升級

Upscaling

他們認為全球變暖是緊迫問題，而可持續(xù)性是解決方法。因此，對于可操作性的需求，以及盡快找到一種人類設(shè)想的最聰明、最雄心勃勃的最佳解決方案的需求越來越大。他們的想法似乎是，如果我們能想出解決方案，我們就可以在最短的時間里提升它們并改變我們的命運。

They see global warming as the urgent problem, and sustainability as the solution. Hence the increased need for operationalization, for a way to "roll out" the best solutions conceived of by humanity’s brightest and most ambitious, as fast as possible. Their idea seems to be that, if we can imagine the solutions, we can upscale them in record time and change our destiny.

將社會、環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟目標綁在一起，“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”的概念使行業(yè)和政府有可能追求一個共同的議程。

Tying together social, environmental and economic goals, the notion “sustainable development” made it possible for industries and governments to pursue a common agenda.

沒有一個國家或行業(yè)不希望在“下一次工業(yè)革命”中有一個良好的開端。

There isn't a country or an industry that doesn't want a head start in "the next industrial revolution".

意想不到的問題出現(xiàn)……

Unexpected problems arise…

外交渠道被用于推動當?shù)禺a(chǎn)業(yè)。

Diplomatic channels are used to push local industries.

……某些過于成功的運動，卻以失敗告終。之后采取激烈的反向措施，在市民和商業(yè)中造成混亂。

…and certain, too successful campaigns, end up backfiring. Drastic counter measures are then called for, leaving citizens and businesses in disarray.

公司以可持續(xù)性來推銷他們的產(chǎn)品，國家也支持它們，希望在促成一個更美好的環(huán)境的同時，刺激經(jīng)濟增長。

Companies market their products as sustainable, states support them in the hope of contributing to a better environment, while stimulating economic growth.

但是，并不是所有都既適用于小的尺度，也適用于大規(guī)模。

But not everything that works on a small scale, also works on a large scale.

從未有人說過，轉(zhuǎn)型到一個平衡社會的過程中不會伴有一些不平衡。

Nobody ever said that the transition to a balanced society wouldn't cause some unbalance along the way.

1 “升級”展臺/The table of "Upscaling"

評論

周宇舫：人類對于生活品質(zhì)的訴求和對于自身的錯誤的反思，是推動文明發(fā)展的動力。綠色建筑理念所引起的建造革命，產(chǎn)生了新的建筑范式。然而，急于求成的擴大化傾向，將一個時期的建造活動，作為一個近乎失控的實物性試驗，所帶來的結(jié)果也可能是失敗的。那么，誰來“清潔”這個試驗的“尾氣”？難道人類的文明發(fā)展已經(jīng)到了靠解決自身導(dǎo)致的問題作為動力的時代？黃偉文：可持續(xù)發(fā)展模式成為新一輪產(chǎn)業(yè)升級甚至革命的旗幟，各國家地區(qū)和行業(yè)都不甘落后。但古話說“欲速則不達”，有很多行業(yè)技術(shù)和標準其實是有缺陷甚至適得其反。像展覽提到的泡沫保溫層的易燃性，已經(jīng)燒著了北京奧運后的CCTV附樓和世博會后的上海高樓。展覽還展示了長沙遠大想在7個月內(nèi)建成世界第一高樓的“天空之城”計劃。策展團隊Rotor非常納悶視頻里的配樂為何如此雄壯高亢，并追問我這一計劃的可能性。我怎么向他解釋，像張躍這代中國人經(jīng)歷的更雄壯高亢的躍進時代，和現(xiàn)在仍然遍布神洲大地各種農(nóng)家院落里的汽車、飛機、潛艇的個人研發(fā)現(xiàn)象？當然，想到體系和規(guī)范框架內(nèi)創(chuàng)新的更加乏力，我只能對他說，這是中國的另類創(chuàng)新，為什么不讓其試試呢？也許高手真的在民間，只是這配樂嘛……調(diào)門確實高了些。

Comments

ZHOU Yufang:Man's pursuit of an improving quality of life and his reflection on his own mistakes couple to create the force that propels civilization. And the idea of "green architecture" has kindled a construction revolution and a new architectural paradigm. But our desire for growth (quality of life addiction) could turn this construction into an uncontrollable experiment, one that will probably fail. Who is going to "clean the exhaust" of this experiment? Are we heading into a time when human beings develop only by correcting our own mistakes?

HUANG Weiwen:Sustainable development has become the vanguard of economic upgrading all over the world. Various countries, regions and industrial sectors are competing to be pioneers in what may even be considered as a new industrial revolution. But there is a popular saying, "haste makes waste." Quite a few industrial technologies and standards are flawed or even counterproductive. Take the OAT exhibition's display of foam polystyrene insulation materials as an example. This highly flammable material caught fire in two highly publicized incidents, Beijing's CCTV tower, built shortly after the Olympic games, and a high-rise tower in Shanghai, built shortly after the World Expo.The exhibition also displays the "Sky City" Plan of the Changsha Yuanda Group, who planned to construct and complete the world tallest building within seven months. Rotor, the curators of the exhibition, were very puzzled that the soundtrack of Yuanda's exhibit was as majestic and sonorous as it was. They kept on asking me about the feasibility of their plan. How could I answer their questions? They haven't lived in the fast paced, but majestic and sonorous, era that Yuanda's founder ZHANG Yue has experienced in China. How can I tell them about the current crop of innovation found everywhere in China, even in rural courtyards? Compared to the rigid government's rigid institutions, these exciting innovators, designing cars, airplanes, submarines, and even enormous buildings, represent an alternate outlet for creativity that is worth trying out. These innovators exist outside the government run research institutes, with the people. That being said, maybe these curators were right, perhaps the soundtrack is a bit too majestic.

2 描繪在一棟1980年代辦公樓屋頂上安裝太陽能電池板的效果圖，這是將其轉(zhuǎn)換成一個“發(fā)電站”工程的一部分，該建筑產(chǎn)生的能量超過其使用者消耗的能量。

“據(jù)我們所知，以前沒有對現(xiàn)存建筑翻修后能達到這種能源標準。這是獨一無二的，但也是任何人都可以做到的”，建筑事務(wù)所的董事兼合伙人托森說。

Render showing solar panels being installed on the rooftop of a 1980's office building as part of the changes made to convert it into a "powerhouse", a building that produces more energy than its occupants consume.

"As far as we know, no one has previously renovated an existing office building to this energy standard. This is unique, yet it is something anyone can do", says Thorsen, director and partner in the architectural firm.

項目/Project： 桑維卡Kj?rbo發(fā)電站，F(xiàn)utureBuilt、Sn?hetta、Skanska、ZERO、Hydro、Entra Eidom，桑維卡（挪威），2014年/Powerhouse Kj?rbo in Sandvika by FutureBuilt, Sn?hetta, Skanska, ZERO, Hydro, Entra Eidom, Sandvika (Norway), 2014

3 這個由預(yù)制元件組裝、計劃在6個月內(nèi)建成、高830m的220層大樓，欲成為世界上最高的大樓。該大樓將容納超過1.7萬住戶，將相當于整個城市的人集中在一個建筑物中。施工計劃于2013年6月開始。工程由于涉及到許可證的問題而被叫停。圖為預(yù)組裝廠和運送預(yù)制樓板的照片。

Planned to be built in six months, this 830m and 220-storey tower, assembled from prefabricated elements, aspires to become the world's tallest tower. The tower will house more than 17 000 residents, concentrating the equivalent of an entire city into a single building. Construction was scheduled to begin in June 2013. Works were halted due to complications with permits. Photographs of the pre-assembly factory and transport of prefabricated floorplates.

項目/Project： 天空之城，遠大可持續(xù)建筑公司，長沙（中國），2014年/Sky City One by Broad Sustainable Building, Changsha (China), 2014（攝影/ Photos： Noah Sheldon）

4 歐盟用來測試紫外線激活二氧化鈦吸收交通排放二氧化氮顆粒的能力、而在隧道中安裝裝置的圖片。沒有記錄到明顯的污染減排。該紫外燈有限的能力以及空氣濕度，被認為是導(dǎo)致測試不能復(fù)制在實驗室條件下得到結(jié)果的原因。

環(huán)境管理部門的弗蘭斯·菲倫斯表示：“幾個類似的試驗已經(jīng)失敗了?？諝庹叩谋举|(zhì)應(yīng)該是避免空氣污染，而不是清潔受到污染的空氣。”

Image of an installation set up in a tunnel by a European consortium to test the capacity of titanium dioxide activated by UV light to absorb NO2particles emitted by traffic. No noticeable pollution reduction was registered. The limited capacity of the UV lighting, as well as the air humidity, were given as reasons for the failure of the test to replicate results obtained in laboratory conditions.

Frans Fierens of the environmental administration comments："Several similar tests had already failed. The essence of air policy should be to avoid air pollution, not the cleaning of polluted air."光催化治理演示，PhotoPAQ，布魯塞爾（比利時），2013年/Demonstration of photocatalytic remediation by PhotoPAQ, Brussels (Belgium), 2013

5 2009年聯(lián)合國氣候變化大會“丹麥專有技術(shù)”展示用學(xué)生服務(wù)設(shè)施。該建筑是由科技創(chuàng)新局出資，輔以私人合作伙伴（包括威盧克斯公司、洛科威公司、Veks?、可耐福和Danogips） 11%的實物贊助。圖為參觀該建筑物的俄羅斯總統(tǒng)梅德韋杰夫與丹麥官員合影。

A student services facility designed as a showcase of "Danish know-how" for the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference. The building was paid for by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, complemented with 11% of sponsoring in kind from private partners including： Velux, Rockwool, Veks?, Knauf and Danogips.

Image of the Russian President Medvedev and Danish officials visiting the building.

項目/Project：綠色燈塔，克里斯滕森建筑事務(wù)所，哥本哈根（丹麥），2009年/Green Lighthouse by Christensen & Co Arkitekter, Copenhagen (Denmark), 2009（攝影/Photo： Lizette Kabré）

6 西班牙首相拉霍伊特寫海報，用在一次針對禁止在西班牙使用離網(wǎng)型太陽能的新法律提案的抗議中。從2007年起，西班牙政府采取財政上的激勵措施，鼓勵人們在家庭和企業(yè)安裝光伏電池板。這些措施非常成功，現(xiàn)在光伏容量已經(jīng)遠遠大于電力公司的處理能力，而補貼造成巨大的公共預(yù)算赤字。為此，政府轉(zhuǎn)而要求電力公司購買太陽能，并開始收太陽能發(fā)電稅。

Poster, featuring Spanish prime minister Rajoy, used at a protest against a new law proposal that would make off-grid solar energy consumption illegal in Spain. From 2007 onwards, the Spanish government provided financial incentives for people to install PV panels on homes and businesses. These measures proved so successful that the PV capacity is now far bigger than power companies can handle, while the subsidies cause huge public budget deficits. In response, the government reversed the obligation for power companies to buy solar energy and started taxing solar electricity production.

Rubén Gri?ena Cobo for Albasolar Energy，巴塞羅那（西班牙），2013年/Rubén Gri?ena Cobo for Albasolar Energy, Barcelona (Spain), 2013

7、8 德國《明鏡周刊》發(fā)表的燒毀立面的圖片。在德國，關(guān)于使用發(fā)泡聚苯乙烯保溫材料已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了爭議。在對房屋強制要求保溫值的政府法規(guī)的刺激下，對聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料的消費一直在急劇增加。雖然它常被認為是一種高性能且易于使用的產(chǎn)品，但反對意見強調(diào)，其高度易燃的特性構(gòu)成了一種嚴重的安全隱患。

Images of burnt facades published by the German magazine Der Spiegel. In Germany, controversy has arisen around the use of foamed polystyrene insulation materials. Stirred by government regulations imposing higher insulation values for houses, there has been a sharp increase in the consumption of polystyrene foam. While often considered a high-performance and easy-touse product, critics stress that its highly flammable properties pose a serious safety hazard.

保溫材料可燃性研究，不倫瑞克技術(shù)大學(xué)，不倫瑞克（德國），2005年/Research on Flammability of Insulation Materials by Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig (Germany), 2005（攝影/Photos： Güven Purtul）

9-11 一個為了優(yōu)化光伏發(fā)電、隔熱、通風(fēng)和照明的原型幾何體的參數(shù)化建模。

a.一個4層樓展館案例研究的模型（1：40，圖9）

b.已實現(xiàn)原型的照片，受一家當?shù)仉娏疚胁⒁云涿▓D10、11）

Parametric modelling of a prototype's geometry in order to optimise photovoltaic electricity production, insulation, ventilation and lighting.

a. Model (1：40) of a case study four-storey pavilion (Fig. 9)

b. Photos of the realised prototype, commissioned by and named after a local electricity company (Fig. 10, 11)

項目/Project：西班牙國家電力公司館，MaRGeN-lab協(xié)同加泰羅利亞高等建筑學(xué)院（IaaC）和西班牙國家電力公司，巴塞羅那（西班牙），2011年/Endesa Pavilion by MaRGeN-Lab with IaaC and Endesa, Barcelona (Spain), 2011（攝影/Photos：Adriá Goula）