廢物

Waste

可持續(xù)性要求資源得到有效利用。要不惜一切代價(jià)避免人類輸出的非生產(chǎn)性部分——廢物。

同時(shí)，廢物的產(chǎn)生比以往任何時(shí)候都要多，不管我們走到哪里，總在我們身邊。為了應(yīng)對這種永久性的失敗，需要有一種新的行業(yè)術(shù)語?？苫厥瘴锸切碌膹U物。

Sustainability demands that resources are used efficiently. Waste, the unproductive part of human output, is to be avoided at all costs.

Meanwhile, more than ever before, everywhere we go and all around us, waste is being produced. To cope with this permanent failure a new jargon was needed. Recyclables are the new waste.

可以肯定地說，如今，回收已是我們許多人日常生活的一部分。這個(gè)概念已成為主流，在兒童玩具中看到它是再正常不過的一件事。

It is safe to say that for many of us, recycling is now part of our everyday life. The concept is so mainstream that it seems quite normal to see it appear in toys for children.

顯然，很多奇怪的廢物可能與水泥和膠水混合，制成建筑物的材料。

Apparently, lots of weird waste products can be mixed with cement and glues to make buildings materials.

但是，在所有這些“再生”材料身上發(fā)生了什么？有時(shí)似乎回收更多的是關(guān)于廢物管理而不是節(jié)約資源。

But what happens to all of these "recycled" materials? It sometimes seems as is recycling is more about waste-management than resource conservation.

廢物可以完全避免嗎？一個(gè)致力于避免產(chǎn)生廢物的家庭：這是一種歇斯底里式的集合，還是社會理想的一種表現(xiàn)？

Can waste be altogether avoided? A family dedicated to avoiding waste： is it a collective hysteria, or a manifestation of a societal ideal?

但當(dāng)這些混合材料自己變成廢物時(shí)，會發(fā)生什么事情？在這樣的分揀線上，這些混合物永遠(yuǎn)無法分開。2002年，《從搖籃到搖籃》一書中說，我們需要重新思考我們的整個(gè)材料經(jīng)濟(jì)，使永遠(yuǎn)的循環(huán)利用成為可能。

But what will happen to these mixed materials when they become waste themselves? On a sorting line like this one these hybrids can never be separated. In 2002 the book Cradle to Cradle stated that we need to rethink our entire material economy to make endless recycling possible.

這本書建議讀者從大自然中獲取靈感，其中一種生物體的廢物是另一種生物體的食物。但現(xiàn)在，看到該書作者支持正在進(jìn)行飲用水全球商品化的世界上最大的食品公司，感到有點(diǎn)悲哀。

The book advises readers to get inspiration from nature, where the waste of one organism is food for another. Now, seeing the author support the world's biggest food corporation, that is executing a planetary commodification of drinking water, is a bit sad.

評論

黃偉文：廢物是放錯(cuò)地方的資源，我們都這樣說。于是有很多人很有創(chuàng)意地利用廢物來制作新的手工作品，甚至是房子。這些東西有的找到了需求，從無用變?yōu)橛杏?；但有些也只是變成另外一件無用的擺設(shè)，甚至不得不額外消耗更多本來有用的材料。所以，循環(huán)再利用當(dāng)然是減少廢物的辦法，但更好的辦法是，重新思考我們今天的消費(fèi)主義生活，從源頭開始減少需求和消耗。想想30年前中國人還處于普遍的物質(zhì)短缺時(shí)代，今天卻是垃圾圍城、鄉(xiāng)村及自然環(huán)境被一次性用品和包裝所充塞。很多人還因?yàn)橄牡慕Y(jié)構(gòu)改變，而陷入肥胖、糖尿病、痛風(fēng)這樣的“富貴病”的折磨之中。

佘依爽：對浪費(fèi)說“不”，需要更多的技術(shù)和想法。這個(gè)章節(jié)展示了如何遏制或者是有效利用浪費(fèi)的途徑?？苫厥詹牧辖ǔ傻姆课?、零廢物的房間、建筑垃圾分類過程的視頻、可移動的環(huán)保車。廢物是一個(gè)巨大的產(chǎn)業(yè)，這里蜻蜓點(diǎn)水式的介紹，只能給參觀者一個(gè)模糊的、似乎美好的未來，但這條路實(shí)在是有很長很長。

Comments

HUANG Weiwen:We all recognize that waste is a result of misallocated resources and many people are interested in finding creative ways to use it to create new products, including houses. Some of these products, made up of what has been deemed useless, find consumer demand and therefore become useful. But others remain useless and inevitably consume additional useful materials. Although recycling is an effective method of reducing waste, a better method is to reexamine today's consumption lifestyle and to eliminate demand at the very start of the consumption process. Thirty years ago most Chinese were still living in an era of widespread material scarcity. But today's Chinese cities, rural areas and natural environments are all glutted with waste, disposable goods and needless packaging. Because of the great increase in material consumption, many people are now suffering from "diseases of affluence" such as obesity, diabetes, and gout.

SHE Yishuang:To say "no" to waste requires more technology and thinking. This chapter showcases how to limit or effectively utilize waste： Houses built with recycled materials, rooms with zero waste, videos of refuse classification, mobile environmentfriendly vehicles. Waste is a huge industry. And the introduction here only touches its surface, suggesting a vague and seemingly beautiful future for the visitors. But the road ahead is really, really long.

1 “廢物”展臺/The table of "Waste"

2 “孩子們可以用這種切實(shí)可行的環(huán)保車保持自己玩具模型中城市街道的干凈整潔。配有兩個(gè)人偶和3個(gè)帶輪垃圾桶，收集所有的回收物。配有一個(gè)閃光燈，幫助保持交通暢順，一個(gè)垃圾箱升降機(jī)和一個(gè)可移動的小屋屋頂?！?/p>

"Kids can keep the streets of their Playmobil city clean and tidy with this realistic recycling truck. Complete with two figures and three wheelie bins to collect all the recycling. Complete with a flashing light to help keep the traffic moving, a bin lifting mechanism and a removable cabin roof."

項(xiàng)目/Project： Playmobil 玩具帶閃光燈的回收卡車，德國，2012年/Recycling Truck with Flashing Light by Playmobil, Germany, 2012（引用/Quote： 節(jié)選自產(chǎn)品說明/from product description）

3 一棟證明在建筑中使用各種回收材料可能性的房子的圖片。

一位記者寫道：“建筑砌塊乍一看很保守，但仔細(xì)了解卻讓人驚訝。在一個(gè)砌塊中，普通的礫石被替換為鋼鐵制造產(chǎn)生的垃圾。而另一個(gè)則含有城市垃圾焚燒的灰燼。正面的石頭最引人注目：計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕和電視機(jī)的碎片使混凝土塊具有一種細(xì)膩的顆粒狀紋理?？此品▏沂拇靶筒挠砂鴺渲乃椴Ａе瞥伞?。

Image of a house demonstrating the possibility of using of a wide variety of recycled materials in construction.

A journalist writes： "The building blocks, which look orthodox at first sight, prove to be quite surprising. In one, ordinary gravel is replaced by waste from steel manufacturing. Another one contains ashes from municipal waste incineration. The facing stones are most striking： shredded computer screens and televisions texture the concrete blocks with a delicate grain. The window profiles, which recall French limestone, are made of shredded glass covered in resin..."

項(xiàng)目/Project： 回收屋，BBRI比利時(shí)建筑研究所，利姆萊特（比利時(shí)），2001年/Recyhouse by BBRI, Belgian Building Research Institute), Limelette (Belgium), 2001（攝影/Photo：CoBoNet!& Ivan Verzar）

4-6 一個(gè)家庭住房的內(nèi)部照片。家居布置關(guān)注于最大程度地限制廢物量，例如，使用可以重復(fù)填充使用的罐子來儲存大批量購買的食品。這個(gè)家庭一年只產(chǎn)生1L的廢物。母親有一個(gè)博客，她在博客上分享自己的技巧和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

Interior photographs of a family home. The living arrangements focus on limiting the production of waste to an absolute minimum by, for instance, using refillable jars to store foodstuff purchased in bulk. The household only produces one litre of waste a year. The mother has a blog on which she shares tips and experiences.

項(xiàng)目/Project： 零廢物家庭，貝亞·約翰遜，加利福尼亞州米爾谷（美國），2006年/Zero Waste Home by Bea Johnson, Mill Valley CA (USA), 2006

7 顯示一個(gè)建筑垃圾分揀廠日常程序的視頻。這種分揀的盈利能力取決于掩埋異質(zhì)材料和分揀材料市場價(jià)值之間的差異。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)放緩，二次材料價(jià)值往往降低，而垃圾處理則更為便宜，導(dǎo)致分揀廠暫時(shí)關(guān)閉。

Video showing the daily procedures of a sorting plant for building waste. The profitability of such sorting depends on the difference in cost between landfilling the heterogeneous material and the market value of sorted materials. When the economy slows down, secondary materials tend to be worth less and waste disposal tends to be cheaper, resulting in the temporary shutdown of sorting plants.

De Coninck建筑垃圾分揀，魯汶（比利時(shí)），2012年/Sorting of Building Waste in De Coninck, Leuven (Belgium), 2012（視頻/Video： Rotor）

8 新近翻修的垃圾分揀廠的兩名員工。

“隨著建筑和概念回歸自然，新的結(jié)構(gòu)完全改變了整個(gè)場地、暗淡的圖像和原油機(jī)器……與讓人們記住一個(gè)復(fù)雜的有機(jī)機(jī)器概念的迷人的新環(huán)境……體現(xiàn)了自然和健康的過程?！?/p>

Picture of two employees at a recently renovated waste-sorting plant.

"With an architectural and conceptual return to nature, the new structure completely transforms the entire site, exchanging the bleak imagery and crude machinery ... with an intriguing new environment that draws the mind to the notion of a sophisticated organic machine ... which embodies natural and healthy procedures."

項(xiàng)目/Project： ISI回收廠，巴洛姆（挪威），2012年/Isi Recycling Plant by Reiulf Ramstad, B?rum (Norway), 2012（攝影/Photo： Ulf Hansen）

9 2012年的一個(gè)宣傳視頻“無限的可能性”，威廉·麥克唐納和雀巢行政總裁的特寫，其中塑料水瓶被稱為“可再生資源”。

Endless Possibilities, a promotional video from 2012, featuring William McDonough and the CEO of Nestlé Waters, in which plastic water bottles are presented as "renewable resources".

《從搖籃到搖籃》，威廉·麥克唐納，邁克爾·布朗嘉，夏洛茨維爾（弗吉尼亞州，美國），2002年/Cradle to Cradle by William McDonough & Michael Braungart, Charlottesville (Virginia, USA), 2002

10、11 通過將塑料廢物粉碎并添加到水泥中作為傳統(tǒng)骨料替代品的“再循環(huán)”（即：去除）方法的專利。

“該再生塑料占建材的25%（以容積計(jì)）。這提供了對于廢棄塑料的經(jīng)濟(jì)的生態(tài)無害化的處置……”

Patent for a method of "recycling" (read： getting rid of) plastic waste material by shredding it and adding it to concrete as a substitute for traditional aggregate.

"The recycled plastic includes up to twenty-five percent, by volume, of the building material. This provides economical and ecologically sound disposal of otherwise waste plastic…"

項(xiàng)目/Project： 美國專利混凝土中的回收塑膠廢物，約翰·索耶，德克薩斯州拉伯克（美國），1995年/US Patent Recycling Plastic Waste in Concrete by John P. Sawyers, Lubbock TX (USA), 1995