王迪進等
【摘要】 目的:探討診斷肺癌有效的脫落細胞學檢查標本留取方式。方法:選取2010年3月-2013年6月江西省腫瘤醫(yī)院收治的205例肺癌患者作為研究對象,所有患者均接受痰液脫落細胞學檢查,根據(jù)脫落細胞學檢查標本留取方式將其分為觀察組104例和對照組101例,觀察組采用超聲霧化加拍背導痰的方法留取標本,對照組采用常規(guī)留痰的方法留取標本。比較兩組患者肺癌細胞檢出率。結(jié)果:觀察組的肺癌細胞檢出率明顯高于對照組,比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:超聲霧化拍背導痰是診斷肺癌有效的脫落細胞學檢查標本留取方式,值得在臨床上推廣。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 脫落細胞學; 超聲霧化; 痰液; 肺癌
肺癌是目前臨床上最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率與死亡率仍然呈逐年上升的趨勢,從而成為全球重要的公共衛(wèi)生問題[1-3]。早期診斷、早期治療是提高肺癌患者生存率的關(guān)鍵,眾所周知,肺癌的確診必須依靠病理學檢查,通過手術(shù)或纖支鏡采集標本給患者帶來的創(chuàng)傷較大,部分不需要手術(shù)治療的患者通過手術(shù)采集標本則讓患者術(shù)后更加難以接受,在此背景下,痰液脫落細胞學檢查成為臨床上早期診斷肺癌的重要方法[4]。盡管如此,痰液脫落細胞學檢查診斷肺癌的敏感度較低,因此如何提高該方法的診斷敏感度成為肺癌研究的重要課題之一[5-6]。本研究即從標本留取的角度出發(fā),探索提高痰液脫落細胞學檢查診斷敏感度的標本留取方式,現(xiàn)報告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2010年3月-2013年6月本院收治的205例肺癌患者作為研究對象。納入標準:(1)患者自愿參與本研究,簽署知情同意書;(2)經(jīng)病理檢查確診為肺癌;(3)腫瘤位置為中央型。所有患者均接受痰液脫落細胞學檢查,根據(jù)脫落細胞學檢查標本留取方式將其分為觀察組104例和對照組101例,兩組患者的性別、年齡、腫瘤大小、腫瘤組織病理學分型、臨床分期、咯血等一般資料比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見表1。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 觀察組 觀察組通過超聲霧化加拍背導痰留取標本,連續(xù)送檢3 d,方法如下:(1)囑患者于清晨先去除口腔唾液、陳腐痰液、鼻腔分泌物,然后再漱口。(2)用50 mL 10%氯化鈉注射液給予患者超聲霧化10~15 min。(3)對患者進行拍背,用空心手掌由下向上,由外向內(nèi)拍擊患者背部。(4)囑患者用力咳出深部痰液2~3口。(5)將標本收集于痰盒中,1 h內(nèi)送檢。
1.2.2 對照組 對照組通過常規(guī)留痰留取標本,同樣連續(xù)送檢3 d,方法如下:(1)囑患者于清晨先去除口腔唾液、陳腐痰液、鼻腔分泌物,然后再漱口。(2)囑患者深呼吸,用力咳出深部痰液2~3口。(3)將標本收集于痰盒中,1 h內(nèi)送檢。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學處理 采用SPSS 19.0軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析,計量資料用(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料采用 字2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
觀察組的肺癌細胞檢出率72.12%(75/104)明顯高于對照組的57.43%(58/101),比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。
3 討論
肺癌是指起源于支氣管黏膜上皮的惡性腫瘤,因此臨床上又將其稱為支氣管肺癌。近幾十年來,肺癌發(fā)病率在全世界范圍內(nèi)明顯增高,在某些歐美國家以及我國部分大城市中,肺癌發(fā)病率已居男性各種惡性腫瘤的首位,成為嚴重影響人類健康的主要疾病之一[7-9]。如前所述,早期診斷對提高肺癌患者生存率有著十分重要的臨床意義,目前臨床上診斷肺癌的方法較多,不同方法各有其特點,胸部影像學檢查在診斷肺癌時主要發(fā)揮篩查的作用,其確診必須依賴細胞學或病理學檢查[10]。值得注意的是,病理學檢查獲取腫瘤細胞的方法較多,如支氣管鏡、縱隔鏡、胸壁穿刺、剖胸探查等,上述方法對患者均有一定程度的創(chuàng)傷,在這種情況下,痰液脫落細胞學檢查成為患者青睞的病理學檢查方法。
傳統(tǒng)上痰液脫落細胞學檢查留取標本的方法較為簡便,其基本步驟是先去除口腔異物,然后再用力咳出深部痰液送檢即可,該方法肺癌細胞的檢出率較低,易導致肺癌漏診[11],因此臨床上亟需探索一種更為有效的標本留取方式,以提高痰液脫落細胞學檢查在肺癌診斷中的地位。國內(nèi)外諸多文獻均認為超聲霧化可以增加痰液脫落細胞學檢查的診斷靈敏度[12-14],為了在省內(nèi)推廣該技術(shù),在本研究中,觀察組患者通過超聲霧化加拍背導痰留取標本,對照組患者通過常規(guī)留痰留取標本,結(jié)果顯示觀察組的肺癌細胞檢出率72.12%(75/104)明顯高于對照組的57.43%(58/101),比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。分析其原因,主要是超聲霧化對氣管黏膜、支氣管黏膜具有濕潤作用,而且10%氯化鈉霧化液使氣管黏膜、支氣管黏膜處于暫時性高滲狀態(tài)下,兩者綜合作用可以刺激黏膜上皮內(nèi)杯狀細胞分泌黏液,在拍背震蕩胸壁的作用下,痰液量增加,從而增加肺癌細胞檢出率[15]。綜上所述,超聲霧化拍背導痰是診斷肺癌有效的脫落細胞學檢查標本留取方式,值得臨床推廣應用。
參考文獻
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[12] Chan H P,Hadjiiski L,Zhou C,et al.Computer-aided diagnosis of lung cancer and pulmonary embolism in computed tomography-a review[J].Acad Radiol,2008,15(5):535-555.
[13] Gil-Bazo I,Casta?ón E,F(xiàn)usco J P.EGFR mutation testing in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients by using cytology specimens[J].Cancer Cytopatho,2011,119(5):354.
[14] Steinfort D P,Khor Y H,Manser R L,et al.Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound for the diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Eur Respir J,2011,37(4):902-910.
[15] Nishitsuji M,Yamamura K,Matsuoka H,et al.Endobronchial ultrasonic-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for lung cancer diagnosis[J].Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi,2011,49(10):729-732.
(收稿日期:2013-10-12) (本文編輯:歐麗)
[3] Cao J Q,Rodrigues G B,Louie A V,et al.Systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of positron-emission tomography in staging of non-small-cell lung cancer and management of solitary pulmonary nodules[J].Clin Lung Cancer,2012,13(3):161-170.
[4] Sawabata N,Maeda H,Matsumura A,et al.Clinical implications of the margin cytology findings and margin/tumor size ratio in patients who underwent pulmonary excision for peripheral non-small cell lung cancer[J].Surg Today,2012,42(3):238-244.
[5] Sanz-Ortega J,Roig F,Al-Mousa M M,et al.17p13 (p53 locus),5q21 (APC locus) and 9p21 (p16 locus) allelic deletions are frequently found in oral exfoliative cytology cells from smoker patients with non-small-cell lung cancer[J].Histol Histopathol,2007,22(5):541-545.
[6] Hanagiri T,Takenaka M,Oka S,et al.Pleural lavage cytology immediately after thoracotomy in patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer[J].Int Surg,2011,96(2):171-175.
[7] Sousaris N,Mendelsohn G,Barr R G.Lung cancer metastatic to breast:case report and review of the literature[J].Ultrasound Q,2013,29(3):205-209.
[8] Travis W D,Rekhtman N.Pathological diagnosis and classification of lung cancer in small biopsies and cytology:strategic management of tissue for molecular testing[J].Semin Respir Crit Care Med,2011,32(1):22-31.
[9] Schramm M,Wrobel C,Born I,et al.Equivocal cytology in lung cancer diagnosis: improvement of diagnostic accuracy using adjuvant multicolor FISH,DNA-image cytometry,and quantitative promoter hypermethylation analysis[J].Cancer Cytopathol,2011,119(3):177-192.
[10] Walter N D,Rice P L,Redente E F,et al.Wound healing after trauma may predispose to lung cancer metastasis:review of potential mechanisms[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2011,44(5):591-596.
[11] Dasgupta P,Chakrabarti A,Halder D,et al.Results of diagnostic dilemma between lung cancer and sputum negative pulmonary tuberculosis:a retrospective study[J].J Indian Med Assoc,2012,110(12):898-900.
[12] Chan H P,Hadjiiski L,Zhou C,et al.Computer-aided diagnosis of lung cancer and pulmonary embolism in computed tomography-a review[J].Acad Radiol,2008,15(5):535-555.
[13] Gil-Bazo I,Casta?ón E,F(xiàn)usco J P.EGFR mutation testing in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients by using cytology specimens[J].Cancer Cytopatho,2011,119(5):354.
[14] Steinfort D P,Khor Y H,Manser R L,et al.Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound for the diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Eur Respir J,2011,37(4):902-910.
[15] Nishitsuji M,Yamamura K,Matsuoka H,et al.Endobronchial ultrasonic-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for lung cancer diagnosis[J].Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi,2011,49(10):729-732.
(收稿日期:2013-10-12) (本文編輯:歐麗)
[3] Cao J Q,Rodrigues G B,Louie A V,et al.Systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of positron-emission tomography in staging of non-small-cell lung cancer and management of solitary pulmonary nodules[J].Clin Lung Cancer,2012,13(3):161-170.
[4] Sawabata N,Maeda H,Matsumura A,et al.Clinical implications of the margin cytology findings and margin/tumor size ratio in patients who underwent pulmonary excision for peripheral non-small cell lung cancer[J].Surg Today,2012,42(3):238-244.
[5] Sanz-Ortega J,Roig F,Al-Mousa M M,et al.17p13 (p53 locus),5q21 (APC locus) and 9p21 (p16 locus) allelic deletions are frequently found in oral exfoliative cytology cells from smoker patients with non-small-cell lung cancer[J].Histol Histopathol,2007,22(5):541-545.
[6] Hanagiri T,Takenaka M,Oka S,et al.Pleural lavage cytology immediately after thoracotomy in patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer[J].Int Surg,2011,96(2):171-175.
[7] Sousaris N,Mendelsohn G,Barr R G.Lung cancer metastatic to breast:case report and review of the literature[J].Ultrasound Q,2013,29(3):205-209.
[8] Travis W D,Rekhtman N.Pathological diagnosis and classification of lung cancer in small biopsies and cytology:strategic management of tissue for molecular testing[J].Semin Respir Crit Care Med,2011,32(1):22-31.
[9] Schramm M,Wrobel C,Born I,et al.Equivocal cytology in lung cancer diagnosis: improvement of diagnostic accuracy using adjuvant multicolor FISH,DNA-image cytometry,and quantitative promoter hypermethylation analysis[J].Cancer Cytopathol,2011,119(3):177-192.
[10] Walter N D,Rice P L,Redente E F,et al.Wound healing after trauma may predispose to lung cancer metastasis:review of potential mechanisms[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2011,44(5):591-596.
[11] Dasgupta P,Chakrabarti A,Halder D,et al.Results of diagnostic dilemma between lung cancer and sputum negative pulmonary tuberculosis:a retrospective study[J].J Indian Med Assoc,2012,110(12):898-900.
[12] Chan H P,Hadjiiski L,Zhou C,et al.Computer-aided diagnosis of lung cancer and pulmonary embolism in computed tomography-a review[J].Acad Radiol,2008,15(5):535-555.
[13] Gil-Bazo I,Casta?ón E,F(xiàn)usco J P.EGFR mutation testing in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients by using cytology specimens[J].Cancer Cytopatho,2011,119(5):354.
[14] Steinfort D P,Khor Y H,Manser R L,et al.Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound for the diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Eur Respir J,2011,37(4):902-910.
[15] Nishitsuji M,Yamamura K,Matsuoka H,et al.Endobronchial ultrasonic-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for lung cancer diagnosis[J].Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi,2011,49(10):729-732.
(收稿日期:2013-10-12) (本文編輯:歐麗)