab.逐詞注視,閱讀速度既慢且不易掌握全句的意思,如按上面的斜線處停頓讀,則全句只要“注視”四次即可。閱讀速度可以提高幾倍,而且對句子的理解也完整得多。
總之,閱讀是學習英語的一個主要途徑,對多數(shù)人來說,這本身也是一個目的。如果掌握了一定的閱讀方法,那么閱讀能力也會顯著提高,特別是中學生的英語成績的提高,更依賴于閱讀能力的提高。