許 林 李 簡 張詩杰 黃偉明 吳江虹 宴擎宇
(北京大學第一醫(yī)院胸外科,北京 100034)
·臨床論著·
改良胸腔鏡下肺動脈成形術(shù)在全肺切除術(shù)中的應用
許 林 李 簡*張詩杰 黃偉明 吳江虹 宴擎宇
(北京大學第一醫(yī)院胸外科,北京 100034)
目的探討改良胸腔鏡下肺動脈成形術(shù)在全肺切除術(shù)中應用的可行性。方法2012年4~10月,我科對15例侵犯肺門的肺癌行改良胸腔鏡下肺動脈成形聯(lián)合全肺切除術(shù),與傳統(tǒng)方法不同之處在于游離肺靜脈、肺動脈及支氣管后,在阻斷肺動脈時,采用0號不可吸收絲線環(huán)繞肺動脈主干2周后收緊,暫不打結(jié),將線的兩端用蚊式鉗固定于操作孔周圍的無菌中單,然后將哈巴狗鉗置于0號線遠端約5 mm處,遠端血管使用0號線阻斷。結(jié)果10例左全肺切除聯(lián)合縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),5例右全肺切除聯(lián)合縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)。肺動脈成形時間平均14 min(10~19 min),平均手術(shù)時間180.6 min(120~231 min),平均出血量100 ml(50~250 ml)。術(shù)中、術(shù)后未輸血,無圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。術(shù)后病理:10例鱗癌,2例腺癌,2例小細胞肺癌,1例大細胞肺癌;病理分期:ⅢA期12例,ⅡB期2例,ⅡA期1例。平均住院時間7 d(6~9 d)。14例術(shù)后隨訪1年,1例術(shù)后5個月死于對側(cè)肺部感染,1例術(shù)后10個月死于腦轉(zhuǎn)移,余12例無復發(fā)。結(jié)論改良肺動脈成形方法可行。
肺癌; 全肺切除術(shù); 肺動脈成形術(shù)
1994年Robert McKenna完成了世界首例胸腔鏡肺葉切除術(shù),從此,胸腔鏡手術(shù)(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, VATS)開始普及。相對于開胸手術(shù),胸腔鏡肺葉切除術(shù)具有創(chuàng)傷小[1]、住院時間短、恢復快以及美觀[2]等優(yōu)點。VATS全肺切除術(shù)和VATS袖式肺葉切除術(shù)[3]等術(shù)式已在國內(nèi)多家單位開展[4,5]。但對侵犯肺門的肺癌目前僅有少量胸腔鏡肺葉切除聯(lián)合肺動脈成形術(shù)的文獻[6~9]報道,且采用傳統(tǒng)肺動脈阻斷方法。2012年4~10月我科對15例侵犯肺門的肺癌采用改良胸腔鏡下肺動脈成形聯(lián)合全肺切除,報道如下。
1.1 一般資料
本組15例,男12例,女3例。年齡47~72歲,平均58.7歲。刺激性咳嗽6例,胸痛4例,咯血3例,發(fā)熱1例,疲乏無力1例。術(shù)前胸部增強CT及纖維支氣管鏡示:7例位于左肺上葉支氣管,3例位于左肺下葉支氣管,4例位于右肺上葉支氣管,1例位于右肺中葉支氣管;腫瘤長徑平均5.7 cm(2~7.5 cm)。術(shù)前病理:10例鱗癌,2例腺癌,2例小細胞肺癌,1例大細胞肺癌。術(shù)前分期:ⅢA期10例,ⅡB期3例,ⅡA期2例。平均1秒通氣量2.3 L(1.48~3.86 L)。術(shù)前胸部增強CT示12例腫瘤侵犯肺動脈主干,3例肺門淋巴結(jié)與肺動脈分界不清。所有患者均按照2013版NCCN指南行局部病灶(胸部增強CT,纖維支氣管鏡),全身轉(zhuǎn)移狀況(頭顱增強核磁,全身骨掃描及腹部B超,必要時行全身PET-CT檢查)及手術(shù)耐受能力(肝腎功能、肺功能、超聲心動)輔助檢查評估病灶的可切除性及患者的手術(shù)耐受能力。15例均在術(shù)前決定行肺動脈成形聯(lián)合全肺切除術(shù),取得患者同意后施行手術(shù)。
病例選擇標準:年齡18~75歲;病理分期Ⅰ~ⅢA期;無明顯手術(shù)禁忌證。排除標準:術(shù)前接受放化療;術(shù)前接受胸腔穿刺或其他開胸手術(shù);腫瘤長徑>10 cm。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 麻醉、體位及切口 雙腔氣管內(nèi)插管靜吸復合麻醉,健側(cè)單肺通氣。取健側(cè)臥位,稍向前傾,健側(cè)使用海綿墊墊高以便使患側(cè)肋間隙擴大。手術(shù)入路操作孔在腋中線腋前線第4肋間,長3~6 cm,被切口保護套牽開;觀察孔在腋中線第6肋間,長1~2 cm[10](圖1)。
1.2.2 手術(shù)方法 ①在上肺靜脈、下肺靜脈被顯露及切斷后,開始顯露肺動脈主干,肺動脈主干心包內(nèi)還是心包外處理要根據(jù)腫瘤的侵襲范圍。改良之處:游離肺動脈主干后,使用0號絲線將其環(huán)套2圈,暫不打結(jié),當收緊絲線兩端后將線的兩端使用蚊式鉗固定于操作孔周圍的無菌中單(圖2)。②將“哈巴狗”鉗于0號絲線遠端約5 mm處鉗夾即可阻斷同側(cè)肺動脈血流(圖3)。③確認腫瘤侵襲范圍后,使用手術(shù)刀將肺動脈主干沿阻斷鉗處切斷。④使用5-0 Prolene線重建肺動脈,將0號線松開確認吻合口或閉合口對合緊密,無滲血(圖4)。⑤切斷及重建支氣管斷端。在進行肺動脈成形之前,先行局部肝素沖洗(12 500 U肝素1支與100 ml生理鹽水配成肝素溶液,然后用10 ml注射器接套管針針頭沖洗兩肺動脈斷端),5-0 Prolene線連續(xù)縫合肺動脈,在縫合最后1針打結(jié)前,向肺動脈管腔內(nèi)注入肝素鹽水,防止血栓及排出血管腔內(nèi)殘留氣體,最后開放近端哈巴狗鉗及阻斷所用絲線。⑥行系統(tǒng)性淋巴結(jié)清掃,將氣道壓加至30 mm Hg試水無漏氣之后,使用心包外脂肪組織及胸腺組織包埋支氣管吻合口。將1根F20胸管經(jīng)觀察孔置入,使用絲線固定,最后使用3-0可吸收縫線關閉切口。
圖1 腋中線第4肋間做3~6 cm操作口,腋中線第6或第7肋間1 cm為觀察孔 圖2 將1根0號絲線于肺動脈主干根部環(huán)繞1圈暫不打結(jié) 圖3 于0號絲線旁5 mm使用“哈巴狗”鉗阻斷肺動脈 圖4 使用5-0 Prolene線行肺動脈成形術(shù)
1.2.3 術(shù)后處理 包括病人自控鎮(zhèn)痛,控制液體入量,預防性使用抗生素,鼓勵患者咳痰,霧化及靜脈使用化痰藥物幫助其排痰,術(shù)后第2天下地活動,每天開放胸管觀察引流液等。
10例左全肺切除聯(lián)合縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù),5例右全肺切除聯(lián)合縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)。11例腫瘤侵犯肺動脈主干,4例肺門淋巴結(jié)與肺動脈緊密粘連。切口長度平均5 cm(3~6 cm)。肺動脈成形時間平均14 min(10~19 min),平均手術(shù)時間180.6 min(120~231 min),平均術(shù)中出血量100 ml(50~250 ml)。術(shù)后病理:10例鱗癌,2例腺癌,2例小細胞肺癌,1例大細胞肺癌;淋巴結(jié)清掃平均17枚(9~26枚)。病理分期:ⅢA期12例,ⅡB期2例,ⅡA期1例。術(shù)中、術(shù)后未輸血,無圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。平均住院時間7 d(6~9 d)。14例術(shù)后隨訪1年,1例術(shù)后5個月死于對側(cè)肺部感染,1例術(shù)后10個月死于腦轉(zhuǎn)移,余12例規(guī)律復查,無復發(fā)。
目前,VATS在肺癌根治術(shù)中占有重要地位并已進入肺癌NCCN指南,但腔鏡下縫合技術(shù)仍是手術(shù)難點。我們采用改良胸腔鏡下全肺切除聯(lián)合肺動脈成形技術(shù)完成了15例肺癌根治性術(shù),并未出現(xiàn)嚴重術(shù)中及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,可見,此種胸腔鏡下肺動脈成形術(shù)是可行的。
傳統(tǒng)胸腔鏡下肺動脈成形術(shù)使用阻斷帶加長血管鉗阻斷肺動脈,占用了操作通道的較大空間,使阻斷鉗與切斷縫合器械互相阻擋,手術(shù)時間也相應延長,而且電鉤尖端較鈍,不利于精細分離淋巴結(jié)與肺動脈之間間隙。改良胸腔鏡下肺動脈成形術(shù)結(jié)合了傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)器械與胸腔鏡設備,傳統(tǒng)器械中電刀尖端尖細加上胸腔鏡下放大效果都有利于精細解剖。此外,腫瘤或淋巴結(jié)與肺動脈緊密粘連時,先阻斷肺動脈主干再進行分離的步驟可降低大出血的風險,操作口在大出血時也允許術(shù)者在直視下迅速止血。本術(shù)式適用于腫瘤或淋巴結(jié)與肺動脈主干緊密粘連不能使用內(nèi)鏡下直線切割縫合器,需要行肺動脈成形的患者,禁忌證為術(shù)前接受放化療,術(shù)前接受胸腔穿刺或其他開胸手術(shù)導致胸膜腔廣泛粘連或腫瘤體積過大阻擋視野導致腔鏡下不易顯露肺門結(jié)構(gòu)。
胸腔鏡肺癌根治術(shù)通常需要3~4個1 cm切口置入trocar及1個5~6 cm長切口取出標本[11]。改良胸腔鏡下肺動脈成形術(shù)只需要1個1 cm觀察孔,1個4~6 cm操作孔,通過觀察孔置入trocar,通過操作孔進行操作并取出標本。切口減少變小也是微創(chuàng)手術(shù)發(fā)展的趨勢及新型術(shù)式的主要優(yōu)勢。
我們使用0號不可吸收絲線實現(xiàn)了肺動脈主干的完全阻斷,而非常規(guī)的血管阻斷鉗,這種阻斷方法極大節(jié)省了肺動脈阻斷所占用的空間從而為腔鏡下縫合及止血創(chuàng)造了條件。肺動脈成形的嚴重并發(fā)癥是血管破裂及肺動脈血栓形成[12~14]。本術(shù)式未發(fā)生并發(fā)癥,且平均肺動脈成形時間只有14 min,大大縮短了缺血時間。
對肺動脈成形患者是否進行全身抗凝治療一直是爭論焦點。Rendina等[15]證明對常規(guī)心包外肺動脈成形術(shù)的患者進行全身肝素抗凝能明顯降低圍手術(shù)期死亡率。Shrager等[16]進行肺動脈成形未使用肝素抗凝并未發(fā)現(xiàn)圍手術(shù)期死亡率升高。在本術(shù)式中,我們進行肺動脈斷端局部肝素化,未發(fā)生圍手術(shù)期嚴重并發(fā)癥。
本術(shù)式具有切口小,阻斷時間短,節(jié)省操作空間,出血少,無須全身肝素化等優(yōu)勢。對于具有豐富手術(shù)經(jīng)驗及技巧的胸外科醫(yī)師來說,單操作孔胸腔鏡行全肺切除聯(lián)合肺動脈成形術(shù)治療肺癌是可行的。
1 Paul S,Altorki NK,Sheng S,et al. Thoracoscopic lobectomy is associated with lower morbidity than open lobectomy: a propensity-matched analysis from the STS database.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2010,139:366-378.
2 Gopaldas RR,Bakaeen FG,Dao TK,et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic versus open thoracotomy lobectomy in a cohort of 13,619 patients. Ann Thorac Surg,2010,89:1563-1570.
3 Gonzalez-Rivas D,F(xiàn)ernandez R,F(xiàn)ieira E,et al. Uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic bronchial sleeve lobectomy: First report. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2013,145:1676-1677.
4 劉倫旭,梅建東,蒲 強,等.全胸腔鏡支氣管袖式成形肺癌切除的初步探討.中國胸心血管外科臨床雜志,2011,18(5):387-388.
5 申 翼,景 華,李德閩,等.支氣管肺動脈成形術(shù)治療高齡中央型肺癌.西南國防醫(yī)藥,2010,20(7):751-753.
6 Ibrahim M,Maurizi G,Venuta F,et al. Reconstruction of the bronchus and pulmonary artery. Thorac Surg Clin,2013,23:337-347.
7 Yin R,Xu L,Ren B,et al. Clinical experience of lobectomy with pulmonary artery reconstruction for central non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer,2010,11:120-125.
8 Noda M, Okada Y, Saiki Y, et al. Reconstruction of pulmonary artery with donor aorta and autopericardium in lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg,2013,96:e17-e19.
9 Si MS. pulmonary artery reconstruction with aorta during the arterial switch operation. Ann Thorac Surg,2012,94: 630-632.
10 初向陽,薛志強,張連斌,等.單操作孔胸腔鏡肺葉切除術(shù)的初步報道.中國肺癌雜志,2010,13(1):19-21.
11 Whitson BA, Andrade RS, Boettcher A, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is more favorable than thoracotomy for resection of clinical stage Ⅰ non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg,2007,83:1965-1970.
12 Van Schil PE, Brutel de la Rivière A, Knaepen PJ, et al. Long-term survival after bronchial sleeve resection: univariate and multivariate analyses. Ann Thorac Surg,1996,61:1087-1091.
13 Bennett WF, Smith RA. A twenty-year analysis of the results of sleeve resection for primary bronchogenic carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1978,76:840-845.
14 Maggi G, Casadio C, Pischedda F, et al. Bronchoplastic and angioplastic techniques in the treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg,1993,55:1501-1507.
15 Rendina EA, Venuta F, De Giacomo T, et al. Sleeve resection and prosthetic reconstruction of the pulmonary artery for lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg,1999,68:995-1001.
16 Shrager JB, Lambright ES, McGrath CM, et al. Lobectomy with tangential pulmonary artery resection without regard to pulmonary function. Ann Thorac Surg,2000,70:234-239.
(修回日期:2014-01-27)
(責任編輯:李賀瓊)
AModifiedVideo-assistedThoracoscopicSurgeryforPulmonaryArteryReconstructioninPneumonectomy
XuLin,LiJian,ZhangShijie,etal.
DepartmentofThoracicSurgery,PekingUniversityFirstHospital,Beijing100034,China
ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of a modified technique of pulmonary artery (PA) reconstruction during video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) for patients with lung cancer invading hilum pulmonis.MethodsBetween April 2012 and October 2012, pneumoectomy combined with pulmonary arterioplasty was performed on 15 patients with lung cancer invading hilum pulmonis. The new modified steps of PA reconstruction in our study were as follows: after blocking and dissecting of the superior pulmonary vein and inferior pulmonary vein, proximal control of the pulmonary artery stem was visualized. Instead of using the control technique of Ryoichi Nakanishi and Toshihiro Yamashita, we applied No. 0 silk braided non-absorbable suture (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) and bulldog clamp to perform PA control. The first step was that the proximal PA was encircled by the non-absorbable suture, and then the suture was tightened up without knotting and was lifted and fixed by a mosquito forcep. Then two ends of No. 0 silk braided non-absorbable suture were drawn by a long Kelly clamp, and one bulldog clamp was placed next to the suture. PA truncus was subsequently ligated by No.0 silk braided non-absorbable suture.ResultsWe performed pneumoectomy combined with pulmonary arterioplasty including a systemic mediastinal lymphadenectomy on 15 patients (including 10 cases of left penumoectomy and 5 cases of right penumoectomy). The mean PA repairing time was 14 min(range, 10-19 min); the operation time was 180.6 min(range, 120-231 min) and the blood loss was 100 ml (range, 50-250ml). No patients required blood transfusion during the intraoperative or postoperative period. No perioperative complications were observed. Postoperative pathologic examination showed 10 cases of squamous carcinoma, 2 cases of adenocarcinoma, 2 cases of small cell lung cancer and 1 case of large cell carcinoma; pathological stage included 12 cases of ⅢA,2 cases of ⅡBand 1 case of ⅡA. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 7 d(range, 6-9 d). Fourteen cases were followed up for 1 year postoperatively. One patient died of pulmonary infection 5 months after operation; 1 patient died of brain metastases 11 months after operation; no evidence of recurrence was observed in other patients.ConclusionThe modified PA reconstruction is feasible.
Lung cancer; Pneumonectomy; Pulmonary artery reconstruction
R734.2
:A
:1009-6604(2014)03-0193-03
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2014.03.001
2013-12-15)
*通訊作者,E-mail:pkufts@163.com