彭 偉 黃迅悟 趙偉鵬 趙 銘 楊大志
. 論著 Original article .
三種 HLA-A / 0201 限制性表位肽尤文肉瘤樹突狀細(xì)胞疫苗的抗腫瘤免疫作用
彭 偉 黃迅悟 趙偉鵬 趙 銘 楊大志
目的比較不同 EWS / FLI-1 蛋白 HLA-A / 0201 限制性表位肽對(duì)尤文肉瘤樹突狀細(xì)胞( dendritic cell,DC ) 疫苗的抗腫瘤作用。方法綜合運(yùn)用 BIMAS、SYFPEITHI 軟件篩選與人白細(xì)胞抗原HLA-A / 0201 結(jié)合力強(qiáng)的 EWS / FLI-1 蛋白 9 肽表位,并合成其表位肽。采用 4 h 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)51Cr 釋放實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)刺激細(xì)胞毒性 T 淋巴細(xì)胞 ( cytotoxic T lymphocytes,CTLs ) 對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞的殺傷效應(yīng)。應(yīng)用酶聯(lián)免疫斑點(diǎn)法 ( enzyme linked immunospot assay,ELISPOT ) 檢測(cè)表位肽對(duì) DC 疫苗刺激的效應(yīng)細(xì)胞 γ-干擾素 ( interferon,IFN-γ ) 的釋放。在此基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行免疫治療的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn),比較其體內(nèi)抗腫瘤作用。結(jié)果篩選出 EWS 306、EWS 289 及EWS 401 與 HLA-A / 0201 具較強(qiáng)的結(jié)合性,其合成出的表位肽分別為:QLWQFLLEL ( EWS 306 )、ILGPTSSRL ( EWS 289 ) 和 SMYKYPSDI ( EWS 401 )。3 組表位肽均有較強(qiáng)的殺傷力,當(dāng)效-靶比為 50∶1 時(shí),殺傷率 EWS 306 組 ( 20.2±1.8 ) %、EWS 289 組 ( 12.6±0.3 ) %、EWS 401 組 ( 11.9±0.2 ) %,而對(duì)照組為 ( 6.7±0.1 ) %;當(dāng)效-靶比為 100∶1 時(shí),表位肽的三組殺傷作用明顯提升,殺傷率 EWS 306 組最高為 ( 51.2±3.7 ) %、EWS 289組 ( 24.6±2.1 ) %、EWS 401 組 ( 17.8±0.9 ) %,對(duì)照組為 ( 7.2±0.2 ) %。EWS 306 組同其它組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué) ( P<0.05 )。EWS 306 組分泌的 IFN-γ 為 ( 118.3±3.6 ) 個(gè)點(diǎn)明顯高于 EWS401 組 ( 35.1±1.0 ) 個(gè)和 EWS 289 組 ( 34.2±0.9 ) 個(gè),對(duì)照組為 ( 5.0±0.1 ) 個(gè) ( P<0.05 )。EWS 306 組腫瘤的體積 ( 978.9±28.2 ) mm3明顯小于陰性對(duì)照組 ( 1992.9±16.1 ) mm3和空白對(duì)照組 ( 2001.9±12.3 ) mm3( P<0.05 )。接種后第 35 天,EWS 306 組存活率為 80% 大于空白對(duì)照組為 0%、陰性對(duì)照組為 10% ( P<0.05 );接種后第 40 天,空白對(duì)照組降為 0%,EWS 306 組為 80% 明顯大于和 2 個(gè)對(duì)照組 ( P<0.05 )。結(jié)論EWS / FLI-1 蛋白表位肽中 EWS 306 較 EWS 289和 EWS 401 對(duì) DC 的抗腫瘤作用更強(qiáng),能夠有效激活 CTLs 對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞的殺傷效應(yīng),為尤文肉瘤的免疫治療提供了新的方向。
肽類;藥物篩選試驗(yàn),抗腫瘤;抗腫瘤藥;限制性表位肽;尤文肉瘤
尤文肉瘤是發(fā)生率僅次于骨肉瘤,好發(fā)于青少年兒童的惡性腫瘤,約占兒童腫瘤發(fā)生率的1%[1-3]。雖然放療、化療聯(lián)合手術(shù)治療使生存率有了明顯提高,但仍有 30%~40% 的患者復(fù)發(fā),23%以上的患者死于復(fù)發(fā)和全身轉(zhuǎn)移[4-6]。因此尋求新興的免疫治療方法成為尤文氏肉瘤的研究熱點(diǎn)[7-9]。郭義等[10]實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),EWS / FLI-1 基因修飾的樹突狀細(xì)胞疫苗對(duì)尤文肉瘤細(xì)胞具有殺傷效果。曹凱等[11]通過(guò)分子模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,不同的表位肽與HLA-A / 0201 的結(jié)合能力有所差異,而人類白細(xì)胞抗原 HLA-A / 0201 在抗原提呈和細(xì)胞毒性 T 淋巴細(xì)胞識(shí)別過(guò)程中起關(guān)鍵作用。因此,本研究將對(duì)EWS / FLI-1 蛋白進(jìn)行 HLA-A / 0201 限制性細(xì)胞毒性 T 淋巴細(xì)胞表位進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)和篩選,并進(jìn)一步比較結(jié)合力好的表位肽對(duì)尤文肉瘤的樹突狀細(xì)胞疫苗的抗腫瘤作用,為臨床應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。
一、細(xì)胞株和實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
人類 TAP 缺陷的 T2細(xì)胞株、BB7.2 細(xì)胞株 ( 可產(chǎn)生抗 HLA-A2 的單克隆抗體 )、人尤文肉瘤細(xì)胞株A673 購(gòu)買于美國(guó)菌種保藏中心 ( ATCC,Manassas,VA,USA )。細(xì)胞采用含 10% 胎牛血清和含 1% 青霉素+鏈霉素溶液 DMEM 培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng),孵育于37 ℃、5% CO2的恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中。
實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物選用非肥胖型糖尿病 / 重癥聯(lián)合免疫缺陷 ( NOD / SCID ) 小鼠和 BALB / c ( H-2d ) 小鼠,6~10 周齡,購(gòu)自軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院動(dòng)物所。動(dòng)物的飼養(yǎng)采用 SPF 級(jí)飼養(yǎng),所有動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)遵守動(dòng)物倫理委員會(huì)原則。
二、表位肽的篩選及合成
從 Genbank 檢索獲得 EWS / FLI-1 蛋白氨基酸序列全長(zhǎng),應(yīng)用 BIMAS 和 SYFPEITHI 軟件[12-13]對(duì)EWS / FLI-1 蛋白 476 個(gè)氨基酸序列進(jìn)行 HLA-A / 0201 限制性細(xì)胞毒性 T 淋巴細(xì)胞表位進(jìn)行分析,篩選出得分最高的 3 組 9 肽表位。通過(guò)表位肽親和力檢測(cè)試驗(yàn),比較篩選出的表位肽與 HLA-A / 0201 的親合力大小。其親和力結(jié)果采用熒光系數(shù)( FI,F(xiàn)luorescence index ) 表示,當(dāng) IF≥1.5 時(shí),兩者親和力較強(qiáng);當(dāng) 1≤FI<1.5 時(shí),親和力中等;當(dāng)0.5≤FI<1 時(shí),親和力較低;當(dāng) IF<0.5 時(shí),兩者無(wú)親和力。
應(yīng)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Fmoc 方案合成篩選出的表位多肽,并對(duì)表位肽進(jìn)行純化處理,以供后續(xù)試驗(yàn)用 ( 由世紀(jì)亞光公司完成 )。
三、樹突狀細(xì)胞 ( dendritic cell,DC ) 的培養(yǎng)
從健康人 ( HLA-A2+ ) 外周抗凝血 200 ml 血膜的 20 ml 處,應(yīng)用淋巴細(xì)胞分離液 Ficoll-Hypaque梯度離心分離外周血單核細(xì)胞 ( peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMC )。吸棄上清,用預(yù)熱的無(wú)血清 RPMI1640 洗取非貼壁細(xì)胞,貼壁細(xì)胞用RPMI1640+10% 胎牛血清培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)。加入 75 cm2培養(yǎng)瓶中 ( corning ),在 37 ℃、5% ( V / V ) CO2孵育 2 h。培養(yǎng)后第 5 天,加入 1000 U / ml 粒-巨噬細(xì)胞集落刺激因子 hGM-CSF ( R & D Systems,Minneapoils,MN,美國(guó) ) 和 1000 U / m 白細(xì)胞介素( interleukin-4,IL-4 ) ( R & D Systems,Minneapoils,MN,美國(guó) ),隔日半量換液并補(bǔ)充細(xì)胞因子。培養(yǎng)后第 7 天加入腫瘤壞死因子 α ( tumor necrosisfactor α,TNF-α ) ( R & D Systems,Minneapoils,MN,美國(guó) ) 1000 U / ml,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng) 2 天促進(jìn)其成熟。對(duì)成熟的 DC 表型采用流式細(xì)胞儀進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。
四、表位肽沖擊致敏 DC 疫苗和 DC 遞呈抗原、效應(yīng)細(xì)胞的制備
在 3 組 DC 細(xì)胞中分別加入 100 μg / ml 的QLWQFLLEL ( EWS 306 ),ILGPTSSRL ( EWS 289 )和 SMYKYPSDI ( EWS 401 ) 表位多肽,孵育 4 h,經(jīng)20 Gy 照射后 15 min,洗滌 2 次,加入復(fù)蘇的淋巴細(xì)胞,進(jìn)行肽沖擊,然后加入 20 U / ml 的 IL-2,如此每周 1 次,共 3 次后收集效應(yīng)細(xì)胞。
五、4 h 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)51Cr 釋放實(shí)驗(yàn)
檢測(cè)和比較各組 DC 疫苗刺激產(chǎn)生特異性細(xì)胞毒性 T 淋巴細(xì)胞 ( cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL )的體外殺傷效果。以 A673 細(xì)胞為靶細(xì)胞, 與51Cr ( 100 μCi / 106個(gè)細(xì)胞 ) 于 37 ℃ 水浴箱內(nèi)共同溫育2 h,磷酸鹽緩沖液 ( PBS ) 洗滌細(xì)胞 3 次,用 RPM I-1640 重懸并按不同效-靶比 ( 25∶1、50∶1 以及 100∶1 ) 與效應(yīng)細(xì)胞混合。設(shè)置負(fù)載病毒 HBcAg 18-27 組作為對(duì)照組。孵育后 4 h 收集上清液,利用γ 放射免疫計(jì)數(shù)器測(cè)定各孔的每分鐘脈沖值,計(jì)算公式如下:特異性殺傷率 ( % )=( 試驗(yàn)孔 cpm-自然釋放孔 cpm ) / ( 最大釋放孔 cpm-自然釋放孔 cpm ) ×100%。
六、酶聯(lián)免疫斑點(diǎn)法 ( enzyme linked immunospot assay,ELISPOT ) 檢測(cè)表位肽負(fù)載的 DC 疫苗效應(yīng)細(xì)胞釋放 IFN-γ 的實(shí)驗(yàn)。操作步驟按照說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行。
七、體內(nèi)抗腫瘤免疫作用的檢測(cè)
6 周齡非肥胖型糖尿病 / 重癥免疫缺陷 ( NOD / SCID ) 小鼠 30 只,隨機(jī)分成 3 組:EWS 306 組為實(shí)驗(yàn)組,HBcAg18-27 組為陰性對(duì)照組,PBS 組為空白對(duì)照組,每組 10 只。A673 細(xì)胞以 1×106個(gè) / 100 μl 在小鼠左腋窩皮下接種,構(gòu)建人尤文肉瘤小鼠模型。EWS 306 組:接種后 3 天,以 100 μl 肽沖擊 DC 細(xì)胞懸液 ( 1×106) 通過(guò)尾根部注射,每 5 天重復(fù)注射 1 次,共 4 次。陰性對(duì)照組接種同樣數(shù)量和體積的細(xì)胞懸液,空白對(duì)照組接種相同體積的PBS。瘤體可觸及后,用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量腫瘤最長(zhǎng)徑( a ) 和最短徑 ( b )。腫瘤體積 ( mm3) 計(jì)算公式為:腫瘤體積 ( V )=1 / 2a×b2,繪制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)曲線。觀察小鼠生存情況,并繪制生存曲線。
八、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
一、表位肽的篩選及合成
篩選出了 3 組 9 肽表位和 HLA-A / 0201 的有較強(qiáng)的親合力,分別為 EWS 306、EWS 289 及 EWS 401。其合成的表位肽序列分別為:QLWQFLLEL ( EWS 306 )、ILGPTSSRL ( EWS 289 ) 和 SMYKYPSDI ( EWS 401 ) ( 表 1 )。
表1 3種 EWS / FLI-1 蛋白 HLA-A / 0201 限制性表位肽Tab.1 Three kinds of HLA-A / 0201-restricted epitope peptides of EWS / FLI-1 protein
二、DC 疫苗殺傷實(shí)驗(yàn)
三組表位肽 DC 疫苗誘導(dǎo)的 CTL 都能對(duì) A673進(jìn)行特異性殺傷:當(dāng)效-靶比為 25∶1 時(shí)作用不太明顯,殺傷率 EWS 306 組 ( 6.8±0.2 ) %、EWS 289 組 ( 6.6±0.1 ) %、EWS 401 組 ( 6.4±0.1 ) %、對(duì)照組為 ( 6.2±0.1 ) %;當(dāng)效-靶比為 50∶1 時(shí),表位肽的三組殺傷作用提升,殺傷率 EWS 306 組( 20.2±1.8 ) %、EWS 289 組 ( 12.6±0.3 ) %、EWS 401 組 ( 11.9±0.2 ) %,而對(duì)照組為 ( 6.7±0.1 ) %,且 EWS 306 組同其它組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義( P<0.05 );當(dāng)效-靶比為 100∶1 時(shí),表位肽的三組殺傷作用明顯提升,殺傷率 EWS 306 組最高為( 51.2±3.7 ) %、EWS 289 組 ( 24.6±2.1 ) %、EWS 401 組 ( 17.8±0.9 ) %,對(duì)照組殺傷作用變化不大,為 ( 7.2±0.2 ) %,EWS 306 組同其它組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P<0.05 ) ( 圖 1 )。
三、效應(yīng)細(xì)胞 IFN-γ 釋放的檢測(cè)
用 ELISPOT 方法比較不同表位肽沖擊 DC 疫苗刺激效應(yīng)細(xì)胞分泌 IFN-γ 的差異。EWS 306 組分泌的 IFN-γ 為 ( 118.3±3.6 ) 個(gè)點(diǎn)明顯高于 EWS 401 組( 35.1±1.0 ) 個(gè)和 EWS 289 組 ( 34.2±0.9 ) 個(gè),對(duì)照組為 ( 5.0±0.1 ) 個(gè)。EWS 306 組同其它三組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P<0. 05 ) ( 圖 2 )。
四、腫瘤生長(zhǎng)抑制
EWS 306 組腫瘤的體積 ( 978.9±28.2 ) mm3明顯小于陰性對(duì)照組 ( 1992.9±16.1 ) mm3和空白對(duì)照組( 2001.9±12.3 ) mm3,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P<0.05 ) ( 圖 3a )。接種后第 35 天,空白對(duì)照組存活率為0%,陰性對(duì)照組為 10%,EWS 306 組為 80%;接種后第 40 天,空白對(duì)照組和陰性對(duì)照組均為 0%,EWS 306 組為 80%。無(wú)論是接種后第 35 天,還是接種后第 40 天,EWS 306 組同陰性對(duì)照組和空白對(duì)照組比較,腫瘤因受到抑制而生長(zhǎng)明顯減慢,其存活率得以提高,且存活時(shí)間明顯延長(zhǎng),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 ( P<0.05 ) ( 圖 3b )。
圖1 不同表位肽免疫激活 CTL 的殺傷效應(yīng)Fig.1 Immune activation of lethal effects of CTLs by different epitope peptides注:a代表 EWS 306 與其它各組比較 ( P < 0.05 );b代表 EWS 289 與其它各組比較 ( P < 0.05 );c代表 EWS 401 與其它各組比較 ( P < 0.05 )Note:aReferred to the comparison between EWS 306 group and the other groups ( P<0.05 );bReferred to the comparison between EWS 289 group and the other groups ( P<0.05 );cReferred to the comparison between EWS 401 group and the other groups ( P<0.05 )
圖2 a不同表位肽沖擊 DC 疫苗刺激效應(yīng)細(xì)胞 IFN-γ 釋放的影響Fig.2aIFN-γ releasing of effector cells induced by DC vaccines of different epitope peptides注:a代表 EWS 306 與其它各組比較 ( P < 0.05 )Note:aReferred to the comparison between EWS 306 group and the other groups ( P<0.05 )
尤文肉瘤好發(fā)于 20 歲以下青少年,95% 以上的尤文肉瘤具有特異性的染色體易位 t ( 11;22 ) ( q24;q12 ),由 22 號(hào)染色體 EWS 基因 5’ 氨基末端與 11 號(hào)染色體 FLI1 基因 3’ 羧基末端融合從而形成一種新的融合基因 EWS-FLI1,并表達(dá)融合蛋白EWS-FLI1。EWS-FLI1 是尤文肉瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵,是診斷和預(yù)后的標(biāo)志物,同時(shí)也治療尤文肉瘤的理想的靶點(diǎn)[14-16]。本研究選用 A673 細(xì)胞系,其具有尤文肉瘤特有的特征,即染色體易位 t ( 11;22 )和融合基因 EWS-FLI1 的表達(dá)。
圖3 EWS 306 表位肽抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)情況 a:腫瘤生長(zhǎng)情況;b:荷瘤小鼠的存活率Fig.3 Tumor growth inhibited by EWS 306 a: Tumor growth; b: Survival rates of tumor-burdened mice
免疫疫苗對(duì)尤文肉瘤細(xì)胞的殺傷效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的機(jī)理是由表位肽刺激、活化 CTL 產(chǎn)生的效應(yīng)[17-19]。樹突細(xì)胞是目前已知的體內(nèi)功能最強(qiáng)大的抗原呈遞細(xì)胞,也是公認(rèn)最具有潛力的免疫疫苗。然而,在應(yīng)用過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)免疫效果欠佳[20]。這可能和很多因素有關(guān),如傳代過(guò)程中腫瘤抗原的丟失、MHC 表達(dá)的減少等[21-23]。因此,研究表位肽結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)樹突疫苗的免疫治療效果有重要的意義。在本研究中首先綜合運(yùn)用 BIMAS、SYFPEITHI 對(duì) EWS-FLI1 蛋白進(jìn)行HLA-A / 0201 限制性細(xì)胞毒性 T 淋巴細(xì)胞表位進(jìn)行篩選,通過(guò)親和力實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)出 QLWQFLLEL ( EWS 306 ),ILGPTSSRL ( EWS 289 ) 和 SMYKYPSDI ( EWS 401 ) 表位肽與 HLA-A / 0201 結(jié)合較好。
我們通過(guò) 4 h51Cr 釋放實(shí)驗(yàn)和 IFN-γ 釋放實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)每一個(gè)表位肽進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),EWS 306 的特異性殺傷率最高,并且能夠明顯提高 IFN-γ 的釋放量,增強(qiáng)了機(jī)體的非特異性抗腫瘤能力。本研究通過(guò)體外實(shí)驗(yàn)表明 EWS 306 表位在體外細(xì)胞試驗(yàn)中具有較強(qiáng)免疫原性和抗腫瘤的作用;通過(guò)動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),EWS 306 肽沖擊樹突疫苗能夠有效阻止腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)和提高小鼠的生存期。
總之,EWS 306 是一個(gè)重要的表位肽,具有較強(qiáng)激活 CTLs 的潛力,能夠有效殺死腫瘤細(xì)胞,為我們研究尤文氏肉瘤的免疫治療提供了新思路和新方法。
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( 本文編輯:代琴 )
Antitumor immune response induced by three kinds of human leukocyte antigen-antigen / 0201-restricted epitope peptides in Ewing’s sarcoma dendritic cell vaccine
PENG Wei, HUANG Xun-wu, ZHAO Wei-peng, ZHAO Ming, YANG Da-zhi. Department of Orthopedics, the 309th Hospital of CPLA, Beijing, 100091, PRC
ObjectiveTo compare the antitumor effects of Ewing’s sarcoma protein ( EWS ) 306, EWS 289 and EWS 401 of human leukocyte antigen ( HLA )-antigen ( A ) / 0201-restricted epitope peptides against dendritic cells ( DCs ) of Ewing’s sarcoma.MethodsThe peptide 9 of EWS / FLI-1 protein, which was easily combined with HLA-A / 0201 of human cell antigen was screened by Operating software of BIMAS and SYFPEITHI. And then the corresponding epitope peptide was generated. The standard 4 h-51Cr release experiment was used to test the lethal effects of cytotoxic T lymphocytes ( CTLs ) against tumor cells. Enzyme linked immunospot assay ( ELISPOT ) was applied to detect the interferon-γ ( IFN-γ ) releasing of effector cells induced by DC vaccines of epitope peptides. Accordingly, the antitumor effects in vitro were compared in an animal experiment, and all these animals received immunotherapy.ResultsA strong binding force with HLA-A / 0201 was noticed in the screened EWS 306, EWS 289 and EWS 401, and the generated epitope peptides were QLWQFLLEL ( EWS 306 ), ILGPTSSRL ( EWS 289 ) and SMYKYPSDI ( EWS 401 ) respectively. A high lethality was noticed in EWS 306, EWS 289 and EWS 401 groups. When the effector /target cell ratio was 50 : 1, the lethalities in EWS 306, EWS 289 and EWS 401 groups were ( 20.2±1.8 ) %, ( 12.6±0.3 ) % and ( 11.9±0.2 ) % respectively. And while in the control group, the lethality was ( 6.7±0.1 ) %. When the effector / target cell ratio was 100:1, the lethalities in EWS 306, EWS 289, EWS 401 and the control groups were ( 51.2±3.7 ) %, ( 24.6±2.1 ) %, ( 17.8±0.9 ) % and ( 7.2±0.2 ) % respectively. There were statistically signifcant differences when the lethality between the EWS 306 group and the others was compared ( P<0.05 ). The number of secreted IFN-γ in EWS 306 group was 118.3±3.6, which was obviously higher than 35.1±1.0 in EWS 401 group, 34.2±0.9 in EWS 289 group and 5.0±0.1 in the control group ( P<0.05 ). The tumor volume was ( 978.9±28.2 ) mm3in EWS 306 group, which was obviously smaller than ( 1992.9±16.1 ) mm3in the negative control group and ( 2001.9±12.3 ) mm3in the blank control group. At the 35 day after inoculation, the survival rate in EWS 306 group was 80%, which was higher than 0% in the blank control group and 10% in the negative control group ( P<0.05 ). At 40 day after inoculation, the survival rate in the blank control group was reduced to 0%, and 80% in EWS 306 group was obviously higher than that of the other control groups ( P<0.05 ).ConclusionsStronger antitumor effects against DCs are noticed in EWS 306 when compared with that of EWS 289 and EWS 401. EWS 306 can effectively activate the lethal effects of CTLs against tumor cells and provide a new direction for the immunotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma.
Peptides; Drug screening assays, antitumor; Antineoplastic agents; Restrictive epitope peptide; Ewing's sarcoma
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2014.10.015
R738.1
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金 ( 81472183 )
100091 北京,解放軍第 309 醫(yī)院全軍骨科中心 ( 彭偉,黃迅悟,趙銘 );300060 天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院( 趙偉鵬 );400014 重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬兒童醫(yī)院重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 ( 楊大志 )
黃迅悟,Email: hxw309@163.com
2014-07-25 )