修復

Prosthetics

我們繼承了一個人類已經(jīng)無所不在的世界。先人留下了層層疊疊的建筑和基礎設施。這些建筑在建造時還沒有可持續(xù)性的概念。我們可以保留這些建筑的精華并添加新的設計，使之適應我們新的環(huán)境目標嗎？

We have inherited a world that has been lived in extensively. Previous generations left layer upon layer of buildings and infrastructure. These were not built with sustainability in mind. Can we retain the essence of these constructions and design additions that bring them in balance with our new environmental ambitions?

人們經(jīng)常不得不承擔前人所做的設計決策的后果。一些規(guī)模小，容易改變。其他則有著深遠的影響，并持續(xù)幾個世紀。奧斯陸以前的污水處理系統(tǒng)要追溯到19世紀。

People constantly have to live with the consequences of design decisions made by others before them. Some are small and easy to change. Others have a far-reaching impact and last for centuries. The previous sewerage system in Oslo dates from the 19th century.

為什么不在我們繼承的建筑物上罩一層冬衣，更新其能源效率和外觀？

Why not put a winter coat around the buildings we inherit, to update their energy efficiency and their looks?

有時候技術(shù)含量高。

Sometimes high-tech.

有時候技術(shù)含量低。

Sometimes low-tech.

在某些情況下，“白板”并不是一種選擇。建筑物不得不被調(diào)整，而非重建。

In certain contexts tabula rasa is not an option. Buildings have to be tweaked, not rebuilt.

用節(jié)能電器替代舊電器更為容易（而且便宜）。

It's even easier (and cheaper) to replace old appliances with efficient ones.

哪怕是對未來的大膽設想看起來也像是調(diào)整而已。

Even bold visions of the future look like adjustments.

或者通過安裝新的技術(shù)改進現(xiàn)有建筑物：

Or install technology to improve existing buildings：

在這樣的背景下，建筑又怎么樣呢？現(xiàn)有的約束能否起到一種刺激的作用？這些建筑師似乎這么認為。他們自我強加的保護主義變成了一個座右銘：“首先，我們盡可能永不拆除已經(jīng)存在的東西?！?/p>

What about architecture in such a context? Can the constraint of the existing take on a stimulating significance? These architects seem to think so. Their self-imposed preservationism turned into a motto："First, we try never to take down what is already there."

1 “修復”展臺/The table of "Prosthetics"

評論

何可人：修復城市和建筑使其更加節(jié)能環(huán)保和具有可持續(xù)性，必須包含方方面面。小到在家里暖氣片后面插一個反射板；大到更換整個城市的下水道。這里面低技術(shù)的傾向很明顯，當然，高科技也是需要的。無論怎樣，可持續(xù)性的想法從開始就應當控制建筑設計的方向。當然，遠見是必不可少的，例如，比利時設計師暢想的100年內(nèi)用仿生包裹所有的建筑，這不單是技術(shù)問題，城市的景觀也會因此而改變。

張利：這是一個聰明的擬人化。如果我們不會因為肢體的殘缺而廢止個體的生命，并會用合成的肢體來補償缺失，為什么我們不能對延續(xù)城市和人工構(gòu)筑物的生命采用同樣的態(tài)度呢？

Comments

HE Keren:Prosthetics aims to mend buildings and cities into sustainability. It might be placing a reflective board behind your bedroom heater or replacing a city's entire sewage system. The low-tech approach is obvious. But the high-tech one seems inevitable. High or low, sustainability has to be the anchor from the very beginning of the design process. Vision is also necessary. When a Belgian designer proposes in 100 years, all existing buildings should be wrapped in bio-mimetic envelops, it is not only a rethinking of technique but the urban landscape as well.

ZHANG Li:Talk about anthropomorphism in a smart way. If we would not terminate the life of a body at its loss of components and would use prosthetics to compensate the loss, why wouldn't we do the same to the organism of our cities and buildings?

2-5 “塵世巨蟒”項目照片，這是一項以北歐神話中一種海蛇命名的大型新污水管道項目。項目安裝在奧斯陸市中心和Akerselva河床下面?，F(xiàn)有的污水管網(wǎng)容量有限，強降雨、被污染的地表水流入河中。新管道保證所有的水在最終進入峽灣之前先流經(jīng)污水處理廠。該項目總預算超過13億挪威克朗，被稱為“奧斯陸最大的環(huán)境項目”。

Photos of Midg?rdsormen, a project for a large new sewer pipe named after a sea-snake from Norse mythology. It is being installed under the Olso city centre and the Akerselva riverbed.The existing sewage network is limited in its capacity and with heavy rainfall, polluted surface water overflows into river. The new pipe guarantees that all water will pass through the treatment plant before ending up in the Thord. A total budget of over 1.3 billion NOK earned the project its title of "the greatest environmental project in Oslo".

項目/Project： “塵世巨蟒”項目，奧斯陸市議會，奧斯陸（挪威），2014年/Midg?rdsormen (Midgard Serpent) by Oslo City Council, Oslo (Norway), 2014（攝影/Photos： Uffe Johansen, Tone Spieler）

6、7 一個住宅改造前后的照片?，F(xiàn)有建筑與外部隔離，被包裹在埃特尼特瓷磚中。

Photos of a family house, pictured before and after renovation works. The existing building was insulated from the outside, then wrapped in Eternit tiles.

項目/Project：羅特曼住宅，PCP建筑事務所，亨克（比利時），2012年/ Roterman House by PCP Architects, Genk (Belgium), 2012（攝影/Photo： Marcel Van Coile）

8 典型的布魯塞爾聯(lián)排住宅模型（1：25），地方當局用此來教育業(yè)主有關(guān)節(jié)能改造或通常會提升建筑可持續(xù)性的更新措施?？赡艿拇胧┌ò惭b蓄水池收集雨水、隔熱屋頂和酒窖，以及用節(jié)能型窗戶更換舊窗戶。

Typical Brussels townhouse model (1：25) used by local authorities to educate homeowners about possible retrofits that save energy or generally increase these buildings’sustainability. Possibilities include installing cisterns to collect rainwater, insulating roofs and cellars and replacing old windows with energy efficient ones.

示范模型，布魯塞爾環(huán)境管理研究所，布魯塞爾（比利時），2012年/Demonstration Model by Institut Bruxellois pour la Gestion de l' Environnement, Brussels (Belgium), 2012

9 由一位布魯塞爾建筑師兼夢想者舉辦的展覽的模型（1：50），描繪了2150年“archiborescence”的未來世界?，F(xiàn)有的布魯塞爾建筑物被加以植物或仿生外殼，改變景觀、住所的功能和消費習慣。

Model (1：50) from an exhibition by a Brussels architect and visionary who depicts a futuristic world of "archiborescence" in the year 2150. Vegetal or biomimetic envelopes and grafts are added to existing Brussels buildings, changing the landscape, the role of the habitat and consumer habits.

項目/Project： 植物城市：邁向2100年的布魯塞爾，Luc Schuiten，布魯塞爾（比利時），2009年/Vegetal City：Brussels towards 2100 by Luc Schuiten, Brussels (Belgium), 2009

10-12 記錄參觀私人住宅和建議通過安裝以下裝置節(jié)省能源和水的專業(yè)做法的照片：

a.低流量淋浴頭（圖9）

b.緊湊型熒光燈泡（圖10）

c.散熱器背后的熱反射貼膜（圖11）

Photos documenting the practice of professional Energy Harvesters employed to visit private homes and recommend ways of reducing energy and water consumption by installing：a. a low flow shower head (Fig. 9)

b. a compact fluorescent light bulb (Fig. 10)

c. a heat reflecting foil behind radiators (Fig. 11)

《Energies noeiers》，魯汶（比利時），2012年/ Energiesnoeiers, Leuven (Belgium), 2012（攝影/Photos： Koen Berghmans/Rotor）

13-16 153棟建于1974年的住宅照片和剖面，在不中斷居住的情況下，于10天內(nèi)將能源等級從D級提升到A++級。這些住宅都裝上了新的外墻、一個新的太陽能板屋頂、一個太陽能鍋爐、一個高效組合鍋爐，新的散熱器和熱回收的通風系統(tǒng)。新墻體和屋頂都是預制的，用貨車運來。這個社區(qū)旨在展示使現(xiàn)有住宅具有可持續(xù)性的解決方案，被稱為“明天的現(xiàn)存街區(qū)”。它現(xiàn)在符合被動式房屋標準。

Photos and section drawing of 153 houses, built in 1974 and upgraded from energy label D to A++ in ten working days, without interrupting occupation. The houses were fitted with new outer walls, a new roof with solar panels, a solar boiler, a high-efficiency combination boiler, new radiators and a ventilation system with heat recovery. The new walls and roofs were prefabricated and delivered by lorry. Intended to showcase solutions that make existing housing sustainable, the neighbourhood was dubbed the "Existing District of Tomorrow". It now conforms to the passive standard.

項目/Project： De Bestaande Wijk van Morgen, HEEMwonen & Teeken Beckers 建筑事務所, 凱爾克拉德西（荷蘭），2012年/Kerkrade-West (The Netherlands), 2012（攝影/Photos： Philip Driessen）

17 展廳上空安裝的吊扇。這種大型吊頂風扇直徑8m，配有專門設計的翼型件，盡管頻率不高，卻能扇動大量的空氣。它們有助于夏季空氣流通，同時幫助圍擋冬季產(chǎn)生的溫暖空氣。該伊希斯模型最初被用于工業(yè)大廳，最近開始在商業(yè)和住宅中應用。

Dedicated plaque received with the ventilator installed (over head). Thanks to their diameter of up to 8m and specially designed airfoils, such large ceiling fans move large quantities of air despite their low frequency. They help to circulate air in summer and help "push back down" warm air that rises in winter. Initially designed for use in big industrial halls, the Isis model was recently developed for both commercial and residential applications.

伊希斯，Big Ass Fans，肯塔基州（美國），1999年/Isis by Big Ass Fans, Lexington, /KY (USA), 1999

18 國會大廈圓頂?shù)?張明信片，該圓頂在1933年發(fā)生一場火災以后完全塌毀，德國重新統(tǒng)一以后才得以重建。1999年完工后，它再次成為德國議會所在地。它由玻璃和鋼建造，高24m，直徑40m，圓頂展示了對可持續(xù)性的承諾。例如，圓頂內(nèi)部螺旋形鏡子將光線反射進室內(nèi)，以節(jié)省議會室的照明成本。

Three postcards of the Reichstag dome which fell into total disrepair following a fire in 1933 and was only reconstructed after the re-unification of Germany. Completed in 1999 it came to house the German parliament once again. Made of glass and steel, 24m high and 40m in diameter, the dome demonstrates a commitment to sustainability. Spiraling mirrors inside the dome, for instance, reflect light into the chamber to save on energy costs for lighting in the parliament chambers.

項目/Project： 德國新議會大廈，福斯特+合伙人事務所，柏林（德國），1999年/Reichstag, New German Parliament by Foster + Partners, Berlin (Germany), 1999

19 用在一個旨在到2015年以前在全世界安裝100萬“瓶子燈”（一種環(huán)保燈）活動中的樣品。

Sample used in a campaign that aims to install one million "bottle lights" around the world by 2015.

項目/Project： “一升的光”，MyShelter基金會，菲律賓，2011年/A Liter of Light by MyShelter Foundation, Philippines, 2011

20 展示裝修前后住宅塔樓變化的傳單。建筑師們說服業(yè)主用徹底重建的一半投資來進行一次全面裝修。此外，在裝修過程中，居民還將能夠繼續(xù)在此居住，相對不受干擾。建筑物的各個面都加了一個新的自支撐結(jié)構(gòu)，逐步取代現(xiàn)有立面。這些冬季花園和露臺的加建，擴大了每間公寓的居住空間，同時增加了建筑的能源效率。

Spread showing a housing tower before and after renovation. The architects convinced the owner that a complete refurbishment could be done for half the price of a clean sweep. The inhabitants would furthermore be able to stay, relatively undisturbed, during renovation works. A new, self-supporting structure was appended to all sides of the building to gradually replace the existing facade. These grafts extend the living area of each apartment with winter gardens and terraces, while increasing the energy efficiency of the building.

項目/Project： Tour Bois le Prêtre，Druot + Lacaton & Vassal事務所，巴黎（法國），2011年/Tour Bois le Prêtre by Druot + Lacaton & Vassal, Paris (France), 2011（書目/Book： Frédéric Druot, Anne Lacaton & Jean-Philippe Vassal, Plus, Large-scale housing developments. An exceptional case, Barcelona ： Editorial Gustava Gile, 2007）