劉志剛綜述 李文志審校
綜 述
肝素結(jié)合表皮生長(zhǎng)因子對(duì)小腸I/R損傷的保護(hù)作用及其研究進(jìn)展
劉志剛綜述 李文志審校
肝素結(jié)合表皮生長(zhǎng)因子;小腸缺血再灌注損傷;微循環(huán);腸道黏膜屏障
小腸缺血再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,I/R)損傷是臨床上常見(jiàn)的急危重癥,可發(fā)生在許多臨床案例中,包括低血流量狀態(tài)下的心臟功能不全、腸系膜動(dòng)脈栓塞、小腸移植、失血性休克及壞死性小腸結(jié)腸炎(necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC)等[1]。小腸I/R損傷可導(dǎo)致微循環(huán)炎性反應(yīng),黏膜細(xì)胞凋亡[2],腸道黏膜通透性增加,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致全身炎性反應(yīng)綜合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)[3,4]。如果得不到及時(shí)而有效的控制,SIRS還可能進(jìn)一步發(fā)展為多器官功能障礙綜合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS),嚴(yán)重影響患者的預(yù)后。
有實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明,在施行缺氧復(fù)氧的小腸內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(intestinal epithelial cells,IEC)以及發(fā)生I/R損傷的小腸中,內(nèi)源性肝素結(jié)合表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(heparin-binding epidermal growth factor,HB-EGF)的表達(dá)明顯增加[5]。Martin等[6]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在小腸I/R發(fā)生前、后或發(fā)生過(guò)程中給予HB-EGF均可降低小腸的組織學(xué)損傷程度,發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用,并且隨著HB-EGF劑量的增加這種保護(hù)作用更加明顯。由此可見(jiàn),HB-EGF與小腸I/R損傷之間存在著密切的聯(lián)系,現(xiàn)就此作一綜述。
1.1 HB-EGF的來(lái)源與結(jié)構(gòu) HB-EGF最初發(fā)現(xiàn)于U-937巨噬細(xì)胞樣培養(yǎng)液中,后被確定為EGF超家族的一員。在人類體內(nèi),HB-EGF的基因位于第5號(hào)染色體上,由6個(gè)外顯子和5個(gè)內(nèi)含子共同組成,長(zhǎng)約14 kb。在體內(nèi),HB-EGF首先被合成為一種由208個(gè)氨基酸組成的的跨膜糖蛋白前體(proHB-EGF),其中包含信號(hào)肽、前肽、sol-HB-EGF、近膜區(qū)、跨膜區(qū)和胞質(zhì)區(qū)等。后經(jīng)酶裂解為一種可溶性的分泌型成熟體,即sHB-EGF,由86個(gè)氨基酸殘?bào)w組成,含有2個(gè)功能結(jié)構(gòu)域:一個(gè)是EGF樣結(jié)構(gòu)域,位于C末端;另一個(gè)為肝素結(jié)構(gòu)域,位于N末端。包括內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞在內(nèi)的許多類型的細(xì)胞都可產(chǎn)生HB-EGF,并作為這些細(xì)胞的自分泌型生長(zhǎng)因子發(fā)揮作用。
1.2 HB-EGF的功能與作用機(jī)制 作為EGF家族中的一員,HB-EGF可結(jié)合并激活EGF受體(EGFR/HER1/ErbB-1),另外HB-EGF也可以激活ErbB-4(HER4)促進(jìn)有絲分裂,與HB-EGF特異性非酪氨酸蛋白激酶受體N-精氨酸二堿基轉(zhuǎn)化酶(N-arginine dibasic convertase,NRDc)結(jié)合時(shí)則產(chǎn)生趨化作用[7~9]。
實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明,在發(fā)生組織損傷、低氧、氧化應(yīng)激及小腸內(nèi)皮創(chuàng)傷[10~13]時(shí)HB-EGF的表達(dá)明顯增加[14]。由此可見(jiàn),HB-EGF對(duì)多種類型細(xì)胞的促有絲分裂作用及其在組織中的廣泛表達(dá)都意味著HB-EGF在機(jī)體內(nèi)具有重要的生物學(xué)作用。
目前研究表明,HB-EGF能夠降低小腸I/R損傷后的炎性反應(yīng)、減少上皮細(xì)胞凋亡,誘導(dǎo)腸上皮細(xì)胞增殖[15],并能夠改善小腸微循環(huán)、保護(hù)腸道屏障功能,從而發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用。
2.1 HB-EGF降低炎性反應(yīng)、抗細(xì)胞凋亡的作用 相關(guān)研究顯示,凋亡很可能是I/R損傷發(fā)生后細(xì)胞死亡的主要原因[2]。I/R損傷后體內(nèi)各種炎性細(xì)胞的激活、活性氧自由基(ROS)及炎性因子釋放增多會(huì)導(dǎo)致黏膜細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡[16]。炎性細(xì)胞如中性粒細(xì)胞的活化可使其成為ROS、蛋白水解酶及炎性因子的主要來(lái)源[17,18]。
研究表明,HB-EGF能夠減少誘導(dǎo)型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)[19]、ROS[20]及NF-κB[21]等的生成,并且抑制小腸I/R損傷后炎性細(xì)胞向受損組織侵潤(rùn)[22]。Rocourt等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)在小腸缺血過(guò)程中給予HB-EGF可明顯下調(diào)再灌注后4、6、8 h時(shí)血漿中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β等炎性因子的水平,同時(shí)檢測(cè)到再灌注30、60 min時(shí)小腸組織中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β mRNA的表達(dá)水平也顯著降低,而HB-EGF基因的缺失卻能夠增加失血性休克復(fù)蘇(hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation,HS/R)后的腸上皮細(xì)胞凋亡[24]。由此可推斷,HB-EGF可通過(guò)降低iNOS、ROS、NF-κB及炎性因子的表達(dá)來(lái)減少小腸上皮細(xì)胞的凋亡,以此來(lái)保護(hù)I/R損傷后的小腸。
2.2 HB-EGF對(duì)小腸I/R損傷后黏膜屏障功能的影響 小腸黏膜由一層增殖型上皮細(xì)胞組成,它作為內(nèi)外環(huán)境之間的屏障對(duì)抗有害物質(zhì)侵入上皮下組織。即使發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的黏膜破壞后,小腸上皮細(xì)胞的增殖能力都能夠使小腸迅速修復(fù)愈合[25]。但是,如果在損傷過(guò)程中表面上皮細(xì)胞和絨毛結(jié)構(gòu)缺失就會(huì)破壞腸道屏障功能,使細(xì)菌發(fā)生移位,導(dǎo)致毒素、抗原、蛋白酶和其他分子吸收進(jìn)入體內(nèi),導(dǎo)致局部感染而后波及到遠(yuǎn)隔器官。因此促進(jìn)小腸絨毛結(jié)構(gòu)早期恢復(fù)并有效地保護(hù)腸道屏障功能是避免小腸I/R損傷引起全身反應(yīng)的關(guān)鍵所在。
研究表明給予外源性HB-EGF可以保護(hù)小腸的腸道屏障功能[26],并且內(nèi)源性HB-EGF在保護(hù)腸道屏障功能的過(guò)程中也起著重要的作用。El-Assal等[28]通過(guò)對(duì)敲除HB-EGF基因[HB-EGF(-/-) knockout,KO]小鼠的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)扎其腸系膜上動(dòng)脈45 min后恢復(fù)灌注3 h,與正常小鼠相比HB-EGF(-/-)小鼠不僅組織學(xué)損傷程度加重,小腸絨毛結(jié)構(gòu)恢復(fù)緩慢,且其腸道屏障通透性也明顯升高[27]。而Zhang等[29]也發(fā)現(xiàn),相比之下施行HS/R后HB-EGF(-/-)小鼠的組織學(xué)損傷程度明顯加重,而其腸道黏膜屏障通透性也顯著升高。而過(guò)度表達(dá)HB-EGF基因的小鼠對(duì)HS/R的耐受能力明顯增強(qiáng),且在其組織學(xué)損傷程度下降的同時(shí)腸道黏膜屏障通透性也比正常小鼠低,但使用了CRM197(HB-EGF特異性阻滯劑)后不僅組織學(xué)損傷加重而且其腸道黏膜屏障通透性也增加。同樣HB-EGF基因的過(guò)度表達(dá)可降低小鼠NEC的發(fā)病率并改善腸道黏膜屏障功能,而敲除HB-EGF基因則出現(xiàn)與此相反的結(jié)果[30,31]。由此可見(jiàn)內(nèi)源性HB-EGF在I/R損傷后小腸組織學(xué)損傷和腸道黏膜屏障功能的恢復(fù)過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著極其關(guān)鍵的作用。
HB-EGF保護(hù)腸道黏膜屏障功能的具體機(jī)制尚未完全明確。除上述的減少上皮細(xì)胞的凋亡外,對(duì)小腸干細(xì)胞(intestinal stem cells,ISCs)的保護(hù)也可能是其保護(hù)腸道黏膜屏障功能的機(jī)制。ISCs的多功能性、自我更新能力及其增殖能力對(duì)保證小腸上皮細(xì)胞的完整性具有重要作用[32]。當(dāng)發(fā)生小腸缺血時(shí),ISCs會(huì)受到嚴(yán)重的損傷,從而擾亂正常的內(nèi)環(huán)境及腸道屏障功能。Chen等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),給予HB-EGF能夠保護(hù)包括ISCs在內(nèi)所有的小腸上皮細(xì)胞系免受損傷,同時(shí)HB-EGF也可以保護(hù)體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中低氧損傷的ISCs,并提升ISCs的活性和存活能力。通過(guò)進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HB-EGF對(duì)ISCs等細(xì)胞的保護(hù)作用涉及到EGF受體的活化及MEK1/2和PI3K信號(hào)通路的介導(dǎo)。因此,HB-EGF對(duì)腸道屏障功能的保護(hù)作用很可能是通過(guò)對(duì)ISCs的保護(hù)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。另外,中性粒細(xì)胞(neutrophil,PMN)與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(endothelial cell,EC)之間的相互作用在小腸I/R損傷的發(fā)病機(jī)制中發(fā)揮著重要的作用[34]。而Zhang等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn)HB-EGF可減弱HS/R后的PMN-EC黏附,并可通過(guò)P13K通路抑制NF-κB的活化,同時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)EC中黏附分子的轉(zhuǎn)錄并減少PMN中ROS的生成來(lái)抑制黏附分子的活化,抑制炎性反應(yīng)的發(fā)展,以此來(lái)保護(hù)小腸屏障功能。
2.3 HB-EGF與I/R損傷后小腸微循環(huán) 由于與其他器官相比小腸具有較高的氧需求量,因此小腸極易發(fā)生I/R損傷。而HS/R、NEC等引起小腸發(fā)生I/R損傷的原因之一就是小腸微循環(huán)血供障礙,其特點(diǎn)包括血管收縮及低氧灌注[36,37]。El-Assal等[28]通過(guò)對(duì)HS/R大鼠模型的研究結(jié)果顯示,在復(fù)蘇的同時(shí)靜脈注射HB-EGF后與HS/R組相比不僅其小腸的組織學(xué)損傷程度減輕,并且分別在HS/R后1 h和3 h時(shí)其小腸的微循環(huán)血流量顯著增加。而在對(duì)NEC新生小鼠模型的研究中同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)給予HB-EGF后,利用分子探針在電子顯微鏡下可觀察到其小腸絨毛和黏膜下微循環(huán)血流量明顯增加,且與NEC的發(fā)生率及小腸組織學(xué)損傷程度呈負(fù)相關(guān)[38]。而為探討內(nèi)源性的HB-EGF對(duì)小腸I/R損傷后微循環(huán)灌注的影響,許多科學(xué)家也做了大量的研究,其中Zhang等[39]經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HS/R后HB-EGF(-/-)小鼠小腸微循環(huán)低灌注情況更加嚴(yán)重,而在復(fù)蘇的同時(shí)給予HB-EGF(-/-)小鼠HB-EGF可明顯改善這一情況[39]。由此可見(jiàn),無(wú)論是外源性HB-EGF還是內(nèi)源性HB-EGF對(duì)小腸I/R損傷后小腸微循環(huán)灌注的維持和恢復(fù)情況都起著極其重要的作用,而且EGF家族的其他成員并不能彌補(bǔ)內(nèi)源性HB-EGF的缺失所帶來(lái)的影響。
HB-EGF究竟是通過(guò)何種途徑來(lái)維持I/R損傷后小腸微循環(huán)的灌注情況呢?眾所周知,小腸微動(dòng)脈是調(diào)節(jié)小腸血流量的主要阻力動(dòng)脈。而Zhou等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn),HB-EGF能夠增加成年大鼠終末腸系膜動(dòng)脈的直徑,在新生大鼠腸系膜動(dòng)脈中同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)了舒血管作用,并且在人黏膜下動(dòng)脈的觀察中得到進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。為明確HB-EGF舒血管作用的機(jī)制,Zhou等在進(jìn)一步的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)HB-EGF可減輕內(nèi)皮素-1(endothelin-1,ET-1)引起的腸系膜動(dòng)脈收縮,同時(shí)增加人小腸微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(human intestinal microvascular endothelial cell,HIMEC)中ETB受體蛋白的表達(dá)并刺激細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子調(diào)動(dòng),而ETB受體拮抗劑可阻滯成年大鼠動(dòng)脈內(nèi)HB-EGF的舒血管作用,同樣NO合酶抑制劑可阻滯HB-EGF對(duì)新生大鼠和人類嬰兒動(dòng)脈的舒血管作用,因此HB-EGF很可能是通過(guò)增加內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中內(nèi)源性NO的生成并激活ETB受體調(diào)動(dòng)細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子釋放舒血管物質(zhì)來(lái)介導(dǎo)舒血管作用[42]。由此可見(jiàn),ETB受體和NO以及對(duì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子的調(diào)動(dòng)在HB-EGF介導(dǎo)舒血管作用的過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著至關(guān)重要的作用。另有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,位于微循環(huán)毛細(xì)血管和后毛細(xì)血管的周細(xì)胞(pericytes)同樣是微循環(huán)血流和毛細(xì)血管再生的重要調(diào)控者[41]。Yu等[42]在HB-EGF對(duì)周細(xì)胞影響的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),HB-EGF可通過(guò)與細(xì)胞表面的EGF酪氨酸激酶受體相互作用促進(jìn)分化的C3H/10T1/2細(xì)胞(周細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞)的增殖,并保護(hù)其免受低氧引起的凋亡。而在培養(yǎng)的原始周細(xì)胞中也證實(shí)了HB-EGF的這一特殊作用。另外,在動(dòng)物模型試驗(yàn)中HB-EGF同樣可以保護(hù)小腸I/R損傷的周細(xì)胞。由于周細(xì)胞在調(diào)節(jié)毛細(xì)血管血流及再生的過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵的作用,因此HB-EGF對(duì)小腸I/R損傷后微循環(huán)血流的調(diào)節(jié)與其對(duì)周細(xì)胞的促有絲分裂作用和抗凋亡作用有關(guān)。
綜上所述,HB-EGF不僅可以通過(guò)對(duì)抗炎性反應(yīng)、改善腸道微循環(huán)灌注來(lái)保護(hù)I/R小腸黏膜細(xì)胞,并且對(duì)腸道黏膜屏障功能也具有一定的保護(hù)作用,以此避免腸道黏膜通透性增加引發(fā)SIRS及MODS的發(fā)生,改善小腸I/R損傷的預(yù)后。同時(shí)一些研究表明,HB-EGF對(duì)小腸I/R損傷后遠(yuǎn)隔器官[43]及腦I/R損傷[44]也具有保護(hù)作用,表明HB-EGF具有全身性抗炎藥物的潛質(zhì)。但由于HB-EGF可介導(dǎo)腎臟I/R損傷的發(fā)生[45],因此HB-EGF是否可用于休克這種全身性低灌注情況的治療還有待于進(jìn)一步的研究。并且HB-EGF抗細(xì)胞凋亡、保護(hù)腸道黏膜屏障功能及改善微循環(huán)灌注的機(jī)制并未完全明確,因此還需要大量實(shí)驗(yàn)研究來(lái)闡明其保護(hù)機(jī)制,為HB-EGF應(yīng)用于臨床提供有力支持。
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150086 哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院麻醉科/黑龍江省普通高等學(xué)校麻醉基礎(chǔ)理論與應(yīng)用研究重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室
李文志,E-mail:wenzhili9@126.com
10.3969 / j.issn.1671-6450.2014.04.037
2013-09-05)