混凝土

Concrete

每生產(chǎn)1t水泥，就約有900kg的CO2被排放到大氣中。全世界每年生產(chǎn)36億t水泥，生產(chǎn)水泥的CO2排放量約占人類總排放量中的5%。迫于政府和輿論的監(jiān)督，水泥生產(chǎn)商們正在想辦法提高自己的業(yè)績(jī)和聲譽(yù)。

For every ton of cement produced, nearly 900kg of CO2are emitted to the atmosphere. With an annual world production of 3.6 billion tons, cement production is responsible for about 5% of global CO2emissions caused by humans. Under scrutiny from governments and public opinion, cement producers are seeking ways to improve their track record and reputation.

制造水泥（混凝土的主要成分）消耗大量的化石燃料。人們?cè)诟?jìng)相找出減少這種消耗的方法。例如，使用與水泥特性類似的其他工業(yè)廢棄物。

Making cement, (the main ingredient of concrete), consumes massive amounts of fossil fuels. The race is on to find ways to off-set that consumption. For instance, by using materials with cement-like properties that are waste from other industries.

或者至少去掉所有結(jié)構(gòu)上不必要的混凝土。

Or at least to get rid of all the concrete that is structurally not necessary.

也許解決辦法不是少用混凝土，而是少用每種東西。這種實(shí)驗(yàn)性的“超輕質(zhì)混凝土”能同時(shí)承重和保溫，從而避免了對(duì)覆層或內(nèi)表面處理的需要。

Perhaps the solution is not to use less concrete, but to use less of everything else. This experimental "ultra light concrete" is load bearing and insulating at the same time, thereby revoking the need for cladding or interior finishes.

使用替代燃料是另一種選擇，但在數(shù)千立方米混凝土中的微量稀釋危險(xiǎn)化學(xué)廢棄物也是可怕的。

Using alternative fuels is another option, but diluting traces of dangerous chemical wastes over thousands of m3of concrete is scary.

輕質(zhì)水泥使建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的重量更輕，從而再次限制了豎直承重結(jié)構(gòu)。

Making lighter cements weighs less on the rest of the structure, thus again limiting the vertical bearing structure.

溝通總是關(guān)鍵。這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)的形狀意在象征“平衡”以及可持續(xù)建設(shè)的三重目標(biāo)。

As always communication is key. The shape of this award is meant to symbolize “balance” and the three-fold objectives of sustainable construction.

還有一種方法是開發(fā)強(qiáng)度更高的混凝土。更好的性能意味著組件尺寸和消耗材料的量都可以減少。

Another approach is to develop stronger concretes. Better performances mean that component dimensions and the amounts of materials consumed can be reduced.

一些輕質(zhì)水泥含有很多氣泡，可以作為保溫材料，同時(shí)提高能量效率。

Some lightweight cements contain so many gas bubbles that they can also be used as insulating material, simultaneously offering increased energy efficiency.

它被授予一個(gè)只用了一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)水泥的不起眼的項(xiàng)目。

It was awarded to a humble project that, remarkably, used only a little bit of cement.

1 “混凝土”展臺(tái)/The table of "Concrete"

評(píng)論

何可人：完全摒棄不環(huán)保的混凝土，目前來看是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的，絞盡腦汁的研發(fā)人員從幾個(gè)方面來考慮：1）用其他材料代替水泥；2）盡可能少地用混凝土。精心計(jì)算使在不需要受力的地方去掉混凝土，這樣不僅用料少，還減輕了自重荷載；加氣混凝土自重輕并且可以替代保溫材料，既減少材料，又減輕自重……在這個(gè)思路下設(shè)計(jì)的建筑是可實(shí)現(xiàn)的，但是需要設(shè)計(jì)人員和材料廠家的精心考慮和配合。

張利：現(xiàn)代混凝土是工業(yè)化時(shí)代的基本材料?；炷烈欢ㄊ桥c污染、碳排放和不可持續(xù)性聯(lián)系在一起的么？工業(yè)化本身的問題是不可修復(fù)的么？這里給出的答案是否定的。展出的空腔混凝土就是一個(gè)美好的混凝土的例子。

Comments

HE Keren:Although concrete is not an ecologically friendly material, it is not realistic to abandon it entirely. People have to consider the options： using another material to replace cement or minimizing the role of concrete in a design. With careful calculation we can remove concrete in beams in the areas where there is no need for it, thus saving material and reducing its load. A type of porous concrete is so light that it can be used as both the load bearing wall and its insulation. These sorts of strategies for improving the sustainability of concrete are realistic but they rely on the concerted effort and active cooperation of designers, engineers and manufacturers.

ZHANG Li:The concrete is a basic building material after industrialization. But is it always dirty, carbon emitting and unsustainable? Are the problems of industrialization unsolvable? The answer here is no.The cavity concrete on display is a beautiful example.

2 CO2/水泥實(shí)驗(yàn)室樣品。能源密集型水泥部分由生產(chǎn)鋼的高爐廢渣所取代。樣品用來測(cè)試不同混合物的機(jī)械性能。

Laboratory samples of CO2/cement. Energy intensive cement is in part replaced by slag from steel producing blast furnace ovens. The samples were made to test the mechanical properties of different mixtures.

CO2/水泥，建筑材料二次資源（SReBMat），魯汶大學(xué)，魯汶（比利時(shí)），2012年/CO2/cement by Secondary Resources for Building Materials (SReBMat), KU Leuven, Leuven (Belgium), 2012

3 演示混凝土樓板空心模系統(tǒng)的實(shí)體模型。容器由回收塑料制成，混凝土在承受結(jié)構(gòu)性應(yīng)力較小的樓板中形成氣孔。其結(jié)果是混凝土整體消耗降低，板坯重量減輕，從而減少了整個(gè)支撐結(jié)構(gòu)的靜載。

Mock-up demonstrating a system of void formers for concrete floor slabs. The containers, made from recycled plastic, create pockets of air in the concrete at places where the floor slabs undergo less structural stresses. The result is an overall reduction of concrete consumption and slab weight, hence a reduction of the dead load on the entire support structure.

項(xiàng)目/Project： 超薄型空心模，Cobiax ，瑞士，2004年/Slimline Void Formers by Cobiax, Switzerland, 2004

4 承重墻蒸壓加氣混凝土砌塊。據(jù)制造商所說，該材料可用于被動(dòng)式建筑，而不需要進(jìn)一步的保溫層。

Building blocks in autoclaved cellular concrete for load bearing walls. According to the manufacturer, the materials can be used for passive construction, without the need for further insulation layers.

Passifbloc，Cellumat，比利時(shí)，2012年/Passifbloc by Cellumat, Belgium, 2012

5、6 特隆赫姆科技大學(xué)（NTNU）混凝土創(chuàng)新中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室的3個(gè)樣品，顯示用薄鋼板纖維代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)鋼筋加固的混凝土。

a.圓柱試樣（圖5上）

b.在抗壓試驗(yàn)中被粉碎后的樣品碎片。在測(cè)試之前，樣品被放置在CT掃描儀中，確定澆注過程后纖維定向是否與預(yù)測(cè)相對(duì)應(yīng)（圖5下）。

c.經(jīng)受工字梁剪切試驗(yàn)的相同混凝土中的工字梁切片（圖6）Three samples from the labs of the Concrete Innovation Centre at the Technical University of Trondheim (NTNU), showing concrete reinforced with thin steel fibres instead of traditional rebar.

a. Cylindrical sample (Fig. 5, up)

b. Fragments of a sample after being crushed in a compression test. Prior to the test, the sample was placed in a CT scan to verify whether fibre orientation, as a result of the pouring process, corresponded to predictions (Fig. 5, down).

c. Slice of an I-beam in the same concrete that underwent an I-beam shear test (Fig. 6)

項(xiàng)目/Project： 鋼纖維加強(qiáng)混凝土，COIN，特隆赫姆科技大學(xué)，特隆赫姆（挪威），2012年/Steel-Fibre Reinforced Concrete by COIN, NTNU, Trondheim (Norway), 2012

7 表示fibreC制造過程的圖片，fibreC是一種由玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)水泥制成的薄覆層材料。這些圖片是Domus建筑雜志2011年“綠色能源”專輯中一幅圖片的一部分，號(hào)稱fibreC是一種可持續(xù)材料，一種“解決問題的混凝土”。

Images illustrating the manufacturing of fibreC, a thin cladding material made from glass fibre reinforced cement. The images were part of a piece in a 2011 "Green Energy" issue of Domus architecture magazine, touting fibreC as a sustainable material and a "problem solving concrete".

fibreC，里德爾，奧地利，2004年/fibreC by Rieder, Austria, 2004

8 促進(jìn)對(duì)“未來智能建筑材料”探索的漢堡IBA （國(guó)際建筑展覽會(huì)）住宅方案?！按屋p質(zhì)混凝土”同時(shí)承重和保溫：“承重結(jié)構(gòu)保持內(nèi)外暴露，沒有任何額外的表面處理或冷橋問題?！?/p>

a. 模型（1：20）

b.“次輕質(zhì)混凝土”樣品

Dwelling proposed for the Hamburg IBA (International Building Exhibition) that promotes an exploration of "smart construction materials of the future". The curved walls, in a special "infralightweight concrete", are both load-bearing and insulating： “The bearing structure remains exposed both inside and outside, without any additional finishes or cold bridge problems."

a. Model (1：20)

b. Sample of "infra-lightweight concrete"

項(xiàng)目/Project： 智能材料房，巴考-萊賓格建筑師事務(wù)所，漢堡（德國(guó)），2010年/Smart Material House by Barkow Leibinger, Hamburg (Germany), 2010

9、10 一位柏林建筑師憑借在他的家鄉(xiāng)布基納法索建造的被動(dòng)式通風(fēng)學(xué)校獲獎(jiǎng)。授獎(jiǎng)方豪瑞集團(tuán)是世界領(lǐng)先的水泥和骨料的供應(yīng)商。“豪瑞基金會(huì)很榮幸把金獎(jiǎng)?lì)C給這個(gè)項(xiàng)目，并對(duì)來自凱雷建筑事務(wù)所和甘多社區(qū)的團(tuán)隊(duì)致力于從事超出建筑本身的可持續(xù)性發(fā)展表示敬意。我們也被告知，疊貝多·弗朗西斯·凱雷已把從豪瑞大獎(jiǎng)賽收到的所有獎(jiǎng)金用于該項(xiàng)目?！?/p>

a. 頒獎(jiǎng)典禮圖片（圖9）

b. 獎(jiǎng)杯（圖10）

A Berlin based architect from Burkina Faso won a prize for a school with passive ventilation built in his native town. Holcim, who presented the prize, is one of the world’s leading suppliers of cement and aggregates. "The Holcim Foundation is proud to present the gold award to this project, and honor the commitment of the team from Kéré Architecture and the Gando community to engage in sustainability beyond construction. We also acknowledge that Diébédo Francis Kéré has allocated all prize money received from the Holcim Awards competition to the project."

a. Image of the award ceremony (Fig. 9)

b. The award itself (Fig. 10)

項(xiàng)目/Project： 甘多小學(xué)，凱雷建筑事務(wù)所，甘多（布基納法索），2001年/Gando Primary School by Kéré Architecture, Gando (Burkina Faso), 2001

11-13 一所由壓縮土磚建成的小學(xué)的圖片。當(dāng)?shù)販囟雀哌_(dá)35℃，所以被動(dòng)式散熱是該建筑設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)注點(diǎn)。屋頂天篷和樹木提供遮蔭，而土墻賦予建筑物良好的熱惰性。土磚砌成的天花板被穿孔，以利于自然通風(fēng)。

“建筑師需要使當(dāng)?shù)厝诵欧惩恋哪途眯院蛷?qiáng)度，粘土以與混凝土相似的方式澆注和鑄造，通過添加一小部分水泥提高其結(jié)構(gòu)性能。這種建造方式使用從鄰近村莊收集的粘土和石頭，并引入了新的和更加可持續(xù)的建造技術(shù)?！?/p>

Images of a primary school built from compressed earth blocks. With local temperatures of up to 35°C, the building is designed with passive cooling in mind. The roof canopy and trees provide shade while the earth walls confer the building with good thermal inertia. The earth block ceiling is perforated to facilitate natural ventilation.

"The architect needed to convince the locals of the durability and strength of clay which is poured and cast similar to concrete, improving its structural performance by adding a small proportion of cement. The approach uses clay and stones that are collected from land adjacent to the village, and introduces new and more sustainable construction techniques."

項(xiàng)目/Project： 甘多小學(xué)，凱雷建筑事務(wù)所，甘多（布基納法索），2001年/Gando Primary School by Kéré Architecture, Gando (Burkina Faso), 2001（攝影/Photos： Erik-Jan Ouwerkerk）