周璐,范占明,張兆琪,徐磊,于薇,晏子旭,姜紅
薈萃分析
CT肺動(dòng)脈造影與MR診斷肺動(dòng)脈栓塞臨床價(jià)值的 Meta分析
周璐,范占明,張兆琪,徐磊,于薇,晏子旭,姜紅
目的對(duì)CT肺動(dòng)脈造影與MR評(píng)估肺動(dòng)脈栓塞(PE)的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值進(jìn)行Meta分析。方法網(wǎng)絡(luò)檢索中英文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)MEDLINE、EMBASE、Cochrane圖書館、CBM、CNKI和萬方數(shù)據(jù)等,搜集公開發(fā)表的關(guān)于CT肺動(dòng)脈造影與肺動(dòng)脈MR評(píng)估PE的文獻(xiàn),應(yīng)用STATA12.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)合并,計(jì)算診斷試驗(yàn)的敏感性、特異性和ROC曲線下面積(AUC)。結(jié)果共16項(xiàng)研究1 497例受試對(duì)象納入Meta分析,其中應(yīng)用CT肺動(dòng)脈造影評(píng)價(jià)PE 11項(xiàng)研究,MR檢查5項(xiàng)研究。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示CT肺動(dòng)脈造影和MR評(píng)價(jià)PE的敏感性分別為0.79(95%CI 0.75~0.83)和0.54(95%CI 0.48~0.60),特異性分別為0.90(95%CI 0.87~0.93)和0.98(95%CI 0.96~1.00);CT肺動(dòng)脈造影和MR評(píng)價(jià)PE的AUC分別為0.94(95%CI 0.92~0.96)和0.99(95%CI 0.97~0.99)。結(jié)論CT肺動(dòng)脈造影與MR評(píng)估PE的準(zhǔn)確性較高,可作為臨床評(píng)估PE的有效方法。
肺動(dòng)脈栓塞;CT;核磁共振成像;Meta分析
肺動(dòng)脈栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)臨床上較為常見[1],為內(nèi)源性或外源性栓子堵塞肺動(dòng)脈或其分支引起肺循環(huán)障礙的臨床和病理生理綜合征。其中最主要、最常見的類型為肺動(dòng)脈血栓栓塞(pulmonary thromboembolism,PTE),還包括其他以肺血栓性栓子栓塞為病因的類型,如脂肪栓塞、羊水栓塞、空氣栓塞、異物栓塞和腫瘤栓塞。肺動(dòng)脈栓塞后發(fā)生肺出血或壞死者稱肺梗死(pulmonary infarction)。肺動(dòng)脈栓塞主要表現(xiàn)為三聯(lián)征,包括胸痛、呼吸困難和咯血,但大多數(shù)情況下并非所有患者都表現(xiàn)出上述癥狀,通過臨床癥狀診斷PE往往敏感性和特異性較低,易造誤診或漏診。近年來隨著影像學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,CT動(dòng)脈造影和MR被逐漸用于PE的診斷,影像學(xué)技術(shù)在PE診斷方面顯現(xiàn)出了巨大的優(yōu)勢(shì),但由于各研究樣本量較小,統(tǒng)計(jì)效能較低,其對(duì)PE的診斷價(jià)值一直存在爭(zhēng)議。因此,本研究采用循證醫(yī)學(xué)的方法,對(duì)既往關(guān)于CT和MR作為檢測(cè)手段評(píng)估PE的臨床診斷試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行匯總并對(duì)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行Meta分析,探討CT肺動(dòng)脈造影與MR用于評(píng)價(jià)PE的臨床價(jià)值。
1.1 文獻(xiàn)入選與排除 文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表語言:英語和漢語;研究類型:前瞻性對(duì)照研究;研究對(duì)象:臨床上可疑PE患者;診斷金標(biāo)準(zhǔn):肺動(dòng)脈造影。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索 采用關(guān)鍵詞與自由詞結(jié)合的方式進(jìn)行檢索相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),EDLINE、EMBASE、Cochrane等英文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)檢索詞為 “pulmonary embolism/PE”“Computer tomography” “Magnetic resonance image” 。CBM、CNKI和萬方數(shù)據(jù)等中文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)檢索詞為以“肺動(dòng)脈栓塞” “計(jì)算機(jī)輔助成像”“磁共振成像”。同時(shí)為避免文獻(xiàn)丟失,我們還對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了手工檢索,以發(fā)現(xiàn)可能合格的相關(guān)研究報(bào)道。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)提取 根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)文獻(xiàn)檢索和文獻(xiàn)篩查,納入符合要求的文獻(xiàn)并剔除不符合要求的文獻(xiàn),對(duì)于符合要求的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)提取。提取的內(nèi)容有:作者姓名、文章發(fā)表時(shí)間、研究實(shí)施所在地區(qū)、待評(píng)價(jià)診斷試驗(yàn)、入組患者人數(shù)及待評(píng)價(jià)試驗(yàn)的敏感性、特異性、真陽(yáng)性、假陽(yáng)性、假陰性、真陰性。文獻(xiàn)納入采用雙人平行評(píng)價(jià)的方法,對(duì)于存在爭(zhēng)議的數(shù)據(jù)則請(qǐng)教相關(guān)專家或與第三人討論,最終決定是否納入。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用STATA12.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,將提取的數(shù)據(jù)輸入數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(EXCEL),統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性采用Q統(tǒng)計(jì)量的I2檢驗(yàn),I2<50%認(rèn)為各研究間不存在異質(zhì)性,采用固定效應(yīng)模式(fixed effect model)進(jìn)行合并;如果I2>50%則認(rèn)為各研究間存在異質(zhì),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型(randomized effect model)進(jìn)行合并。分別合并診斷實(shí)驗(yàn)的敏感性、特異性、陽(yáng)性似然比、陰性似然比,STATA 11.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件繪制合并后的受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線,計(jì)算曲線下面積(AUC)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索 依據(jù)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),檢索相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),初檢索到關(guān)于CT肺動(dòng)脈造影與MR評(píng)估PE的臨床研究文獻(xiàn)共521篇。進(jìn)一步通過瀏覽文獻(xiàn)的題目和摘要,排除明顯不符合要求的研究505項(xiàng),結(jié)果納入文獻(xiàn)16篇,納入分析的文獻(xiàn)具體特征見表1。
2.2 異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn) 提取16篇原始文獻(xiàn)中的診斷真陽(yáng)性、假陽(yáng)性、真陰性和假陰性,并根據(jù)其具體數(shù)值計(jì)算診斷試驗(yàn)敏感性和特異性的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性。異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,診斷的敏感性和特異性均存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)合并。
表1 納入相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的基本特征
2.3 敏感性和特異性 采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型對(duì)納入分析的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行合并,根據(jù)貝葉斯定理計(jì)算合并的敏感性和特異性,CT肺動(dòng)脈造影和MR評(píng)價(jià)PE的敏感性分別為0.79(95%CI 0.75~0.83)和0.54(95%CI 0.48~0.60),特異性分別為0.90(95%CI 0.87~0.93)、0.98(95%CI 0.96~1.00)。見圖1。
注:a.CT敏感性;b.CT特異性;c.MR敏感性;d.MR特異性
2.4 診斷效能 CT肺動(dòng)脈造影和MR評(píng)價(jià)PE的AUC分別為0.94(95%CI 0.92~0.96)和0.99(95%CI 0.97~0.99)。見圖2、3。
圖2 CT診斷PE的ROC曲線
圖3 MR診斷PE的ROC曲線
PE在臨床診療工作中并不少見,來自意大利的流行病學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,PE的年發(fā)病率大約在100/10萬,但我國(guó)關(guān)于PE發(fā)病率的流行病學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)尚無報(bào)道[13]。PE患者臨床表現(xiàn)多樣且無特異性,根據(jù)患者臨床特征進(jìn)行診斷準(zhǔn)確性較低。
近年來隨著影像學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)展,CT肺動(dòng)脈造影和MR在評(píng)估PE方面發(fā)揮了重要的作用。CT肺動(dòng)脈造影可清晰觀察到位于肺動(dòng)脈主干、葉、段肺動(dòng)脈內(nèi)的栓子,影像學(xué)上表現(xiàn)為肺動(dòng)脈內(nèi)充盈缺損及血管截?cái)啵⒏鶕?jù)其特異性影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)判斷患者是否發(fā)生PE。本文共納入11篇CT動(dòng)脈造影評(píng)價(jià)PE的文獻(xiàn),合并分析其診斷PE的敏感性為0.79(95%CI 0.75~0.83),特異性為0.90(95%CI 0.87~0.93),診斷試驗(yàn)的AUC為0.94(95%CI 0.92~0.96),其評(píng)價(jià)PE的敏感性和特異性均較高,且有較高的診斷效能。
一般情況下MR可對(duì)段以上肺動(dòng)脈進(jìn)行良好的顯像,理論上其評(píng)價(jià)段以上肺動(dòng)脈內(nèi)栓子的敏感性和特異性較高,有研究報(bào)道,MR評(píng)估肺段以上栓子的敏感性為75%~100%,特異性為42%~100%,與CT肺動(dòng)脈造影相似[16],但MR檢測(cè)本身不需使用造影劑,操作更為簡(jiǎn)便快捷,這一點(diǎn)對(duì)于致死率較高且需快速診斷的PE患者來說至關(guān)重要;同時(shí)MR可對(duì)血栓的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析,判斷血栓的新舊程度,為確定溶栓治療提供依據(jù)。本研究對(duì)5個(gè)前瞻性研究進(jìn)行了合并分析,結(jié)果顯示,MR評(píng)價(jià)PE的敏感性為0.54(95%CI 0.48~0.60),特異性為0.98(95%CI 0.96~1.00),ROC曲線下面積為0.99(95%CI 0.97~0.99),其診斷的敏感性較低,但特異性非常高,臨床上可應(yīng)用其特異性較高的特點(diǎn)作為PE的確診手段。ROC曲線是一種準(zhǔn)確、全面評(píng)價(jià)診斷試驗(yàn)的有效方法,根據(jù)Swets[18]的研究結(jié)果,AUC<0.5時(shí)無診斷價(jià)值;0.5≤AUC<0.7時(shí)有較低的準(zhǔn)確性;0.7≤AUC<0.9時(shí)有較高的準(zhǔn)確性;AUC≥0.9時(shí)準(zhǔn)確性最高。本研究中Meta分析顯示CT肺動(dòng)脈造影和MR評(píng)價(jià)PE的AUC分別為0.94、0.99,提示CT肺動(dòng)脈造影和MR作為判斷PE的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)其診斷準(zhǔn)確性較高。
總之,研究提示CT動(dòng)脈造影和MR是無創(chuàng)或微創(chuàng)診斷PE的較好方法,具有較好的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。同時(shí)隨著影像學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,CT肺動(dòng)脈造影和MR將為PE診斷和治療提供更為可靠的臨床資料。
1 鐘偉,鄭舒展,羊富彬,等. 肺栓塞79例臨床診治分析[J]. 疑難病雜志,2011,10(3):222-224.
2 Van Strijen MJ,De Monye W,Kieft GJ,et al. Accuracy of single-detector spiral CT in the diagnosiSof pulmonary embolism:a prospective multicenter cohort study of consecutive patientSwith abnormal perfusion scintigraphy[J]. J Thromb Haemost,2005,3(1):17-25.
3 VelmahoSGC,ToutouzaSKG,Vassiliu P,et al. Can we rely on computed tomographic scanning to diagnose pulmonary embolism in critically ill surgical patients[J].J Trauma,2004,56(3):518-525; discussion 525-526.
4 Winer-Muram HT,Rydberg J,Johnson MS,et al. Suspected acute pulmonary embolism:evaluation with multi-detector row CT versuSdigital subtraction pulmonary arteriography[J]. Radiology,2004,233(3):806-815.
5 Ruiz Y,Caballero P,Caniego JL,et al.Prospective comparison of helical CT with angiography in pulmonary embolism:global and selective vascular territory analysis. Interobserver agreement[J]. Eur Radiol,2003,13(4):823-829.
6 Nilson T,Soderberg M,Lundqvist G,et al.A comparison of spiral computed tomography and latex agglutination D-dimer assay in acute pulmonary embolism using pulmonary arteriography aSgold standard[J]. Scand Cardiovasc J,2002,36(6):373-377.
7 Qanadli SD,Hajjam ME,Mesurolle B,et al. Pulmonary embolism detection:prospective evaluation of dual-section helical CT versuSselective pulmonary arteriography in 157 patients[J]. Radiology,2000,217(2):447-455.
8 Drucker EA,Rivitz SM,Shepard JA,et al. Acute pulmonary embolism:assessment of helical CT for diagnosis[J]. Radiology,1998,209(1):235-241.
9 Remy-Jardin M,Remy J,Deschildre F,et al. DiagnosiSof pulmonary embolism with spiral CT:comparison with pulmonary angiography and scintigraphy[J]. Radiology,1996,200(3):699-706.
10 Goodman LR,Curtin JJ,Mewissen MW,et al. Detection of pulmonary embolism in patientSwith unresolved clinical and scintigraphic diagnosis:helical CT versuSangiography[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,1995,164(6):1369-1374.
11 Teigen CL,MauSTP,Sheedy PF 2nd,et al. Pulmonary embolism:diagnosiSwith contrast-enhanced electron-beam CT and comparison with pulmonary angiography[J]. Radiology,1995,194(2):313-319.
12 Remy-Jardin M,Remy J,Wattinne L,et al. Central pulmonary thromboembolism:diagnosiSwith spiral volumetric CT with the single-breath-hold technique-comparison with pulmonary angiography[J]. Radiology,1992,185(2):381-387.
13 Rajaram S,Swift AJ,Capener D,et al. Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced MR angiography and unenhanced proton MR imaging compared with CT pulmonary angiography in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension[J]. Eur Radiol,2012,22(2):310-317.
14 Stein PD,Chenevert TL,Fowler SE,et al. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography for pulmonary embolism:a multicenter prospective study (PIOPED III) [J]. Ann Intern Med,2010,152(7):434-43,W142-143.
15 Kluge A,Luboldt W,Bachmann G. Acute pulmonary embolism to the subsegmental level:diagnostic accuracy of three MRI techniqueScompared with 16-MDCT[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2006,187(1):W7-14.
16 Pleszewski B,Chartrand-Lefebvre C,Qanadli SD,et al. Gadolinium-enhanced pulmonary magnetic resonance angiography in the diagnosiSof acute pulmonary embolism:a prospective study on 48 patients[J]. Clin Imaging,2006,30(3):166-172.
17 Ohno Y,Higashino T,Takenaka D,et al. MR angiography with sensitivity encoding (SENSE) for suspected pulmonary embolism:comparison with MDCT and ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol,2004,183(1):91-98.
18 SwetSJA. ROC analysiSapplied to the evaluation of medical imaging techniques[J]. Invest Radiol,1979,14(2):109-121.
TheclinicalvalveofCTandMRintheassesofPE:AMeta-analysis
ZHOULu,FANZhanming,ZHANGZhaoqi,XULei,YUWei,YANZixu,JIANGHong.
DepartmentofRadiology,CapitalMedicalUniversityAffiliatedBeijingAnzhenHospital/BeijingInstituteofCardiopulmonaryVascularDisease,Beijing100029,ChinaCorrespondingauthor:FANZhanming,E-mail:fanzm120@126.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the CT and MR in the diagnosiSof pulmonary embolism(PE) by using evidence based medicine.MethodsBy searching MEDLINE,EMBSE,Cochrane library,CBM,CNKI and Wanfang dade et al,the prospective clinical trialSof the of CT and MR in the diagnosiSof pulmonary embolism (PE) were included in the Meta-analysis,then use STATA12.0 software to combine the data,calculate the sensitivity,specificity and area under ROC(AUC).Results16 paperSwere recruited in the study with 1 497 cases,including 11 paperSabout CT pulmonary artery angiography and 5 paperSabout MR exam. The pooled sensitivity,specificity,and ROC curve were 0.79 (95%CI 0.75-0.83),0.90 (95%CI 0.87-0.93) and 0.94 (95%CI 0.92-0.96) respectively for CT pulmonary artery angiography. And 0.54 (95%CI 0.48-0.60),0.98 (95%CI 0.96-1.00) and 0.99 (95%CI 0.97-0.99) respectively for MR.ConclusionCT pulmonary artery angiography and MR were relative high in the diagnosiSof PE,which can be a useful tool for non-invasive diagnosis.
Pulmonary artery embolism; Computer tomography; Magnetic resonance image; Meta-analysis
北京市自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(No.7132086)
100029 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院/北京市心肺血管疾病研究所影像科
范占明,E-mail:fanzm120@126.com
10.3969 / j.issn.1671-6450.2014.04.025
2014-10-20)