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        基于擁擠效應的陜西省水利投資最優(yōu)規(guī)模研究

        2014-06-28 19:55:47任靜陸遷
        中國人口·資源與環(huán)境 2014年4期
        關鍵詞:陜西省

        任靜 陸遷

        摘要 確定最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模是陜西省水利投資決策的關鍵問題之一。目前已有學者通過實證研究表明,區(qū)域性準公共物品在最優(yōu)供給中存在“擁擠效應”,同時也有學者已從理論上證實,“擁擠效應”會影響準公共物品的最優(yōu)供給規(guī)模。而確定準公共物品最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模的傳統(tǒng)方法——道格拉斯函數(shù)法,卻忽略了其“擁擠效應”屬性,因而產生一定局限。那么,陜西省水利設施作為一種具體的區(qū)域性準公共物品,其在最優(yōu)供給中是否也存在“擁擠效應”?擁擠程度如何?如何實證的估計具有擁擠性的水利設施最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模?基于上述思路,本文首先借鑒國外學者對“擁擠效應”的測度方法,建立水利設施擁擠效應測度模型,以驗證陜西省水利設施的“擁擠效應”及擁擠程度;其次,將“擁擠效應”的測度方法引入到傳統(tǒng)的道格拉斯函數(shù)法中,對其進行修正,建立估計擁擠性水利設施最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模的實證模型;最后,運用陜西省1978-2011年時間序列數(shù)據(jù),對上述兩個模型進行實證估計。結果表明,陜西省水利設施供給存在顯著的擁擠效應;若考慮到“擁擠效應”,當人均水利投資約占人均產出的5.74%時,陜西省水利投資水平達到最優(yōu);與最優(yōu)水平相比,陜西省歷年的水利投資均低于其最優(yōu)水平。此外,模型中水利設施供給彈性的估計值(=-0.441 8)表明水利設施具有較強的公共物品性質,水利投資的主體應該是以政府為代表的公共部門;同時,人均水利設施供給量對人均補貼的彈性(φ=0.380 1)為正且數(shù)值不小,說明中央政府的財政補助及民間資金對改善陜西省人均水利供給會產生積極影響,因此,陜西省應重視民間資金的引入,積極拓展融資渠道,構建多元化的投融資機制。

        關鍵詞 水利投資;準公共物品;擁擠效應;最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模;陜西省

        中圖分類號 F282 文獻標識碼 A 文章編號 1002-2104(2014)04-0169-08

        水利是國民經濟的基礎產業(yè)和基礎設施。水利發(fā)展有賴于投入的保障,而投入不足,水資源供需矛盾突出,制約著陜西經濟社會的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。目前省內40%的大型灌區(qū)骨干工程、50%-60%的中小型灌區(qū)存在大型灌排泵站的設備完好率不足60%[1]。2011年 “中央一號文件”和中央水利工作會議都將水利問題提到了前所未有的高度,提出未來10年水利投資將達到4萬億元,陜西省水利投資也迎來了前所未有的新機遇,水利建設投入規(guī)模大幅增加。但是,水利投資存在一個最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模問題,任何投資過度或不足都會影響投資效率,因此,如何確定水利最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模就成為水利投資決策的關鍵問題之一。

        目前理論界確定水利等基礎設施最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模通常采用生產函數(shù)法,即將基礎設施投資作為一種生產要素,運用生產函數(shù)估計它們的邊際貢獻,確定其最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模。該方法簡單明了,容易估算,國內外許多學者采用這種方法對基礎設施等投資最優(yōu)規(guī)模進行計算[2-4,8-12,20-21]。但該方法缺陷是忽略了基礎設施具有準公共物品的特性。這種準公共物品實質上是一種“俱樂部產品”(一種排他且非競爭性準公共物品),在使用中會產生 “擁擠效應”現(xiàn)象,即當使用者人數(shù)超過一定規(guī)模后,俱樂部產品則具備一定的競爭性,從而使其人均獲得量小于人均供給水平。一些學者僅在理論層面上基于擁擠性討論了“俱樂部產品”的最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模問題[3,5,7],但是,關于擁擠性公共物品最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模的實證研究目前尚處于探索性階段。

        水利作為公益性極強的基礎設施,具有明顯的準公共物品屬性。我國學者劉小魯證實了我國省際一般性準公共物品的最優(yōu)供給中存在顯著的擁擠效應[6]。但是,水利設施是準公共物品的一種具體形態(tài),若將準公共物品的擁擠效應納入到水利最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模的分析框架中,需要解決兩個問題:首先是水利設施的最優(yōu)供給中是否也存在擁擠效應?擁擠程度如何?其次是如何構建一個包含擁擠性的水利投資最優(yōu)規(guī)模決定模型,估算出擁擠性的水利最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模?因此,本文運用陜西省1978-2011時間序列數(shù)據(jù),實證估計陜西水利投資擁擠性效應,確定出陜西水利最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模。

        2 模型構建

        2.1 水利設施擁擠效應測度模型的建立

        2.1.1 水利設施的擁擠效應

        某地區(qū)的水利設施(如防洪工程 、水保及生態(tài)環(huán)境建設工程、水資源工程等)對每個當?shù)鼐用裼绊懙募涌偪赡懿⒉坏扔谡麄€水利設施所能帶來的效用。在給定水利設施供給量的情況下,地區(qū)居民所能獲得的水利設施服務水平在一定程度上決定于其使用者人數(shù):如果人數(shù)超過了當?shù)厮O施的承載力,那么居民可能需要排隊等待,或者獲得一個較低水平的服務。從這種意義上來說,水利設施具備“俱樂部”物品的性質,當使用這人數(shù)超過一定規(guī)模后,人均水利設施獲得量小于其實際供給水平,這種現(xiàn)象被稱作“擁擠效應”。

        第四,擁擠效應γ的估計結果亦可揭示,張光南和周華仙等[2]為避免基礎設施擁擠性對其最優(yōu)投資規(guī)模影響,將基礎設施供給的人均量而非總量引入生產函數(shù)模型的做法是不恰當。因為這種做法暗含的假設條件實質是γ=-1,而這只是在理論上的一種可能值,并不一定是基礎設施擁擠效應的實際值,所以,這種做法不一定能避免基礎設施的擁擠性。

        (編輯:王愛萍)

        參考文獻(References)

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        [14]Barro S, Ruiz R, Mira J. Multimicroprocessor System for Online Monitoring in a CCU[J]. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 1990, (4): 339-349.

        [15]Barro R, SalaIMartin X. Convergence[J]. Journal of Economic Growth. 1992, 100(2): 223-251.

        [16]Borcherding T E, Deacon, et al. The Demand for the Services of Nonfederal Governments [J]. The American Economic Review, 1972, (5): 891-901.

        [17]Bergstrom T C, Goodman, et al. Private Demands for Public Goods[J]. American Economic Review, 1973, (3): 280-96.

        [18]Craig P. Resurfacing Full Thickness Burns of Scalp: The Crossword Technique [J]. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, 1987, (3): 257-259.

        [19]Ha F. An Analysis of the Optimal Provision of Public Infrastructure: A Computational Model Using Mexican Data [J]. Journal of Development Economics, 1999, (1): 219-230.

        [20]Guengant A, Josselin M, Rocaboy Y. Effects of Club Size in the Provision of Public Goods: Network and Congestion Effects in the Case of the French Municipalities[J]. Papers in Regional Science, 2002, 5(1): 443-460.

        [21]Inman R P. A Generalized Congestion Function for Highway Travel [J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 1978, 5(1): 21-34.

        [22]Karras G. On the Optimal Government Size in Europe: Theory and Empirical Evidence[J]. The Manchester School, 1997, 65(3): 280-294.

        [23]Kim E. Determinants of Optimal Level of Transportation Infrastructure [J]. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2002, (3): 150-163.

        [24]Hwang H, Lee N. Effect of Risk Aversion on the Incentive to Share Information[J]. International Economic Journal, 1992, (4): 423-439.

        [25]Linnemann L, Andreas S. Optimal Government Spending and Unemployment [A]. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper,2008, TI 2008-024 /2.

        [26]Reiter M, Weichenrieder A J. Public Goods, Club Goods, and the Measurement of Crowding [J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 1999, (1): 69-79.

        [27]Takahashi T. On the Optimal Policy of Infrastructure Provision Across Regions [J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 1998, (2): 213-235.

        [14]Barro S, Ruiz R, Mira J. Multimicroprocessor System for Online Monitoring in a CCU[J]. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 1990, (4): 339-349.

        [15]Barro R, SalaIMartin X. Convergence[J]. Journal of Economic Growth. 1992, 100(2): 223-251.

        [16]Borcherding T E, Deacon, et al. The Demand for the Services of Nonfederal Governments [J]. The American Economic Review, 1972, (5): 891-901.

        [17]Bergstrom T C, Goodman, et al. Private Demands for Public Goods[J]. American Economic Review, 1973, (3): 280-96.

        [18]Craig P. Resurfacing Full Thickness Burns of Scalp: The Crossword Technique [J]. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, 1987, (3): 257-259.

        [19]Ha F. An Analysis of the Optimal Provision of Public Infrastructure: A Computational Model Using Mexican Data [J]. Journal of Development Economics, 1999, (1): 219-230.

        [20]Guengant A, Josselin M, Rocaboy Y. Effects of Club Size in the Provision of Public Goods: Network and Congestion Effects in the Case of the French Municipalities[J]. Papers in Regional Science, 2002, 5(1): 443-460.

        [21]Inman R P. A Generalized Congestion Function for Highway Travel [J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 1978, 5(1): 21-34.

        [22]Karras G. On the Optimal Government Size in Europe: Theory and Empirical Evidence[J]. The Manchester School, 1997, 65(3): 280-294.

        [23]Kim E. Determinants of Optimal Level of Transportation Infrastructure [J]. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2002, (3): 150-163.

        [24]Hwang H, Lee N. Effect of Risk Aversion on the Incentive to Share Information[J]. International Economic Journal, 1992, (4): 423-439.

        [25]Linnemann L, Andreas S. Optimal Government Spending and Unemployment [A]. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper,2008, TI 2008-024 /2.

        [26]Reiter M, Weichenrieder A J. Public Goods, Club Goods, and the Measurement of Crowding [J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 1999, (1): 69-79.

        [27]Takahashi T. On the Optimal Policy of Infrastructure Provision Across Regions [J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 1998, (2): 213-235.

        [14]Barro S, Ruiz R, Mira J. Multimicroprocessor System for Online Monitoring in a CCU[J]. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 1990, (4): 339-349.

        [15]Barro R, SalaIMartin X. Convergence[J]. Journal of Economic Growth. 1992, 100(2): 223-251.

        [16]Borcherding T E, Deacon, et al. The Demand for the Services of Nonfederal Governments [J]. The American Economic Review, 1972, (5): 891-901.

        [17]Bergstrom T C, Goodman, et al. Private Demands for Public Goods[J]. American Economic Review, 1973, (3): 280-96.

        [18]Craig P. Resurfacing Full Thickness Burns of Scalp: The Crossword Technique [J]. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, 1987, (3): 257-259.

        [19]Ha F. An Analysis of the Optimal Provision of Public Infrastructure: A Computational Model Using Mexican Data [J]. Journal of Development Economics, 1999, (1): 219-230.

        [20]Guengant A, Josselin M, Rocaboy Y. Effects of Club Size in the Provision of Public Goods: Network and Congestion Effects in the Case of the French Municipalities[J]. Papers in Regional Science, 2002, 5(1): 443-460.

        [21]Inman R P. A Generalized Congestion Function for Highway Travel [J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 1978, 5(1): 21-34.

        [22]Karras G. On the Optimal Government Size in Europe: Theory and Empirical Evidence[J]. The Manchester School, 1997, 65(3): 280-294.

        [23]Kim E. Determinants of Optimal Level of Transportation Infrastructure [J]. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2002, (3): 150-163.

        [24]Hwang H, Lee N. Effect of Risk Aversion on the Incentive to Share Information[J]. International Economic Journal, 1992, (4): 423-439.

        [25]Linnemann L, Andreas S. Optimal Government Spending and Unemployment [A]. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper,2008, TI 2008-024 /2.

        [26]Reiter M, Weichenrieder A J. Public Goods, Club Goods, and the Measurement of Crowding [J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 1999, (1): 69-79.

        [27]Takahashi T. On the Optimal Policy of Infrastructure Provision Across Regions [J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 1998, (2): 213-235.

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