涂俊凡等
摘要[目的]了解6832(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)梨生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育規(guī)律,為建立其在湖北省梨產(chǎn)區(qū)的配套栽培技術(shù)提供理論依據(jù)。[方法]以9年生砂梨新品系結(jié)論]該研究可為6832在湖北省梨產(chǎn)區(qū)的高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)生產(chǎn)提供指導(dǎo)。
關(guān)鍵詞6832梨;果實(shí);新梢;生長(zhǎng)動(dòng)態(tài)
中圖分類號(hào)S661.2文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼A文章編號(hào)0517-6611(2014)21-06963-02
New Shoots and Fruits Growth Trend of Asia Pear 6832(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)
TU Junfan et al(Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430064)
Abstract[Objective] The aim was to know growth and development law of Asia pear 6832, and provide a theoretical basis for establishing its corresponding cultivation techniques in Hubei Pear Production Area. [Method] The new shoots and fruits growth change trend of the 9 years old Asia Pear 6832 were observed. [Result] The new shoots grew from late March to early June, and the growth period was 78 d. Two growth peaks in growth period was in April 22 and May 6 respectively. Fruit began to grow after fruit setting(in early April) and matured until to the middle ten days of August, the growth period was 133 d. Two growth peaks appeared during the growth period of fruit vertical and horizontal diameter, and was in April 15 and June 17 respectively. The new shoots had nutrient competition with fruit growth before its stopping growing, while provided nutrients for the growth of fruit in its late growth stage. When the fruit was ripe, the average weight was 250 g, the fruit was round, its vertical diameter was 7.68 cm, horizontal diameter was 8.44 cm, fruit shape index was 0.91. The green fruit had thin peel, smooth surface, waxiness, but no fruit russeting, the fruit dot was shallow, small and rare. The white fruit flesh was tender and crisp, sweet and juicy, and had a little stone cell, so it quality was good. During 6832 pear production in Wuhan area of Hubei Province, it was suggested to use the compound fertilizer giving priority to with nitrogen in 14 days before germination, some quickacting fertilizers such as urea were used in the last ten days of April and the first ten days of May, and leaf fertilizer was also used, to improve the competition of the nutrient; the compound fertilizer giving priority to with nitrogen was used in June of fruit rapid enlargement period, and the compound fertilizer giving priority to with potassium fertilizer was used in July, to increase the fruit quality; the compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer were taken as base fertilizer. [Conclusion] The study provides a guidance for high yield and good quality production of 6832 pear in Hubei Pear Production Area.
Key words6832 pear; Fruit; New shoot; Growth trend
基金項(xiàng)目國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2013BAD02B013);國(guó)家梨產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系項(xiàng)目(CARS2917);湖北省農(nóng)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目(201162000500301)。
作者簡(jiǎn)介涂俊凡(1979- ),女,湖北棗陽(yáng)人,副研究員,碩士,從事梨新品種選育及生物技術(shù)研究。*通訊作者,研究員,碩士生導(dǎo)師,從事梨遺傳育種和新品種新技術(shù)新模式研究。
收稿日期201406236832(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)為湖北省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院果樹(shù)茶葉研究所以金水1號(hào)為母本、131(庫(kù)爾勒香梨實(shí)生馴化優(yōu)株)為父本雜交育成的優(yōu)良新品系。該品系在湖北省武漢地區(qū)8月中旬成熟,果實(shí)大,外觀美,肉極細(xì)膩,味濃甜,香氣濃,果心小,品質(zhì)極上,成熟期香氣物質(zhì)總含量為10 901.8 μg/kg,較其他具有香氣的砂梨品種金水1號(hào)、玉綠高[1]。該品種樹(shù)勢(shì)中庸、健壯,豐產(chǎn)性好,授粉試驗(yàn)表明,以翠冠、鄂梨2號(hào)、華梨2號(hào)及圓黃做授粉樹(shù),該品系均能豐產(chǎn)、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)[2]。區(qū)試結(jié)果表明,該品系綜合性狀超過(guò)湖北省目前主栽品種湘南。新梢是當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境條件和栽培技術(shù)影響最顯著器官之一,也是衡量樹(shù)勢(shì)的重要指標(biāo)之一。梨果實(shí)的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育是果實(shí)細(xì)胞分裂、增大和同化產(chǎn)物的積累轉(zhuǎn)化,從而使果實(shí)不斷增大和增長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程,是果樹(shù)生產(chǎn)上構(gòu)成經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量的重要階段。為此,筆者對(duì)6832梨新梢與果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)行觀察測(cè)定,旨在了解其生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育規(guī)律,為建立湖北省梨產(chǎn)區(qū)6832梨配套栽培技術(shù)提供理論依據(jù)。
1材料與方法
1.2試驗(yàn)方法 隨機(jī)選擇樹(shù)勢(shì)健壯的9棵樹(shù),每3棵為1個(gè)小區(qū),3次重復(fù)。從樹(shù)冠外圍東、西、南、北4個(gè)方位共選取30個(gè)新梢、30個(gè)果實(shí)掛牌標(biāo)記。
新梢生長(zhǎng)變化動(dòng)態(tài)測(cè)定:從新梢開(kāi)始生長(zhǎng)起,每隔7 d用鋼卷尺測(cè)量新梢長(zhǎng)度,用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量新梢粗度,直到新梢停止生長(zhǎng);果實(shí)于坐果開(kāi)始每隔7 d測(cè)量果實(shí)縱、橫徑,直至果實(shí)采收。新梢或果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)量取每次測(cè)定后新梢長(zhǎng)度、粗度或果實(shí)縱徑、橫徑的平均值。新梢或果實(shí)平均日增長(zhǎng)量為先后2次測(cè)量差值的平均值,再除以間隔天數(shù)。
2結(jié)果與分析
6832梨的新梢初期生長(zhǎng)慢,4月中下旬生長(zhǎng)較快,5月中旬后生長(zhǎng)逐漸緩慢。整個(gè)新梢在生長(zhǎng)期有2次生長(zhǎng)高峰,分別為4月22日和5月6日,新梢6月上旬停止生長(zhǎng)。
6832梨果實(shí)呈慢—快—慢的生長(zhǎng)規(guī)律,果實(shí)縱橫徑生長(zhǎng)出現(xiàn)2次生長(zhǎng)高峰,分別在4月15日和6月17日。果實(shí)開(kāi)始生長(zhǎng)到4月中旬出現(xiàn)第1次生長(zhǎng)高峰,此期主要依靠樹(shù)體本身儲(chǔ)藏的養(yǎng)分,6月中旬后新梢停止生長(zhǎng),主要依靠新葉的光合作用提供養(yǎng)分。7月果實(shí)縱橫徑生長(zhǎng)逐漸減緩,8月中旬果實(shí)成熟。
新梢生長(zhǎng)與果實(shí)發(fā)育關(guān)系密切。果實(shí)縱橫徑在新梢停止生長(zhǎng)以前生長(zhǎng)較慢,一旦新梢停止生長(zhǎng)果實(shí)迅速膨大,增長(zhǎng)量較大。這可能是因?yàn)榍捌谛律疑L(zhǎng)時(shí)期果實(shí)和枝葉養(yǎng)分競(jìng)爭(zhēng),后期果實(shí)的生長(zhǎng)有葉片的光合作用提供養(yǎng)料。這與翠冠梨和金晶梨生長(zhǎng)期新梢生長(zhǎng)與果實(shí)發(fā)育關(guān)系一致[4-5 ]。
通過(guò)研究梨枝梢、果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育規(guī)律,更加明確了秋施基肥的重要性。秋季氣溫適宜,根系活躍,此時(shí)及時(shí)施肥有利于樹(shù)體吸收養(yǎng)分,培育健壯的樹(shù)勢(shì),為下一年新梢及果實(shí)的前期生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育提供養(yǎng)分。萌芽前14 d,施以氮肥為主的肥料,為新梢生長(zhǎng)與果實(shí)坐果提供足夠的營(yíng)養(yǎng)。在新梢生長(zhǎng)和果實(shí)發(fā)育期間加強(qiáng)管理,通過(guò)栽培技術(shù)調(diào)節(jié)營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)與生殖生長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,如通過(guò)疏果的方法來(lái)控制養(yǎng)分的分配,疏除過(guò)多的新梢,減少養(yǎng)分消耗,為果實(shí)發(fā)育制造良好的營(yíng)養(yǎng)條件。4月下旬至5月上旬新梢生長(zhǎng)和果實(shí)膨大競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈,可通過(guò)施尿素等速效肥結(jié)合噴施葉面肥改善養(yǎng)分的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。6月份是果實(shí)膨大的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,施肥以鉀肥、氮肥為主,配以適量的磷肥。7月份果實(shí)膨大生長(zhǎng)減緩,是品質(zhì)形成和養(yǎng)分積累的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,此時(shí)施肥以鉀肥為主,配以適量的氮肥、磷肥,增加果實(shí)品質(zhì)。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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