邵志強(qiáng) 楊勇 楊渝 林茂虎 王廣健 朱文彬 郭豐富
1中國人民解放軍總醫(yī)院第一附屬醫(yī)院泌尿外科 100048 北京2山東省臨沂市人民醫(yī)院泌尿外科
論 著
影響經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù)后結(jié)石清除率術(shù)前因素分析
邵志強(qiáng)1楊勇1楊渝1林茂虎1王廣健2朱文彬2郭豐富2
1中國人民解放軍總醫(yī)院第一附屬醫(yī)院泌尿外科 100048 北京2山東省臨沂市人民醫(yī)院泌尿外科
目的:探討影響經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù)后結(jié)石清除率的術(shù)前因素。 方法:回顧分析復(fù)雜性腎結(jié)石應(yīng)用B超引導(dǎo)經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù)治療的642例患者資料,男393例,女249例,平均年齡41(19~74)歲,術(shù)前均行B超、KUB(或IVU)及CT檢查。治療效果評估:結(jié)石完全清除或殘余碎片≤4 mm視為治療成功(無石)。根據(jù)治療結(jié)果分為無石組和殘石組。應(yīng)用χ2檢驗(yàn)和t檢驗(yàn)比較兩組患者及結(jié)石特征如患者年齡、性別、身高、體重、體重指數(shù)、病程、結(jié)石負(fù)荷、數(shù)量、側(cè)別、位置、原有尿路感染、腎積水、腎臟手術(shù)史等因素,找出差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義因素,再利用這些因素進(jìn)行Logistic多因素回歸分析,找出對結(jié)石清除率有意義的因素。結(jié)果:結(jié)石清除率為82.2%(528/642),單因素分析顯示兩組體重指數(shù)、結(jié)石負(fù)荷、數(shù)量和位置差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Logistic多因素回歸分析排除體重指數(shù)、結(jié)石數(shù)量,結(jié)石負(fù)荷和位置是影響結(jié)石清除率有意義因素。結(jié)論:結(jié)石負(fù)荷和位置是影響PCNL術(shù)后結(jié)石清除率的獨(dú)立因素,較大、混合型位置結(jié)石更易發(fā)生結(jié)石殘留。
腎石病;經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù);無石率;短期療效
經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù)(PCNL)是治療復(fù)雜腎及輸尿管上段結(jié)石重要方法之一,術(shù)后存在一定比例結(jié)石殘留,而對其相關(guān)影響因素報(bào)告較少。本研究通過研究術(shù)前因素與PCNL術(shù)后結(jié)石清除率的關(guān)系,探討影響PCNL療效的因素,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1.1 臨床資料
本研究選取2012年1月~2013年12月在兩家三級醫(yī)院泌尿外科應(yīng)用B超引導(dǎo)經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù)治療單側(cè)復(fù)雜腎結(jié)石患者資料,共642例,其中男393例,女249例,年齡19~74歲,平均41歲。所有患者均行泌尿系B超、腹部平片(KUB)、泌尿系CT檢查,19例行靜脈尿路造影(IVU)或逆行腎盂造影檢查。結(jié)石部位:腎盂結(jié)石215例,腎盞結(jié)石241例,其中上盞70例,中盞77例,下盞94例,混合型結(jié)石(兩個(gè)部位以上)186例。結(jié)石位于左側(cè)362例,右側(cè)280例。單發(fā)結(jié)石161例(25.1%)、多發(fā)結(jié)石 481 例 ( 74.9%)、鹿角形結(jié)石159例。結(jié)石直徑平均2.5 cm (1.0~7.0 cm),其中最大直徑1.0~<2.0 cm者192例,2.0~3.0 cm者294例,>3.0 cm者176例。病程1 d~6年,臨床癥狀:腰腹部疼痛86例,血尿96例,腎積水577例,其中輕中度521例,重度56例。其中腎功能不全51例,包括氮質(zhì)血癥期32例、尿毒癥前期19例,血肌酐188~600 μmol/L。合并癥情況:腎手術(shù)史98例、泌尿系感染172例、慢性支氣管炎、肺氣腫64例、糖尿病48例、冠心病86例、高血壓157例。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
608例采用連續(xù)硬膜外麻醉,34例采用全身麻醉。常規(guī)行B超引導(dǎo)新型腎鏡下應(yīng)用EMS第四代氣壓彈道聯(lián)合超聲碎石清石系統(tǒng)取石術(shù)。術(shù)畢順行留置F5~6雙J管,常規(guī)留置F16~20腎造瘺管。術(shù)后3~5 d行B超及KUB復(fù)查并評估治療效果。殘余結(jié)石最大徑>1.5 cm行二期取石、0.5~1.5 cm行ESWL,≤0.4 cm予排石等保守治療。術(shù)后1~3個(gè)月拔除雙J管。
治療效果評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn):結(jié)石完全清除或殘余碎片≤4 mm視為治療成功(無石組)。殘余結(jié)石>4 mm視為治療失敗(殘石組)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
2.1 手術(shù)及并發(fā)癥情況
642例均一期成功建立F24經(jīng)皮腎通道。單通道碎石617例,雙通道碎石21例,三通道碎石4例。術(shù)中出血量50~1 000 ml,平均(150±57)ml,手術(shù)時(shí)間30~250 min,平均(65±36)min。15例出血較多,經(jīng)輸血及應(yīng)用止血藥物保守治療成功10例,5例行超選擇腎動(dòng)脈栓塞介入治療,輸血量200~1 000 ml。發(fā)生尿外滲5例,腎盂穿孔2例,均保守治療,無腹腔臟器損傷、血?dú)庑亍⒛I實(shí)質(zhì)貫通傷等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。術(shù)后發(fā)熱46例,對癥、抗感染治愈。術(shù)后3~5 d行B超及KUB復(fù)查,根據(jù)結(jié)果行相應(yīng)處理。10例行Ⅱ期碎石,28例輔以體外沖擊波碎石治療。術(shù)前腎功能不全患者51例,40例術(shù)后SCr恢復(fù)正常,9例血肌酐穩(wěn)定于140~360 μmol/L,2例無改善行血液透析治療。術(shù)后平均住院時(shí)間5.5 d,Ⅰ期結(jié)石清除率為82.2%(528/642),總結(jié)石清除率為83.5%(536/642)。
2.2 分組及統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
治療效果評估:結(jié)石完全清除或殘余碎片≤4 mm視為治療成功(無石)。根據(jù)Ⅰ期結(jié)石清除情況,將研究對象分為無石組及殘石組。比較兩組術(shù)前資料,計(jì)量資料應(yīng)用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料應(yīng)用χ2檢驗(yàn),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義因素有BMI(P=0.043)、結(jié)石數(shù)量(P=0.041)、位置(P=0.000)和負(fù)荷(P=0.000),見表1。將BMI、結(jié)石數(shù)量、位置和負(fù)荷等因素納入多因素Logistic 回歸分析,排除了BMI和結(jié)石數(shù)量,結(jié)石負(fù)荷和位置是影響結(jié)石清除率獨(dú)立因素,見表2。
近年來,PCNL已成為治療復(fù)雜腎結(jié)石的主要手段之一。作為結(jié)果評價(jià)最主要的指標(biāo),結(jié)石清除率較為公認(rèn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是結(jié)石完全清除或殘余碎片≤4 mm,多在術(shù)后第1天應(yīng)用兩種影像學(xué)方法(KUB/CT或B超甚至腎鏡)評估[1]。我們是在術(shù)后3~5 d復(fù)查B超及KUB評估,本組Ⅰ期結(jié)石清除率為82.2%(528/642),其中結(jié)石完全清除327例,殘余碎片≤4 mm 201例。
有學(xué)者報(bào)道結(jié)石大小是影響PCNL術(shù)后結(jié)石清除率的唯一因素[2]。更多研究證實(shí)結(jié)石大小、數(shù)量和位置是主要的影響因素[3~5]。Shahrour等[6]則報(bào)道結(jié)石負(fù)荷大、位于上盞結(jié)石清除率低。王洛夫等[7]分析微創(chuàng)PCNL術(shù)后結(jié)石殘留的原因,認(rèn)為主要與結(jié)石的復(fù)雜性、結(jié)石散落、出血及操作者經(jīng)驗(yàn)有關(guān)。本研究顯示結(jié)石位置和負(fù)荷是主要影響因素,單純各腎盞結(jié)石清除率相似,稍低于單純腎盂結(jié)石,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,混合部位結(jié)石(兩個(gè)部位及以上)清除率明顯降低。結(jié)石負(fù)荷越大,清除率越低,結(jié)石負(fù)荷≥300 mm2明顯低于<300 mm2者。說明較大及混合部位結(jié)石易發(fā)生殘留。本研究中結(jié)石數(shù)量未成為影響因素,可能是由于單發(fā)較大的鹿角型結(jié)石較多,降低了單發(fā)結(jié)石的清除率,從而未顯示出與多發(fā)結(jié)石清除率的差異。
表1 影響PCNL術(shù)后結(jié)石清除率術(shù)前因素單因素分析
項(xiàng)目結(jié)石清除率/%(例)χ2值P值BMI <18.589.9(71/79)6.3080.043 18.5~28.083.4(272/326) ≥2878.1(185/237)結(jié)石數(shù)量 單發(fā)87.6(141/161)4.0880.041 多發(fā)80.5(387/481)結(jié)石位置 上盞87.1(61/70)36.8960.000 中盞85.7(66/77) 下盞84.0(79/94) 腎盂89.3(192/215) 混合69.9(130/186)結(jié)石負(fù)荷/mm2 <10089.7(113/126)38.2740.000 100~<20085.7(198/231) 200~30085.1(148/174) ≥30062.2(69/111)
表2 影響PCNL術(shù)后結(jié)石清除率多因素Logistic 回歸分析
因素BWaldOR95%CIP值結(jié)石位置10.020.040 上盞0.5011.3321.6510.705~3.869 中盞0.4411.1581.5550.696~3.476 下盞0.3100.6631.3630.647~2.872 腎盂0.9749.5272.6481.427~4.915 混合1結(jié)石負(fù)荷/mm215.3670.002 <1001.48414.7244.4122.067~9.418 100~<2000.87323/1542.3951.222~4.694 200~3000.85113/1162.3411.205~4.548 >3001
研究證實(shí)BMI對經(jīng)皮腎鏡結(jié)石清除率無明顯影響[8~9]。皮膚到結(jié)石距離比BMI更能影響ESWL的成功率,但對PCNL手術(shù)及效果無明顯影響[10]。本研究中隨BMI增加結(jié)石清除率有所降低,但多因素分析顯示非獨(dú)立影響因素。
結(jié)石密度影響結(jié)石清除率。有研究證實(shí)結(jié)石密度為1 250 HU時(shí)結(jié)石清除率最高,結(jié)石密度過低或過高特別過低降低結(jié)石清除率,過高則明顯延遲手術(shù)時(shí)間[11]。而腎臟先天性異常[12~13]、腎功能正常與否[14]、患者年齡[15]、開放手術(shù)史及ESWL失敗史[16]等對結(jié)石清除率均無明顯影響。本研究中有些可能影響因素未能納入,如結(jié)石密度、腎解剖(特別腎盞類型)等,樣本量偏少,需進(jìn)一步增加因素,加大樣本量,以期建立預(yù)測模型,更好地為臨床服務(wù)。
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Preoperational factors affecting the stone-free rate after percutaneous nephrolithotripsy
ShaoZhiqiang1YangYong1YangYu1LinMaohu1WangGuangjian2ZhuWenbin2GuoFengfu2
(1Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of the General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100048, China;2Department of Urology, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong Province)
Corresponding author: Guo Fengfu, guoff9892@163.com; Yang Yong, yongyang301@163.com
Objective: Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) is the treatment choice for patients with extensive stone burden or stones refractory to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. However, little is known about factors predicting unfavorably outcome in terms of stone-free rate. This study was performed to investigate the preoperational factors associated with the stone-free rate of PCNL for complex kidney stones. Methods: Between January 2012 and December 2013, a total of 642 patients (393 men and 249 women; age range 19-74 years; mean age 41 years) with complex kidney stones were treated by PCNL with pneumatic and ultrasonic power under B-type ultrasound guidance. All cases were identified by KUB/IVU, type B ultrasonic and computed tomography. Patients' age, sex, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), duration of disease, stone burden, number, side, location, pre-existent urinary tract infection, hydronephrosis and previous kidney surgery were evaluated before PCNL, and treatment efficacies were evaluated at 3-5 days after operation. Treatment success was correlated with stone features and patient characteristics using the chi square test and t-test. Factors found to be significant using the tests were further analyzed using multivariate regression analysis. Results: Using the chi square test and t-test, BMI, stone burden, number and location had significant impacts on the stone-free rate (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis excluded BMI and stone number from the logistic regression model, while the stone burden and stone location maintained statistically significant effect on success rate, indicating that there is independent predictor. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that stone burden and stone location were significant predictors of PCNL outcome, suggesting that large stone of mixed location is associated with low stone-free rate.
nephrolithiasis, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy; stone-free rate; short-term outcome
郭豐富,guoff9892@163.com;楊勇,yongyang301@163.com
2014-10-22
R692.4
A
2095-5146(2014)06-347-04
山東省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃面上項(xiàng)目(2009HC016)