傅京燕 張春軍
摘要中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)高速增長(zhǎng)的一個(gè)重要原因就是對(duì)外貿(mào)易的不斷拉動(dòng),但在貿(mào)易規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大的同時(shí),碳排放總量也在迅速增長(zhǎng)。本文根據(jù)中國(guó)1996-2010年的分行業(yè)面板數(shù)據(jù),測(cè)算了27個(gè)制造業(yè)的碳排放量,并根據(jù)碳排放強(qiáng)度將制造業(yè)分為低碳制造業(yè)和高碳制造業(yè),對(duì)其碳排放趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行了分行業(yè)研究,在此基礎(chǔ)上,利用FGLS回歸方法驗(yàn)證制造業(yè)碳排放EKC的存在性并在模型中加入一些控制變量對(duì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),然后在回歸方程中加入貿(mào)易和工業(yè)增加值的交互項(xiàng)考察碳泄漏問(wèn)題。所得結(jié)論如下:整個(gè)制造業(yè)和低碳制造業(yè)無(wú)論是人均碳排放還是總的碳排放均符合EKC曲線,而高碳制造業(yè)卻存在著線性關(guān)系;貿(mào)易減少了整個(gè)制造業(yè)和低碳制造業(yè)的碳排放,但卻增加了高碳制造業(yè)的碳排放,總體來(lái)說(shuō)貿(mào)易量的增加對(duì)于制造業(yè)人均碳排放量和總碳排量的影響是有利的;在碳泄漏問(wèn)題上,制造業(yè)和低碳制造業(yè)不存在碳泄漏的問(wèn)題,而高碳制造業(yè)則相反,但整體上“污染避難所”假說(shuō)這一結(jié)論在我國(guó)不成立,對(duì)外貿(mào)易對(duì)中國(guó)制造業(yè)碳排放的總體影響是有利的,中國(guó)不需要因?yàn)闇p少CO2排放而去限制制造業(yè)的對(duì)外貿(mào)易。但是制造業(yè)未來(lái)仍將是中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的主要?jiǎng)恿?。因此,我?guó)應(yīng)制定有效的低碳政策,引進(jìn)先進(jìn)技術(shù),并加大對(duì)低碳技術(shù)的研發(fā)投入,對(duì)原有的舊設(shè)備進(jìn)行升級(jí)和改造,改變落后的生產(chǎn)方式。針對(duì)制造業(yè)中高碳制造業(yè)的高排放強(qiáng)度,我國(guó)應(yīng)努力做大產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模,提高能源的利用率和研發(fā)資金投入,加快技術(shù)進(jìn)步,達(dá)到減排的效果。
關(guān)鍵詞國(guó)際貿(mào)易;碳排放;EKC;碳泄漏
中圖分類號(hào)F206文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A文章編號(hào)1002-2104(2014)03-0013-06doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.03.003
制造業(yè)是中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的主要引擎,但制造業(yè)的發(fā)展帶來(lái)了高能耗、高污染和高排放等一系列問(wèn)題,給中國(guó)的減排帶來(lái)了很大壓力。與此同時(shí),通過(guò)國(guó)際貿(mào)易,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的一些企業(yè)將污染密集型的產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移到了中國(guó),使得CO2排放問(wèn)題更加嚴(yán)峻。因此,對(duì)制造業(yè)碳排放的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素進(jìn)行深入研究,驗(yàn)證貿(mào)易在其中發(fā)揮的作用,對(duì)于我國(guó)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展具有重要的政策啟示。
1文獻(xiàn)綜述
關(guān)于貿(mào)易開(kāi)放對(duì)環(huán)境-增長(zhǎng)關(guān)系的直接影響,國(guó)外文獻(xiàn)中最有代表性的是競(jìng)次(Race to the Bottom)假說(shuō)[1]。根據(jù)這一假說(shuō),開(kāi)放的貿(mào)易會(huì)對(duì)一國(guó)的環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)生向下的壓力。另一類重要文獻(xiàn)是碳泄漏(Carbon Leakage)問(wèn)題[2]。而貿(mào)易對(duì)CO2排放的間接影響渠道是貿(mào)易對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的影響,即著名的環(huán)境庫(kù)茲涅茨曲線(EKC)。國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)研究主要集中于以下兩個(gè)方面:第一,關(guān)于貿(mào)易對(duì)CO2排放的直接影響。主要傾向于研究貿(mào)易隱含碳問(wèn)題,而且所得結(jié)論基本一致,即國(guó)際貿(mào)易中隱含的CO2量顯著增加,且近年來(lái)出口商品中隱含的CO2量要大于進(jìn)口商品中隱含的CO2量[2]。第二,驗(yàn)證EKC的存在性。有學(xué)者支持倒U型的結(jié)果[3],有學(xué)者則得出其他結(jié)論[4]。
在研究國(guó)際貿(mào)易的直接影響——碳泄漏問(wèn)題時(shí),國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)通常從以下兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行研究:一是靜態(tài)的利用投入產(chǎn)出等方法直接測(cè)算進(jìn)出口商品隱含的CO2量;另外則是從動(dòng)態(tài)的角度判斷是否出現(xiàn)了“污染產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移”現(xiàn)象,很少有文獻(xiàn)利用回歸方法分析碳泄漏問(wèn)題。本文利用1996-2010年中國(guó)制造業(yè)分行業(yè)數(shù)據(jù),根據(jù)碳排放強(qiáng)度將制造業(yè)分為高碳制造業(yè)和低碳制造業(yè),并分析其碳排放趨勢(shì),利用可行廣義最小二乘法(FGLS)回歸方法驗(yàn)證制造業(yè)碳排放是否存在EKC曲線;在回歸方程中加入貿(mào)易值和工業(yè)增加值的交互項(xiàng)對(duì)碳泄漏問(wèn)題進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。
2.2高碳制造業(yè)和低碳制造業(yè)的劃分
根據(jù)27個(gè)制造業(yè)細(xì)分行業(yè)1996-2010 年的碳排放量,我們可以得出碳排放量和工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值的比值,即碳排放強(qiáng)度,并計(jì)算制造業(yè)整體1996-2010年碳排放強(qiáng)度的平均值,以其作為參考指標(biāo),把高于平均值的行業(yè)劃分為高碳制造業(yè),反之則為低碳制造業(yè)。依據(jù)這一劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),高碳制造業(yè)主要有造紙及紙制品業(yè)、石油加工及煉焦業(yè)、化學(xué)原料及化學(xué)制品業(yè)、化學(xué)纖維制造業(yè)、非金屬礦物制品業(yè)、黑色金屬冶煉及壓延加工業(yè)以及有色金屬冶煉及壓延加工業(yè)。其余的20個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)則為低碳制造業(yè)。
5個(gè)高碳制造業(yè)、5個(gè)低碳制造業(yè)以及制造業(yè)總的碳排放強(qiáng)度。將低碳制造業(yè)、高碳制造業(yè)與制造業(yè)平均碳排放強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行對(duì)比,發(fā)現(xiàn)低碳制造業(yè)的碳排放強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于這個(gè)值,高碳制造業(yè)的碳排放強(qiáng)度值則相反??梢?jiàn),高碳制造業(yè)的存在拉高了整個(gè)制造業(yè)碳排放強(qiáng)度的平均水平。
傅京燕等:國(guó)際貿(mào)易、碳泄漏與制造業(yè)CO2排放中國(guó)人口·資源與環(huán)境2014年第3期2.3制造業(yè)人均碳排放與貿(mào)易開(kāi)放度的趨勢(shì)
因?yàn)楦咛贾圃鞓I(yè)觀測(cè)點(diǎn)比較少,奇異點(diǎn)會(huì)對(duì)圖形產(chǎn)生很大影響,所以我們?nèi)コ烁咛贾圃鞓I(yè)樣本中的一小部分?jǐn)?shù)值過(guò)高或過(guò)低的行業(yè)。由圖可見(jiàn),低碳制造業(yè)的人均碳排放與貿(mào)易開(kāi)放度之間存在負(fù)的線性關(guān)系,而高碳行業(yè)則存在著正的線性關(guān)系,雖然擬合度不高,但是大體趨勢(shì)是上升的。
3回歸方程的設(shè)定和數(shù)據(jù)處理
Richard等認(rèn)為,碳泄漏問(wèn)題可以通過(guò)在回歸方程中加入貿(mào)易和可以代表發(fā)展水平變量(工業(yè)增加值)的交互項(xiàng)來(lái)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,如果發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家利用貿(mào)易向發(fā)展中國(guó)家轉(zhuǎn)移了碳排放,則此交互項(xiàng)的系數(shù)為正,說(shuō)明存在碳泄漏,若為負(fù),則反之。本文在回歸方程中加入此交互項(xiàng),借此驗(yàn)證中國(guó)的碳泄漏問(wèn)題,若系數(shù)為負(fù),則說(shuō)明我國(guó)沒(méi)有接受發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的碳泄漏,反之則表明我國(guó)是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的“污染避難所”。
3.2數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源與說(shuō)明
《中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》中對(duì)制造業(yè)各行業(yè)進(jìn)行了分類,從2004年的統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒開(kāi)始包括30個(gè)細(xì)分行業(yè),之前的部門分類中由于不包括工藝品及其他制造業(yè)以及廢棄資源和廢舊材料回收加工業(yè)兩個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè),因此為保持統(tǒng)計(jì)口徑的連續(xù)性,本文去掉這兩個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)。另外,本文將農(nóng)副食品加工業(yè)和食品制造業(yè)合并為食品加工制造業(yè),因此最后是27個(gè)制造業(yè)細(xì)分行業(yè)。各行業(yè)年工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值和年工業(yè)增加值數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自《中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》。分行業(yè)職工人數(shù)(萬(wàn)人)1996-2002年的統(tǒng)計(jì)范圍為職工數(shù),2003-2010則為各行業(yè)平均從業(yè)人員,相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源于《中國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》和《中國(guó)城市(鎮(zhèn))生活及價(jià)格年鑒》。制造業(yè)分行業(yè)的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自聯(lián)合國(guó) UNCOMTRADE 統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。煤炭消費(fèi)比重(用coal來(lái)表示)用制造業(yè)各個(gè)行業(yè)煤炭消費(fèi)量占該行業(yè)一次能源消費(fèi)總量的比重來(lái)衡量。本文各行業(yè)煤炭消費(fèi)比重所需數(shù)據(jù)均來(lái)自歷年《中國(guó)能源統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》。研發(fā)強(qiáng)度(用 rd 表示)用制造業(yè)各行業(yè)的研發(fā)經(jīng)費(fèi)支出與 GDP 之比來(lái)衡量。研發(fā)經(jīng)費(fèi)支出數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自于《中國(guó)科技統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒》。物質(zhì)資本(用pci來(lái)表示)用非工資占增加值的比重來(lái)衡量。物質(zhì)資本可以反映行業(yè)的要素稟賦情況,其中非工資份額等于各行業(yè)增加值減去各行業(yè)職工的平均工資。
4實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)和結(jié)果分析
4.1計(jì)量方法
本文利用1996-2010年的數(shù)據(jù),研究了國(guó)際貿(mào)易對(duì)27個(gè)制造業(yè)分行業(yè)的碳排放量的直接和間接影響,使用stata 12.0 軟件來(lái)進(jìn)行實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)。首先用BreuschPagan 檢驗(yàn),得到的p值為0.00,小于0.05,所以支持隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。然后對(duì)異方差進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),得到的P值為 0,因此存在異方差。最后對(duì)隨機(jī)效應(yīng)(單尾和雙尾) 、一階序列相關(guān)以及兩者的聯(lián)合顯著性進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明存在隨機(jī)效應(yīng)和序列相關(guān),因此我們使用FGLS回歸方法對(duì)上述異方差和序列相關(guān)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行修正。
4.2制造業(yè)EKC的存在性以及貿(mào)易的間接影響
表2是制造業(yè)人均排放的FGLS回歸結(jié)果。對(duì)于制造業(yè)整體而言,如模型1所示人均GDP(y)二次項(xiàng)的系數(shù)顯著為負(fù),說(shuō)明人均GDP和人均碳排放存在顯著的倒 U 型關(guān)系,環(huán)境庫(kù)茨涅茨曲線成立。貿(mào)易開(kāi)放度(openness)和CO2排放量顯著負(fù)相關(guān),表明國(guó)際貿(mào)易對(duì)環(huán)境的影響是正面的。為了檢驗(yàn)?zāi)P?的穩(wěn)健性,我們?cè)谀P?的基礎(chǔ)上加入了煤炭消費(fèi)比重、物質(zhì)資本和研發(fā)強(qiáng)度三個(gè)變量得到了模型2,回歸結(jié)果依然支持模型1的結(jié)論。煤炭消費(fèi)比重(coal)系數(shù)為負(fù),這與一般的觀點(diǎn)相反。對(duì)此的解釋是本文用的變量是用煤炭占一次能源消費(fèi)的比重來(lái)衡量的,雖然煤炭的總消費(fèi)量逐年上升,但受制于經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和可替代能源的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r,煤炭消費(fèi)占能源消費(fèi)總量的比重呈現(xiàn)下降態(tài)勢(shì),與CO2排放趨勢(shì)呈反方向變動(dòng)。
上述關(guān)于整個(gè)制造業(yè)的分析除了模型2中加入的控制變量(研發(fā)強(qiáng)度和物質(zhì)資本)外,基本適用于低碳制造業(yè)。低碳制造業(yè)的人均碳排放存在著環(huán)境庫(kù)茨涅茨曲線,國(guó)際貿(mào)易對(duì)碳排放也是有利的。但是研發(fā)強(qiáng)度和物質(zhì)資本變量的符號(hào)卻并不顯著,因此研發(fā)強(qiáng)度和物質(zhì)資本對(duì)于低碳制造業(yè)而言碳排放的影響不確定。
對(duì)于高碳制造業(yè)而言,雖然模型2中加入的控制變量的系數(shù)符號(hào)和顯著性與整個(gè)制造業(yè)相同(可見(jiàn)高碳制造業(yè)對(duì)于制造業(yè)的影響之大),但關(guān)鍵變量的符號(hào)卻存在很大分歧。首先,模型1和模型2中,人均GDP二次項(xiàng)的系數(shù)不顯著,一次項(xiàng)系數(shù)顯著為正,說(shuō)明人均碳排放與人均GDP之間存在著正的線性關(guān)系。其次,貿(mào)易開(kāi)放度的系數(shù)為正,但是不顯著,說(shuō)明貿(mào)易對(duì)人均碳排放的影響可能存在負(fù)影響。因此,國(guó)際貿(mào)易對(duì)我國(guó)高碳制造業(yè)的影響不能確定,高碳制造業(yè)可能存在著污染產(chǎn)業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)移。
4.3貿(mào)易的直接影響:碳泄漏
發(fā)達(dá)的工業(yè)化國(guó)家由于受減排承諾的約束,可能會(huì)利用貿(mào)易專業(yè)化于清潔產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn),將高排放高污染的產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移到發(fā)展中國(guó)家,從而造成了碳泄漏。對(duì)于這一問(wèn)題的檢驗(yàn),我們借鑒Richard等的方法,在回歸方程中加入貿(mào)易和一個(gè)可以代表發(fā)展水平指標(biāo)的變量(工業(yè)增加值)的交互項(xiàng),來(lái)研究中國(guó)是否通過(guò)貿(mào)易接收了其他國(guó)家的碳泄漏。我們將回歸方程的因變量換成碳排放總量,回歸結(jié)果如表3。
如模型1和模型2所示,制造業(yè)和低碳制造業(yè)人均GDP(y)二次項(xiàng)的系數(shù)在統(tǒng)計(jì)上顯著為負(fù),說(shuō)明碳排放存在著倒U型的EKC關(guān)系,而高碳制造業(yè)人均GDP二次項(xiàng)系數(shù)并不顯著,只有一次項(xiàng)系數(shù)顯著為正,說(shuō)明存在著正的線性關(guān)系;貿(mào)易改善了整個(gè)制造業(yè)和低碳制造業(yè)的環(huán)境,而惡化了高碳制造業(yè)的環(huán)境。這與表2人均碳排放回歸結(jié)果相似。工業(yè)增加值(VA)對(duì)于碳排放的影響均為正,即工業(yè)增加值增加了碳排放。貿(mào)易與工業(yè)增加值交互項(xiàng)的系數(shù)在對(duì)低碳制造業(yè)的回歸結(jié)果中顯著為負(fù),說(shuō)明貿(mào)易使得我國(guó)低碳制造業(yè)的排放減少;高碳制造業(yè)的系數(shù)為正,雖然不是很顯著,但是說(shuō)明在一定程度上存在著碳泄漏,存在著污染產(chǎn)業(yè)向我國(guó)的轉(zhuǎn)移。但由于低碳制造業(yè)因?yàn)橘Q(mào)易所減少的碳排放遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于高碳制造業(yè)因?yàn)橘Q(mào)易所增加的碳排放,所以整個(gè)制造業(yè)交互項(xiàng)的系數(shù)最終為正,表明我國(guó)沒(méi)有接受發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的碳排放,沒(méi)有成為污染避難所。
4.4工具變量
5結(jié)論
本文通過(guò)對(duì)低碳制造業(yè)和高碳制造業(yè)碳排放趨勢(shì)分行業(yè)的研究,以及對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易直接和間接影響回歸結(jié)果的分析,所得結(jié)論如下:①整個(gè)制造業(yè)和低碳制造業(yè)的人均碳排放和總的碳排放存在著EKC曲線,而高碳制造業(yè)卻存在著線性關(guān)系;②整個(gè)制造業(yè)和低碳制造業(yè)的碳排放隨著貿(mào)易開(kāi)放度的增加而降低,即貿(mào)易有利于其環(huán)境的改善,但卻使得高碳制造業(yè)的碳排放增加。制造業(yè)貿(mào)易量的
增加對(duì)于人均的碳排放量和總的碳排量的影響是有利的;③制造業(yè)和低碳制造業(yè)不存在碳泄漏的問(wèn)題,而高碳制造業(yè)則相反,但整體上中國(guó)并沒(méi)有成為污染避難所。
總的來(lái)說(shuō),對(duì)外貿(mào)易對(duì)中國(guó)制造業(yè)碳排放的直接和間接影響都是有利的,中國(guó)不需要因?yàn)橐獪p少CO2的排放而去限制制造業(yè)的對(duì)外貿(mào)易。但是,制造業(yè)未來(lái)仍將是中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的主要?jiǎng)恿?,因此,我?guó)應(yīng)制定有效的低碳政策,引進(jìn)先進(jìn)技術(shù),并加大對(duì)低碳技術(shù)的研發(fā)投入,對(duì)原有的舊設(shè)備進(jìn)行升級(jí)和改造,改變落后的生產(chǎn)方式。針對(duì)制造業(yè)中高碳制造業(yè)的高排放強(qiáng)度,我國(guó)應(yīng)努力做大產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模,提高能源的利用率和研發(fā)資金投入力度,加快技術(shù)進(jìn)步,達(dá)到減排的效果。
(編輯:劉照勝)
參考文獻(xiàn)(References)
[1]Ederington J, Minier J. Is Environmental Policy a Secondary Trade Barrier? An Empirical Analysis[J].Canadian Journal of Economics 2002,36(1): 137-154.
[2]Babiker M H. Climate Change Policy, Market Structure and Carbon Leakage[J].Journal of International Economics,2005,65(2):421-445.
[3]陳迎,潘家華,謝來(lái)輝.中國(guó)外貿(mào)進(jìn)出口商品中的內(nèi)涵能源及其政策含義[J].經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2008,(7):11-25. [Chen Ying, Pan Jiahua,Xie Laihui. Energy Embodied in Goods of International Trade in China: Calculation and Policy Implications[J]Economic Research, 2008,(7):11-25.]
[4]付加鋒,高慶先,師華定.基于生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)視角的 CO2環(huán)境庫(kù)茨涅茲曲線的實(shí)證研究[J].氣候變化研究進(jìn)展,2008,4(6):376-381. [Fu Jiafeng,Gao Qingxian, Shi Huading. Empirical Study on the CO2 Environmental Kuznets Cueve Based on Productionand Consumptionbased CO2 Emissions[J].Advances in Climate Change Research, 2008,4(6):376-381.]
[5]Richard K, Piergiuseppe F. International Trade and Carbon Emissions[J]. European Journal of Development Research,2012,(24):509-529.
[6]Frankel J A,David Romer. Does Trade Cause Growth?[J]. American Economic Review, 1999,89(3): 279-399.
AbstractForeign trade drives Chinas growth,but as the trade scale continues to expand, the carbon emissions also increase quickly. Based on the industry panel data from the year of 1996 to 2010, this paper calculates the carbon emissions of the 27 manufacturing industries. According to the intensity of carbon emissions, this paper divides the manufacturing sectors into lowcarbon and highcarbon manufacturing industry and then analyses the carbon emissions trends. Next the paper uses the FGLS regression to verify the existence of EKC of the manufacturing industrys carbon, and investigates the carbon leakage problem by adding the multiplicative term of trade with the value added to the regression. Our findings are as follows: the carbon emissions of the whole manufacturing industry and lowcarbon manufacturing industry accord with the EKC curve, but a linear relationship to the highcarbon industry; trade reduces the carbon emissions of the manufacturing industry and lowcarbon manufacturing industry, but it increased the carbon emissions of the highcarbon manufacturing industry; for the manufacturing industry and lowcarbon manufacturing industry, there is no carbon leakage, but the high manufacturing carbon industry exists. On the whole, Pollution Haven Hypothesis does not hold up in China, and China does not need to limit industry foreign trade to reduce the emission of CO2. But in the future the manufacturing industry will still be the main engine of the economic growth, therefore, China should make effective lowcarbon policy, introduce advanced technology, increase R & D investment to lowcarbon technologies and upgrade and transform the original equipment to change the backward mode of production. In view of the highcarbon intensity carbon in highcarbon manufacturing industry, China should strive to expand the industrial scale, improve the utilization ratio of energy, enlarge the fund of research and development and accelerate technological progress to achieve the emission reduction.
Key wordsinternational trade; carbon emission; EKC; carbon leakage
[4]付加鋒,高慶先,師華定.基于生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)視角的 CO2環(huán)境庫(kù)茨涅茲曲線的實(shí)證研究[J].氣候變化研究進(jìn)展,2008,4(6):376-381. [Fu Jiafeng,Gao Qingxian, Shi Huading. Empirical Study on the CO2 Environmental Kuznets Cueve Based on Productionand Consumptionbased CO2 Emissions[J].Advances in Climate Change Research, 2008,4(6):376-381.]
[5]Richard K, Piergiuseppe F. International Trade and Carbon Emissions[J]. European Journal of Development Research,2012,(24):509-529.
[6]Frankel J A,David Romer. Does Trade Cause Growth?[J]. American Economic Review, 1999,89(3): 279-399.
AbstractForeign trade drives Chinas growth,but as the trade scale continues to expand, the carbon emissions also increase quickly. Based on the industry panel data from the year of 1996 to 2010, this paper calculates the carbon emissions of the 27 manufacturing industries. According to the intensity of carbon emissions, this paper divides the manufacturing sectors into lowcarbon and highcarbon manufacturing industry and then analyses the carbon emissions trends. Next the paper uses the FGLS regression to verify the existence of EKC of the manufacturing industrys carbon, and investigates the carbon leakage problem by adding the multiplicative term of trade with the value added to the regression. Our findings are as follows: the carbon emissions of the whole manufacturing industry and lowcarbon manufacturing industry accord with the EKC curve, but a linear relationship to the highcarbon industry; trade reduces the carbon emissions of the manufacturing industry and lowcarbon manufacturing industry, but it increased the carbon emissions of the highcarbon manufacturing industry; for the manufacturing industry and lowcarbon manufacturing industry, there is no carbon leakage, but the high manufacturing carbon industry exists. On the whole, Pollution Haven Hypothesis does not hold up in China, and China does not need to limit industry foreign trade to reduce the emission of CO2. But in the future the manufacturing industry will still be the main engine of the economic growth, therefore, China should make effective lowcarbon policy, introduce advanced technology, increase R & D investment to lowcarbon technologies and upgrade and transform the original equipment to change the backward mode of production. In view of the highcarbon intensity carbon in highcarbon manufacturing industry, China should strive to expand the industrial scale, improve the utilization ratio of energy, enlarge the fund of research and development and accelerate technological progress to achieve the emission reduction.
Key wordsinternational trade; carbon emission; EKC; carbon leakage
[4]付加鋒,高慶先,師華定.基于生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)視角的 CO2環(huán)境庫(kù)茨涅茲曲線的實(shí)證研究[J].氣候變化研究進(jìn)展,2008,4(6):376-381. [Fu Jiafeng,Gao Qingxian, Shi Huading. Empirical Study on the CO2 Environmental Kuznets Cueve Based on Productionand Consumptionbased CO2 Emissions[J].Advances in Climate Change Research, 2008,4(6):376-381.]
[5]Richard K, Piergiuseppe F. International Trade and Carbon Emissions[J]. European Journal of Development Research,2012,(24):509-529.
[6]Frankel J A,David Romer. Does Trade Cause Growth?[J]. American Economic Review, 1999,89(3): 279-399.
AbstractForeign trade drives Chinas growth,but as the trade scale continues to expand, the carbon emissions also increase quickly. Based on the industry panel data from the year of 1996 to 2010, this paper calculates the carbon emissions of the 27 manufacturing industries. According to the intensity of carbon emissions, this paper divides the manufacturing sectors into lowcarbon and highcarbon manufacturing industry and then analyses the carbon emissions trends. Next the paper uses the FGLS regression to verify the existence of EKC of the manufacturing industrys carbon, and investigates the carbon leakage problem by adding the multiplicative term of trade with the value added to the regression. Our findings are as follows: the carbon emissions of the whole manufacturing industry and lowcarbon manufacturing industry accord with the EKC curve, but a linear relationship to the highcarbon industry; trade reduces the carbon emissions of the manufacturing industry and lowcarbon manufacturing industry, but it increased the carbon emissions of the highcarbon manufacturing industry; for the manufacturing industry and lowcarbon manufacturing industry, there is no carbon leakage, but the high manufacturing carbon industry exists. On the whole, Pollution Haven Hypothesis does not hold up in China, and China does not need to limit industry foreign trade to reduce the emission of CO2. But in the future the manufacturing industry will still be the main engine of the economic growth, therefore, China should make effective lowcarbon policy, introduce advanced technology, increase R & D investment to lowcarbon technologies and upgrade and transform the original equipment to change the backward mode of production. In view of the highcarbon intensity carbon in highcarbon manufacturing industry, China should strive to expand the industrial scale, improve the utilization ratio of energy, enlarge the fund of research and development and accelerate technological progress to achieve the emission reduction.
Key wordsinternational trade; carbon emission; EKC; carbon leakage