景觀設(shè)計(jì)：清華大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院景觀學(xué)系/北京清華同衡規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院有限公司

Landscape Design: Department of Landscape Architecture at the School of Architecture, Tsinghua University/Beijing Tsinghua Tongheng Urban Planning and Design Institute Ltd.

三江并流風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)梅里雪山景區(qū)，迪慶，云南，中國

Meili Snow Mountain Scenic Area in Three Parallel Rivers National Park, Diqing, Yunnan, China, 2002

景觀設(shè)計(jì)：清華大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院景觀學(xué)系/北京清華同衡規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院有限公司

Landscape Design: Department of Landscape Architecture at the School of Architecture, Tsinghua University/Beijing Tsinghua Tongheng Urban Planning and Design Institute Ltd.

1 梅里雪山主峰卡瓦博格/Main peak of Meili snow mountain (Kawa Karpo)

梅里雪山景區(qū)所處橫斷山脈地帶，是金沙江、瀾滄江和怒江之間直線距離最近的區(qū)域，形成了舉世無雙的“三江并流”壯麗奇觀。梅里雪山主峰卡瓦格博是藏區(qū)八大神山之一。21世紀(jì)初，隨著旅游的快速發(fā)展，景區(qū)保護(hù)管理問題日益嚴(yán)峻。規(guī)劃任務(wù)：為發(fā)展初期的景區(qū)建立科學(xué)的和可操作性強(qiáng)的管理體制。

規(guī)劃用地布局由這一地區(qū)獨(dú)特的地貌和氣候特征決定，是以瀾滄江為對稱軸的帶狀層級(jí)式結(jié)構(gòu)，從江岸到兩側(cè)山脊線，資源保護(hù)的比重逐漸增強(qiáng)，資源利用的比重相對逐漸減弱。旅游線路規(guī)劃遵循東西有別原則，西岸盡最大可能保證自然環(huán)境的原始性和文化資源的真實(shí)性，限制發(fā)展快速交通；東岸在環(huán)境承受力允許的范圍內(nèi)，實(shí)現(xiàn)“村村通公路”。傳統(tǒng)民族村落與自然景觀高度和諧統(tǒng)一，旅游服務(wù)設(shè)施遵循社區(qū)結(jié)合和社區(qū)參與原則，設(shè)置田園觀光型居民點(diǎn)和服務(wù)型居民點(diǎn)，不單獨(dú)設(shè)立成規(guī)模的旅游服務(wù)設(shè)施用地。

除了物質(zhì)空間規(guī)劃外，規(guī)劃對軟性管理內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了研究和探討，提出科學(xué)管理、能源替代、生態(tài)和文化旅游、社區(qū)能力建設(shè)4大戰(zhàn)略，明確發(fā)展初期景區(qū)管理體制建設(shè)的重點(diǎn)。

規(guī)劃過程中對多個(gè)規(guī)劃技術(shù)和方法進(jìn)行了創(chuàng)新，包括：目標(biāo)-戰(zhàn)略-行動(dòng)計(jì)劃3層次協(xié)同規(guī)劃技術(shù)；地質(zhì)學(xué)、植物學(xué)、民族文化學(xué)等多學(xué)科融貫方法；綜合了重要性和敏感度的資源評價(jià)方法等。

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client：云南省建設(shè)廳暨云南省三江并流國家重點(diǎn)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)管理辦公室

規(guī)劃團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team：楊銳，黨安榮，莊優(yōu)波，左川，韓昊英，李然，陳新，劉曉冬

規(guī)劃面積/Area：1588km2

規(guī)劃時(shí)間/Project Time：2001.9-2002.10

規(guī)劃期限/Planning Period：2002-2020

游客規(guī)模/Number of Tourists：2000年9.6萬人，2001年11.6萬人，增長率達(dá)20%

居民規(guī)模及收入/Population and Income：2001年1.25萬人，農(nóng)民人均年純收入不足700元

2 針闊混交林/Conifer and broadleaf mixed forests

Meili Snow Mountain Scenic Area is located in the Hengduan Mountains, an area between the Jinsha, Lancang and Nujiang that forms the unique and magnificent "Three Parallel Rivers" landscape. The main peak of Meili Snow Mountain (Kawa Karpo) is one of eight sacred Tibetan mountains. In the early 2000s, with the rapid development of tourism, problems of resource protection and management in the area become increasingly severe.The task of this planning project was to establish a scientific and highly workable management system for the scenic area in its early development stage.

The Land Use Plan layout is a hierarchical structure of ribbons along the axis of the Lancang River, a layout determined by the area's unique topography and climate characteristics. On both sides of the water from the riverbank to the ridgeline, resource protection gradually increases, while resource utilization gradually declines. The circulation route planning followed the basic principle that the west side is different from the east side. On the west side, the objective was to ensure the authenticity of the natural environmentcultural resources are protected and rapid transit is limited. On east side and within allowable tolerances, every village is accessible by road. Traditional villages are highly harmonized with the natural landscape. Following the principle of community participation, tourism service-oriented and sightseeing-oriented residential settlements were planned. Separate large-scale tourist service areas are not allowed.

In addition to physical planning, some methods of "soft" management contents were also discussed. Four management strategies were proposed including: scientific management, alternative energy, community capacity building and ecological and cultural tourism. The intent was to clarify the priorities of the management system building in the early development stage.

During the planning process, a number of innovative methods were explored including: Target-Strategy-Action Plan collaborative planning techniques; geology, botany, national culture and other subjects coherent approach; as well as resource evaluation methods which combine importance evaluation and sensitivity evaluation.

3 雪峰與村莊的和諧/Harmony of snow peak and villages

評論

丁力揚(yáng)：梅里雪山風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)實(shí)際上屬于國家公園范疇。該設(shè)計(jì)在總規(guī)層面借鑒了卡爾·斯坦尼茲教授的景觀規(guī)劃方法和理論以及美國國家公園的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，同時(shí)爭取與“總體管理規(guī)劃”接軌。在具體措施上，提出了創(chuàng)新性的策略和技術(shù)方法，比如3層次協(xié)同規(guī)劃體系、資源保護(hù)等級(jí)光譜、多學(xué)科交叉融貫，管理空間邊界規(guī)劃、包含解說規(guī)劃在內(nèi)的軟性規(guī)劃等方面。

闕鎮(zhèn)清：以最大可能保證自然與文化資源原真性的景區(qū)保護(hù)和利用平衡為目標(biāo)，戰(zhàn)略層面治本控因的軟性管理規(guī)劃與執(zhí)行層面治標(biāo)調(diào)果的空間規(guī)劃雙管齊下，創(chuàng)造性地提出旅游與社區(qū)整合發(fā)展的思路，使旅游開發(fā)在神山雪域的足跡最小化。在國家的自然、文化和歷史遺產(chǎn)面臨經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型期與旅游大發(fā)展威脅的今天，三江并流風(fēng)景名勝區(qū)梅里雪山景區(qū)總體規(guī)劃為我國的自然文化資源的保護(hù)提供了值得學(xué)習(xí)的典范。

Comments

DING Liyang： From a technique standpoint, the Meili Snow Mountain Scenic Area can be understood as a national park. The design, a general management plan, borrows from the theory and methods of Professor Carl Steinitz and the experiences of the United States National Park Service. Specifically, the design employs a number of creative strategy and working methods, for example the plan system of collaborative techniques in three levels, the hierarchy system of the resource preservations in light spectrum, the intervention and coherence of multiple subject approaches, the plan and management of zoning boundaries, and the interpretation system in terms of the flexible planning, etc.

QUE Zhenqing： In order to achieve a balance between scenic area protection-utilization and the goal of ensuring the greatest possible authenticity of natural and cultural resources, the planners proposed both "soft" management policies on the strategic level and physical planning on the implementation level. To minimize the footprint of tourism in the scenic area, its development was creatively integrated with community improvement. Today, when the natural, cultural and historical heritage of the country are threatened by the growth of the tourism industry, the General management plan for the Meili Snow Mountain Scenic Area in Three Parallel Rivers National Park provides a model for the protection of these resources worth learning from.

4 從河谷到雪山/From the river valley to the snow mountain

5 高程分析/Elevation analysis

6 分區(qū)規(guī)劃/Management zones planning

7 土地利用規(guī)劃/Land use planning

8 斯農(nóng)村鳥瞰/Bird's-eye view of Sinong village9 植被利用規(guī)劃/Vegetation use plan10 河流水系規(guī)劃/Water system plan11 社區(qū)規(guī)劃/Community plan12 雪山經(jīng)幡/Snow mountain and Jingfan13 分區(qū)規(guī)劃圖則圖例/Legend of management zones planning14 服務(wù)型社區(qū)梅里石村分區(qū)規(guī)劃圖則/Planning of Meilishi village as service community15 資源有限利用區(qū)步行觀光區(qū)分區(qū)規(guī)劃圖則/Planning of tourist pedestrian system16 資源有限利用區(qū)河谷生態(tài)區(qū)分區(qū)規(guī)劃圖則/ Planning of valley ecological zone