活的表皮

Living Skins

通過模仿自然生物和棲息環(huán)境而實現“綠色”建筑最近越來越常見和流行。與各元素有關并且顯眼的外表皮開始起主導作用。從自生長建筑到像表皮細胞那樣反應的膜，墻體能不能有生命？

Witnessed recently and increasingly popular： the aspiration to "green" buildings by mimicking natural organisms and habitats. The lead role goes to the outer envelope that is in contact with the elements and very visible. From self-grown buildings to membranes that react like epidermal cells, can walls come to life?

垂直綠化墻瞬間成為可持續(xù)建筑的一種俗套。據說它們增加了生物多樣性，有助于過濾空氣和清晰的表達。

Vertical green walls instantly became a cliché of sustainable architecture. They are said to increase biodiversity, help filter air and communicate very clearly.

如果植被是經過精心挑選的，則綠化屋頂比較容易處理。它們具有增強保溫、提供更好的筑巢機會和限制雨水徑流的優(yōu)勢。但這些也并非顯而易見……

Green roofs are easier to handle, if their vegetation is well chosen. They offer the advantages of increasing insulation, offering better nesting opportunities and limiting storm water runoff. But they are also much less visible…

一種完全不同的方法，不去模仿天然環(huán)境，而是從生物中獲得新設計的靈感；這里是一種好像活著的材料。

A completely different approach that forgets about resembling a natural habitat and gets its inspiration from organisms for newly designed and engineered features; here is a material that behaves as if it were alive.

福特屋頂的建筑師也是所用系統(tǒng)專利的聯(lián)合擁有者。這是處于進行中的專利競爭的一部分。

The architect of the Ford Roof is co-author of a patent for the system used. It is part of a patent race currently taking place.

人類能否“有機”地種植建筑物，就像蝸牛建造自己的殼？

Could humans ever grow their buildings "organically", just like a snail builds its shell?

不廣為人知的是，當大規(guī)模安裝時，它們必然涉及到給植物提供水分和養(yǎng)分的復雜泵壓系統(tǒng)。

Less known is that when installed on a larger scale they necessarily involve complex systems of pumps to feed the plants with water and nutrients.

一個帶生物降解盤的競爭系統(tǒng)也申請了專利。

A competing system with biodegradable trays, also patented.

我們可不可以把多余的光線當作一種資源，用它來種植生物？值得為此努力嗎？

Can we think of surplus light as a resource, and use it to grow biomass? And is it ever going to be worth the effort?

1 “活的表皮”展臺/The table of "Living Skins"

評論

何可人：真正有機的仿生建筑應該是什么樣子？會像是“蝸牛的殼”嗎？比如說，這里展示的模數化的綠植墻面和屋頂技術，看似簡單，其實包含非常復雜的系統(tǒng)，從里到外都有專利，而且整個系統(tǒng)是智能化控制。既然是專利產品，這些技術就已經開始實施了。暢想那些被熏黑的廠房經過改造都被綠色所覆蓋，應該是美好的事。

孫凌波：相較于那些追求時尚和形式感的建筑表皮，這里所展現的針對模仿自然生物和環(huán)境的活表皮的探索和研究，至少還在追求某種實際的可持續(xù)層面的意義，盡管代價不斐……但是，當我們已經在自然之上踏下足跡，無論如何偽裝或模仿，也不如我們真的減少對自然的冒犯，控制自己建造和征服的欲望。與其追求活的表皮，不如擁有活的本質。

Comments

HE Keren: What is the skin of a truly organic building? Is it like the shell that's a growing part of a snail? The exhibition's modular panel system for green walls and roofs seems quite simple. But it's actually a complex intelligent system that's patented all the way through and it's one that is now being applied to real buildings. It would be nice to imagine all our smokedarkened factories covered with such a green skin.

SUN Lingbo:Compared with building skins that simply create fashionable patterns or forms, the research on living skins shown here, is at least trying to achieve some real sustainable benefit by mimicking natural organisms or habitats...despite the cost. But no matter how we disguise or mimic, buildings are never a part of nature. Maybe we should control our appetite for construction and the conquest of nature, reducing human intervention in the natural world instead. Maybe we should pursue a better life style rather than a living skin.

2 一個巴黎市委托的綠色墻立面的植物品種手繪圖。

Hand drawing detailing the plant species that make up a green wall facade commissioned by the City of Paris.

項目/Project： Le Mirage Vert (Rue d' Aboukir) ，帕特里克·布蘭克，巴黎（法國），2013年/Le Mirage Vert (Rue d' Aboukir) by Patrick Blanc, Paris (France) 2013

3 一個綠色立面或內墻系統(tǒng)的演示模型。這個獲得專利的系統(tǒng)由覆層軌道、防水墊板、排水層、灌溉管、含有水培生長介質的塑料盒、植被、排水渠道，以及一個抽水和營養(yǎng)設備中心組成的模塊板構成。整個系統(tǒng)通過一個自動的水管理系統(tǒng)運作，如有必要，用人工電力來確保植物的存活。

A demonstration model for a green facade or interior wall system. The patented system consists of modular panels made up of cladding rails, a waterproof backing board, a drainage layer, an irrigation pipe, plastic boxes containing the hydroponic growing medium, vegetation, a drain channel and a centre for pumping and nutrient dosing equipment. The whole system is programmed with an automatic water management system and, if necessary, artificial lightning to ensure the survival of the plants.

生物墻，Biotecture，博山姆（英國），2007年/Biowall by Biotecture, Bosham (UK), 2007

4、5 模塊化屋頂覆蓋系統(tǒng)專利集。越來越受歡迎、面積越來越大的屋頂綠化刺激了其建造和維護技術的專利系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展。例如，開發(fā)可以種植然后安裝的模塊化聯(lián)鎖盤，使土壤更容易運輸，并且保護其在安裝后不受風力侵蝕。目前，市場上有很多相互競爭的系統(tǒng)。

Collection of patents for modular roof covering systems. Increasingly popular and ever bigger green roofs have spurred on patented systems that rationalise their construction and maintenance. For instance, the development of modular interlocking trays that can be planted, then installed, make the transport of soil easier and protect the green roofs from wind erosion once installed. Many competing systems are currently on the market.

美國專利局/United States Patent Office： 2003-2011

6 -8 密歇根州迪爾伯恩福特胭脂河工廠圖片精選。該項目在《從搖籃到搖籃》一書中大量提及，這是一本關于需要重新設計工業(yè)生產流程的書，項目建筑師是此書的作者之一。

a 干預前的場地（圖6）

b 改造工程圖紙（圖7）

c 工廠的屋頂綠化（圖8）

Selection of press pack images of the Ford River Rouge Plant in Dearborn, Michigan. The project is referred to extensively in Cradle to Cradle, a book on the need to redesign industrial production processes, co-authored by the architect.

a. Site before intervention (Fig. 6)

b. Drawing of the renovation project (Fig. 7)

c. Green roof of the factory (Fig. 8)

項目/Project： 從搖籃到搖籃，威廉·麥克唐納，邁克爾·布朗嘉，弗吉尼亞州夏洛茨維爾（美國），2002年/Cradle to Cradle by William McDonough & Michael Braungart, Charlottesville VA (USA), 2002（攝影/Photos： courtesy of McDonough + Partners）

13 通過光學顯微鏡拍攝的一個響應溫度變化的生物聚合物薄膜視頻。在這種水下實驗室環(huán)境中，氣孔每15分鐘發(fā)生變化。在20℃時，經測量孔直徑為1.75mm，而在40℃時，它的直徑膨脹到8mm左右。該實驗是加州大學伯克利分校正在進行的自我調節(jié)活性建筑物外墻系統(tǒng)研究的一部分。其想法是生產在沒有外部能量來源的情況下、可以感知和響應不斷變化的光與吸濕條件的立面材料。這個案例可以用于熱帶環(huán)境中，薄膜的孔在高溫下打開，提供自然通風。

Accelerated video filmed through an optical microscope of an opening (stoma) in a biopolymer membrane "programmed" to react to changing temperature conditions. In this underwater lab setting, the stoma reacts to a temperature change over a 15 minute period. At 20°C, the pore measures 1.75mm, while at 40°C, it expands to a diameter of about 8mm. The experiment is part of an ongoing research at UC Berkeley on Self-Active Building Envelope Regulation Systems (SABERs). The idea is to produce facade materials that can sense and react to changing light and hygroscopic conditions, without external sources of energy. This example could be used in tropical environments where a membrane with pores that open at high temperature would provide natural ventilation.

項目/Project： 自我調節(jié)活性建筑物外墻，Maria-Paz Gutierrez & Luke Lee, 加州伯克利（美國），2011年/Self-Activated Building Envelope Regulation by Maria-Paz Gutierrez & Luke Lee, Berkeley CA (USA), 2011

14 170m塔樓的模型（1：500）。這個塔樓的外墻不用建造，而是使用從波斯灣本地的高鹽度水“種植”，通過管道網絡將水抽取并噴灑在一個露天的網格立面上。水蒸發(fā)時留下晶體薄層，逐漸形成連續(xù)的鹽層表皮。作為正在進行的可持續(xù)涂料研究的一部分，該模型的制作者打造了一個以鹽為介質的3D打印機，而未按規(guī)定使用淀粉。

Model (1：500) of proposed 170m tower. The facade of this high-rise would not be built, but "grown" using locally sourced high-salinity water from the Persian Gulf, pumped up through a network of pipes, and sprayed onto an open mesh facade.Thin layers of crystals remain when the water evaporates and gradually form a continuous salt skin. As part of an ongoing search for sustainable printing materials, the makers of this model hacked a 3D printer to use salt as a medium, rather than the prescribed starch.

項目/Project： GEOtube, Faulders工作室, 迪拜（阿聯(lián)酋），2009年/GEOtube by Faulders Studio, Dubai (United Arab Emirates), 2009（模型/Model： Emerging Objects/UC Berkeley）

9-12 5萬個可生物降解的椰子容器中有170萬個精選植物，覆蓋了1萬m2的屋頂面積。該綠化屋頂為建筑提供保溫，減少雨水徑流。屋頂的外形使得多余的熱量積聚下來，然后通過自然通風排出。這些可持續(xù)特點為自然歷史博物館贏得了LEED白金認證。

a. 一部分屋頂的實體模型照片，用于測試綠化屋頂的土壤和植被在曲面上的行為（圖9）

b. 屋頂和種植椰子容器的照片（圖10、11）

c. 屋頂模型（1：512，圖12）

10000m2roof area covered with 1700,000 selected plants in 50000 biodegradable coconut containers. The planted roof provides thermal insulation for the building and reduces stormwater runoff. The profile of the roof allows for excess heat to accumulate then be expelled by natural ventilation. These sustainable features, among others, earned the natural history museum platinum LEED certification.

a. Photos of a mock-up of a portion of a roof, used to test how soil and vegetation of the green roof behave on a curved surface (Fig. 9)

b. Photos of roof and planted coconut containers (Fig. 10, 11)

c. Model (1：512) of the roof (Fig. 12)

項目/Project： 加利福尼亞科學院，倫佐·皮亞諾建筑工作室，加利福尼亞州舊金山（美國），2008年/California Academy of Sciences by Renzo Piano Building Workshop, San Francisco CA (USA), 2008

15 一個光合反應器的實體模型，屬于集成在一棟4層住宅樓外墻中的129個光合反應器中的一個。生物反應器中進行光合作用的藻類被喂食液體營養(yǎng)物和CO2。每天藻類產生約15g/m2生物量，生物量被定期收集和儲存在大樓的儲存罐中。為了產生能量，生物量在一個地段外的設施中發(fā)酵，產生可以通過燃燒發(fā)電的甲烷氣體。在這個樣本中，藻類介質已被替換為綠色的水。

Mock-up of one of the 129 photo-bioreactors, integrated in the facades of a four story residential building. Photosynthesizing algae in the bioreactors are fed liquid nutrients and CO2. The algae produce about 15 grams of biomass per m2per day that are periodically collected and stockpiled in tanks in the building. To produce energy the biomass undergoes fermentation in an offsite facility to produce methane gas that can be burnt in a power plant to generate electricity. In this specimen the algae medium has been replaced with green colored water.

項目/Project： BIQ大樓，Splitterwerk建筑事務所，奧雅納工程顧問公司，漢堡（德國），2013年/BIQ building, by Splitterwerk & Arup, Hamburg (Germany), 2013（模型/Mockup： COLT）