張樂(lè)多 劉海燕
摘 要 托法替尼為作用于細(xì)胞內(nèi)酪氨酸激酶的小分子口服抑制劑,用于治療成人甲氨喋呤反應(yīng)不佳或不能耐受的中度至重度活動(dòng)性類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎,臨床可與甲氨喋呤及其他非生物類DMARDs聯(lián)合使用。本文就其作用機(jī)制、藥效學(xué)、藥動(dòng)學(xué)、相互作用、臨床評(píng)價(jià)及安全性等方面進(jìn)行綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞 托法替尼 類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎 酪氨酸激酶抑制劑
中圖分類號(hào): R971.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2014)09-0057-04
ABSTRACT Tofacitinib citrate, an inhibitor of Janus kinases (JAKs), is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response or intolerance to methotrexate. It may be used as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate or other nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. The mechanism, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug interaction, clinical evaluation and safety of tofacitinib citrate were reviewed.
KEY WORDS tofacitinib citrate;rheumatoid arthritis;Janus kinases inhibitors
類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是以慢性、進(jìn)展性滑膜炎為主要病理改變的多系統(tǒng)受累的自身免疫性疾病。全球發(fā)病率約為0.5%,我國(guó)的發(fā)病率約為0.3%,有較高的致殘率和死亡率[1]。目前治療RA的藥物有非甾體抗炎藥、選擇性COX-2抑制劑、類固醇類及改善病情的抗風(fēng)濕藥物
3 藥動(dòng)學(xué)特點(diǎn)
本品口服后,0.5~1 h達(dá)到Cmax,t1/2約為3 h,絕對(duì)生物利用度為74%。與高脂飲食合用不影響AUC,但Cmax降低32%。在治療劑量范圍內(nèi),觀察到的全身暴露量與劑量成比例增加。在放射性標(biāo)記試驗(yàn)中,超過(guò)65%的總循環(huán)放射性物為托法替尼的原型,剩余的35%由8個(gè)代謝物組成,每種約占總放射性的8%以下,并且體外試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,其代謝物對(duì)JAK1/3的抑制率均小于原型的10%,所以本品的藥理活性主要來(lái)自于托法替尼本身[2-4]。
基于不同年齡、體重、性別及種族的RA患者,對(duì)腎功能不同的群體PK分析表明,患者體重與托法替尼的暴露量無(wú)臨床相關(guān)性。但是對(duì)于中度、重度腎功能損傷及中度肝功能損傷的患者,建議將每日劑量降低到5 mg[2]。與健康受試者相比RA患者的表觀清除率低43%[4]。
4 藥物相互作用
體外試驗(yàn)證實(shí),本品在高于穩(wěn)態(tài)Cmax 185倍的作用濃度下,不會(huì)對(duì)主要的肝藥酶產(chǎn)生抑制或誘導(dǎo)作用,并且在治療濃度下,對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體如P-糖蛋白、有機(jī)陰離子或陽(yáng)離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白,也沒(méi)有抑制作用。
體內(nèi)試驗(yàn)中,RA患者口服本品的清除不隨時(shí)間變化,說(shuō)明患者的CYP酶的活性未改變,因此合用CYP酶底物(如咪達(dá)唑侖),不會(huì)影響其PK性質(zhì)及臨床效應(yīng),此結(jié)果與體外試驗(yàn)相一致。
由于本品主要由CYP 3A4和CYP 2C19代謝,因此與CYP 3A4的抑制劑或誘導(dǎo)劑合用時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生相互作用。
5 臨床評(píng)價(jià)
本品的臨床試驗(yàn)包括2個(gè)劑量范圍研究試驗(yàn)和5個(gè)驗(yàn)證性試驗(yàn)。
5.1 劑量范圍研究試驗(yàn)
本品的臨床劑量來(lái)自于2個(gè)劑量爬坡試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)1是持續(xù)6個(gè)月的單一治療試驗(yàn),共納入384名DMARDs治療反應(yīng)不佳的活動(dòng)性類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者9 小結(jié)
JAK是一類非常重要的藥物靶點(diǎn),針對(duì)這一靶點(diǎn)而研發(fā)的JAK抑制劑主要用于篩選血液系統(tǒng)疾病、腫瘤、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎及銀屑病等治療藥物[11]。托法替尼作為JAK3的強(qiáng)效抑制劑,其起效快,生物利用度高,對(duì)MTX治療反應(yīng)不佳或不耐受的中度至重度活動(dòng)性RA成人患者的療效確切,安全性也得到證實(shí)。與已經(jīng)上市的抗體類大分子生物制劑相比,本品的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于:①作為JAK的選擇性抑制劑,其通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)Type I/II細(xì)胞因子受體介導(dǎo)的JAK/STATs信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的自身免疫,對(duì)自身免疫性疾病選擇性好[6,12];②作為小分子化合物,口服給藥,方便患者用藥,避免了注射給藥帶來(lái)的皮膚刺激等不良反應(yīng);③單一給藥或合并甲氨喋呤等非生物制劑給藥,療效確切。本品可能是近10年來(lái)第一個(gè)口服有效的改善病情的抗風(fēng)濕藥物DMARDs?;谏鲜鰞?yōu)點(diǎn),本品可能將成為RA患者減輕痛苦,提高生活質(zhì)量的又一新選擇。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 雷玲, 趙鋮, 米存東. 類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎病情活動(dòng)指標(biāo)與DAS28的相關(guān)性研究[J]. 廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2008, 25(6): 893-895.
[2] United States Food and Drug Administration. Label approved on 11/06/2012 (PDF) for tofacitinib[EB/OL]. [2014-01-17]. http: //www.Accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/203214s000lbl.Pdf.
[3] Dowty ME, Lin J, Ryder TF, et al. The pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and clearance mechanisms of tofacitinib, a janus kinase inhibitor, in humans[J]. Drug Metab Dispos, 2014, 42(4): 757-779. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1124/dmd.113.054940.
[4] United States Food and Drug Administration. Review approved on 11/06/2012 for clinical pharmacology biopharmaceutics review(s) (PDF) [EB/OL]. [2014-01-17]. http: //www.Accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/203214Orig1s000ClinPharmR.Pdf.
[5] 虞忠, 肖坤全. JAK抑制劑臨床研究進(jìn)展[J]. 海峽藥學(xué), 2012, 24(1): 18-20.
[6] Ghoreschi K, Jesson MI, Li X, et al. Modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) [J]. J Immunol, 2011, 186(7): 4234–4243.
[7] Fleischmann R, Cutolo M, Genovese MC, et al. Phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) or adalimumab monotherapy versus placebo in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(3): 617-629.
[8] Kremer JM, Cohen S, Wilkinson BE, et al. A phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) versus placebo in combination with background methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate alone[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(4): 970-981.
[9] Fleischmann R, Kremer J, Cush J, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of tofacitinib monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(6): 495–507.
[10] van Vollenhoven RF, Fleischmann R, Cohen S, et al. Tofacitinib or adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(6): 508–519.
[11] Kontzias A, Kotlyar A, Laurence A, et al. Jakinibs: a new class of kinase inhibitors in cancer and autoimmune disease[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2012, 12(4): 464–470.
[12] OShea JJ, Kontzias A, Yamaoka K, et al. Janus kinase Inhibitors in autoimmune diseases[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2013, 72(2): ii111–ii115.
(收稿日期:2014-02-14)
[4] United States Food and Drug Administration. Review approved on 11/06/2012 for clinical pharmacology biopharmaceutics review(s) (PDF) [EB/OL]. [2014-01-17]. http: //www.Accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/203214Orig1s000ClinPharmR.Pdf.
[5] 虞忠, 肖坤全. JAK抑制劑臨床研究進(jìn)展[J]. 海峽藥學(xué), 2012, 24(1): 18-20.
[6] Ghoreschi K, Jesson MI, Li X, et al. Modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) [J]. J Immunol, 2011, 186(7): 4234–4243.
[7] Fleischmann R, Cutolo M, Genovese MC, et al. Phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) or adalimumab monotherapy versus placebo in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(3): 617-629.
[8] Kremer JM, Cohen S, Wilkinson BE, et al. A phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) versus placebo in combination with background methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate alone[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(4): 970-981.
[9] Fleischmann R, Kremer J, Cush J, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of tofacitinib monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(6): 495–507.
[10] van Vollenhoven RF, Fleischmann R, Cohen S, et al. Tofacitinib or adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(6): 508–519.
[11] Kontzias A, Kotlyar A, Laurence A, et al. Jakinibs: a new class of kinase inhibitors in cancer and autoimmune disease[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2012, 12(4): 464–470.
[12] OShea JJ, Kontzias A, Yamaoka K, et al. Janus kinase Inhibitors in autoimmune diseases[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2013, 72(2): ii111–ii115.
(收稿日期:2014-02-14)
[4] United States Food and Drug Administration. Review approved on 11/06/2012 for clinical pharmacology biopharmaceutics review(s) (PDF) [EB/OL]. [2014-01-17]. http: //www.Accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/203214Orig1s000ClinPharmR.Pdf.
[5] 虞忠, 肖坤全. JAK抑制劑臨床研究進(jìn)展[J]. 海峽藥學(xué), 2012, 24(1): 18-20.
[6] Ghoreschi K, Jesson MI, Li X, et al. Modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) [J]. J Immunol, 2011, 186(7): 4234–4243.
[7] Fleischmann R, Cutolo M, Genovese MC, et al. Phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) or adalimumab monotherapy versus placebo in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(3): 617-629.
[8] Kremer JM, Cohen S, Wilkinson BE, et al. A phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) versus placebo in combination with background methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate alone[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(4): 970-981.
[9] Fleischmann R, Kremer J, Cush J, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of tofacitinib monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(6): 495–507.
[10] van Vollenhoven RF, Fleischmann R, Cohen S, et al. Tofacitinib or adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(6): 508–519.
[11] Kontzias A, Kotlyar A, Laurence A, et al. Jakinibs: a new class of kinase inhibitors in cancer and autoimmune disease[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2012, 12(4): 464–470.
[12] OShea JJ, Kontzias A, Yamaoka K, et al. Janus kinase Inhibitors in autoimmune diseases[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2013, 72(2): ii111–ii115.
(收稿日期:2014-02-14)