Thestateofnatureasthestateofwar:Hobbes’stwoargumentsonthereconstructionofhumanity
LI Meng

Guided by Thomas Hobbes, modern political philosophy usually expounds the origin and nature of political society from the state of nature. But so far Hobbes’s doctrine of the state of nature as the state of war has been inadequately comprehended.The paper examines the two arguments (the argument of natural passions and argument of natural rights) proposed by Hobbes.Hobbes’s analysis of the state of nature turns out to be his theory of humanity as the basis of a contractual approach to political society.

Hobbes’stheoryofequality
LIU Hai-chuan

This paper gives a systematical analysis of Hobbes’s concept of equality. Equality is used by Hobbes both as a mathematical concept and a political concept. In mathematical philosophy, Hobbes employs equality in two senses: usually, it refers to the identical relationship in terms of quantity between objects that are qualified in terms of quantity; and on special occasions, it refers to the fact of incommensurability between objects that cannot be qualified in terms of quantity (such as those between geometrical points or instant moments). In his practical science, equality is also used in two senses: natural equality refers to the sense of insecurity or behavioral indeterminacy caused by natural persons' inability to predicate mutual future actions, while political equality refers to the concord between the character or action of the members of the Commonwealth and the civil law. In a sense, the concept of political and natural equality in Hobbes' practical philosophy can be viewed as the extension of his mathematical concept of equality, except that in moral philosophy, it is not quantity, but moral action, that is the object of comparison; and it is not mathematical units, but the civil law, that is the common measure.

ConceptofsubstanceinCategoriesandMetaphysics:AstudyofBeingandSubstanceandMetaphysicsZeta
CHEN Wei

One of the main tasks Prof. Nie Minli assigns for himself in his recent bookBeingandSubstanceis to provide an interpretation of Aristotle’s theory of substance according to the existing sequence ofMetaphysicsZeta. For the purpose, he attempts to argue for three leading theses. First, it is reasonable to regard BookZas a whole which is already organized in terms of some serious considerations. Second, chapters 7-9 in BookZare the essential part of this book in which Aristotle presents a more fruitful account of the notion of substance by turning his focus from a theory of being to a theory of generation. Third, Aristotle’s theory of substance is coherent in that he consistently uses the principle of subject to define substance. Among the three theses, the third one is traditionally most controversial, and any argument for it will make a difference to argument for the first two theses. Prof. Nie goes further to argue that it is possible to regard the relationship among the four candidates of substance as an asymmetric one, which means that essence, universal and genus are subordinate to the subject, while the fourth one (namely, subject) is, according to Aristotle, the real substance. This conclusion is consistent with the definition of substance Aristotle presents inCategories. Moreover, by indicating that the argument in 1029a11-30 isreductioadabsurdum, Prof. Nie argues that Aristotle does not yet give up his principle of subject in offering a further formulation of substance inMetaphysics; instead he carries forwards this principle into a deeper level. This paper aims to reveal that Prof. Nie’s argument for the third thesis is successful.

CausesandprocessofChina’sprivateloancrisisandpossiblecountermeasures
JIANG Jun-jie & KE Di

This paper analyzes the causes of the private loan crisis from such dimensions as economy, policy, society and institution in China in recent years, and reveals how the private loan crisis has turned into the social crisis which has great impacts on the social stability. It also puts forward the countermeasures of controlling and managing the private loan crisis as follows: it is necessary to promote the reform of the financial system, develop the diversified financing system, construct the credit system of private lending, improve the present laws and regulations on finance, establish the risk control and warning mechanism, strengthen the self-discipline of the private sector and enhance the public consciousness of risk prevention.

Self-portraitureandexpression:AniconologicalinterpretationofDürer’sself-portraits
HE Xuan

Albrecht Dürer was one of the most influential artists of the German Renaissance. His works include woodcut paintings, oil paintings and sketches, whose subject matters are mainly religious themes and portraiture. Dürer was of genius in the plastic arts. His paintings always combine the sense of beauty in visual art with the inner spiritual expression. Based on Panofsky’s theory of iconology, this paper analyzes the forms, motifs and meanings of Dürer’s self-portraits and demonstrates their value in art history and aesthetics.

AteleologicalexaminationofKant’sdeontology
SHU Yuan-zhao

Generally, eudemonism (utilitarianism) is called teleology while Kant’s deontology is called non-teleology so as to boil their counter down to a counter between teleology and non-teleology. This paper holds that Kant’s deontology in a narrow sense is a kind of teleology of reason which respects reason as the highest goal directly, though his deontology in a narrow sense isn’t a perceptual teleology in the sense of eudemonism. In addition, Kant’s deontology in a broad sense (namely, perfectionism) subordinates happiness, a goal which is subordinate to virtue, to the overall goal, namely, the highest good.

Kant’sDeontologyintheperspectiveoftheteleologyofnature
LIU Zuo

In moral theories, the highest principle and its validity do not need the supposition of the teleology of nature. When inferring certain specific duties, the teleology of nature plays the role of hypothesis which receives a detailed discussion inTheCritiqueofJudgment. This teleology plays a crucial role in perfectionism on the basis of moral teleology which is based on practical reason. So the ultimate end of Kantian deontology is the realization of human freedom and its effect (the highest good) in order to highlight the value of human in the universe.

AnanalysisoftheKantianprinciple“oughtimpliescan”:Acasestudyof“don’tlie”
CHEN Xiao-ping

The Kantian principle “oughtimpliescan” has a twofold character: the strong concept and the weak concept. But Kant himself was not definitely cognizant of it and leaned actually to the weak concept. This tendentiousness leads his moral theory to be a lack of actual normality. One way to correct this defect in this theory is to unite consciously the weak and strong concepts in “oughtimpliescan”, and find the adequate moral law through the balance between the weak concept and the strong concept.

Kant’sconceptoflegalrightsanditsmodernsignificance
LIU Ze-gang

Until now, Kant’s concept of legal rights has not received due respect and interpretation. Only by following the structure of Kant’s philosophy can we accurately comprehend the nature and role of the concept of legal rights, and properly evaluate the significance and value of Kant’s juridical metaphysics. From the static point of view, the concept of legal rights is the basis and origin of the knowledge of juridical metaphysics. From the dynamic point of view, the process of interpretation of the concept of legal rights is also the process of the construction of juridical metaphysics. Kant’s concept of legal rights is strictly limited by the system of moral metaphysics. Any evaluation and application deviating from this limit does not hold water. In the highly complicated modern society, Kant’s concept of legal rights based on the practice of freedom and moral obligation has irreplaceable value.

Onuniversityculturalconsciousnessandapproachestoitsrealization
QIN Yuan-hai

University culture is an important part of advanced socialist culture. The construction of a sublime university cultural consciousness to promote the prosperity and development of the university culture is the historic and sacred mission of Chinese universities This paper firstly gives a definition on cultural consciousness and university cultural consciousness. It then reveals and analyzes the symptoms and causes of "cultural unconsciousness" in Chinese universities. Finally it points out the three approaches to the realization of cultural consciousness in Chinese universities, that is, ideology as the premise, action as the key factor and system as the guarantee.

Keyelementsinthestimulativepolicyforsci-techinnovationteamsinChineseuniversities
HAO Jing-xi & CHEN Hai-min

This research focuses on the five key elements of sci-tech innovation teams in Chinese universities, namely the stimulative-policy subject, the stimulative-policy object, the stimulative-policy environment, the stimulative-policy tools and the stimulative-policy assessment and their relations, which should have much significance to the planning and implementation of the policies for sci-tech innovation teams in Chinese universities

Internationalizationofthecontentsofhighereducation
coursesinChinaandapproachestoitsimplementation
SHAN Sheng-jiang, FU Da-yuan & MENG Lin-hua

The internationalization of university courses is not only required by Chinese universities for their adaptation to the international competition, but also demanded by their own development. In the age of globalization, the internationalization of higher education is developing towards the global unification and standardization. Based on the developing trend of the internationalization of university courses, this paper discusses their contents and implications as well as the current situation and related problems in Chinese universities. It finally proposes some approaches to the internationalization of the contents of higher education courses in China from the aspects of disciplinary choice, proper means and supplementary measures.

Internationalstudiesoncausativetheoriesanddomesticresearches
oncausativeconstructionsinmodernChinese
ZHANG Yu-feng

This paper not only summarizes the international studies on causative theories as well as their research methods，but also gives a systematic elaboration on the researches on causative constructions by Chinese scholars. It concludes that Chinese scholars began to study causative constructions quite early and the recent research findings are based mainly on these previous findings. Thus, the future related studies should absorb the good elements of the past researches and adopt workable new approaches in order to obtain new achievements.