牛曉輝 劉巍峰
骨腫瘤規(guī)范化治療與研究展望
牛曉輝 劉巍峰
近 30 年來(lái),骨與軟組織腫瘤的治療在整個(gè)骨科領(lǐng)域中所占的比重雖然不大,但其進(jìn)步是非常顯著的。隨著化療的引入,手術(shù)技術(shù)的提高,綜合治療和規(guī)范化治療的倡導(dǎo),骨與軟組織腫瘤的診治水平和策略有了長(zhǎng)足的發(fā)展。對(duì)于常見(jiàn)的骨與軟組織原發(fā)腫瘤,治療的總體方案歸結(jié)為以手術(shù)為主導(dǎo),放化療為輔助的綜合治療,患者的生存率較前大大提高,復(fù)發(fā)率明顯降低,功能評(píng)定顯著改善。在當(dāng)前的總體治療策略上,我們?nèi)匀灰回灥赝瞥绻悄[瘤的規(guī)范化治療,并不遺余力地在全國(guó)進(jìn)行推廣。倡導(dǎo)規(guī)范化、推動(dòng)規(guī)范化、推崇創(chuàng)新研究,是目前骨腫瘤學(xué)科的鮮明特點(diǎn)。
近年來(lái)原發(fā)骨腫瘤的新進(jìn)展涵蓋了基礎(chǔ)和臨床的研究。對(duì)骨肉瘤而言,病理級(jí)別至關(guān)重要。低級(jí)別骨肉瘤患者不需要化療,高級(jí)別腫瘤更傾向于發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,需有代表性的標(biāo)記物來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)高級(jí)別骨肉瘤患者的預(yù)后。新輔助化療的組織學(xué)反應(yīng)仍然是預(yù)測(cè)生存的主要方法。在治療早期即可預(yù)測(cè)哪些患者反應(yīng)不良是很有必要的,這些患者就可以進(jìn)入臨床試驗(yàn)組或至少減少一些化療的毒副反應(yīng)。Li 等[1]研究了骨肉瘤患者循環(huán)中的趨化因子與臨床結(jié)果之間的關(guān)系,他們發(fā)現(xiàn) CXCL4 和 CXCL6 在至少 90% 的骨肉瘤病例中都有表達(dá),其水平越高,預(yù)后越差。對(duì)于所有高惡的骨肉瘤,手術(shù)和化療仍然是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方式。然而,目前的化療對(duì)于某些患者無(wú)效,而且目前的治療方案有已知的副作用。Choy 等[2]在骨肉瘤細(xì)胞系當(dāng)中發(fā)現(xiàn)了肌醇磷脂 3- 激酶( PI3k ) 通路中的多發(fā)變異,這個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)可能會(huì)促成進(jìn)一步的臨床試驗(yàn),即使用以 PI3k 通路為靶點(diǎn)的藥物對(duì)骨肉瘤進(jìn)行靶向治療。Yang 等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn)血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子 ( VEGF ) 通路 ( 包括 VEGF-A ) 在骨肉瘤當(dāng)中被放大,提示這可能是這種異源性惡性腫瘤的另一個(gè)靶點(diǎn)。Hassan 等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)在 14 株骨肉瘤細(xì)胞系當(dāng)中 IGF-2R 均為高表達(dá)且各種已知在骨肉瘤中表達(dá)的受體有不同程度的表達(dá),包括 IGF-1R、HER-2、c-Met、PDGFR ( 血小板源性生長(zhǎng)因子 ) -b 和 VEGF-3。Ciernik 等[5]研究了質(zhì)子放療對(duì)于 55 例無(wú)法切除或切除不徹底的骨肉瘤患者局部控制和生存的影響。事實(shí)上,“無(wú)法切除的腫瘤”是一個(gè)模糊的概念,因?yàn)閷?duì)于某位醫(yī)生來(lái)說(shuō)可以切除的腫瘤,對(duì)另一位醫(yī)生可能就是無(wú)法切除的,而且很大程度上取決于患者對(duì)其功能影響的接受程度。在此研究中,平均的總放療劑量為 68.4 Gy,5 年總生存率為 67%,5 年局部控制率為 72%。提示質(zhì)子放療對(duì)于選擇性骨肉瘤患者可以提供良好的局部控制和生存獲益。Ichikawa 等[6]研究了骨肉瘤的促凝血特征,檢驗(yàn)瘤旁的靜脈栓子中是否存在骨肉瘤細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)小凝血塊中確實(shí)存在骨肉瘤細(xì)胞,而且與預(yù)后不良相關(guān)。這可以解釋某些腫瘤細(xì)胞侵及血管時(shí)實(shí)施保肢治療并不恰當(dāng)?shù)脑颉G忠u性強(qiáng)的骨肉瘤細(xì)胞系促凝血能力也更強(qiáng),其細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)可受到低分子肝素的抑制。作者認(rèn)為凝血連鎖反應(yīng)可能在骨肉瘤發(fā)病機(jī)制當(dāng)中有一定作用且可以作為治療的靶點(diǎn)。Kubo 等[7]比較了干擾素 α / β 在 40 例高惡骨肉瘤患者當(dāng)中的表達(dá),并評(píng)價(jià)了其表型是否與生存相關(guān)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)干擾素 α / β 的高表達(dá) ( 基于免疫組化的發(fā)現(xiàn) ) 是預(yù)后良好的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素。
2013 NCCN 骨腫瘤指南修訂了骨肉瘤的二線治療,并且新增了轉(zhuǎn)移性骨肉瘤的治療建議。大約 10%~20% 的患者在明確診斷時(shí)即為轉(zhuǎn)移性骨肉瘤。其預(yù)后 2 年無(wú)事件生存率為 21%,2 年總生存率為 55%;轉(zhuǎn)移灶的數(shù)量以及所有病灶是否可以完整切除構(gòu)成其獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素。對(duì)于進(jìn)展期骨肉瘤的治療,轉(zhuǎn)移灶可切除的病例,推薦術(shù)前先化療,然后對(duì)原發(fā)腫瘤進(jìn)行廣泛切除,對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移灶的治療方式包括化療和手術(shù)切除,對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)移灶不可切除的病例,推薦先進(jìn)行化療或者對(duì)原發(fā)病灶的放療,然后再對(duì)原發(fā)灶進(jìn)行評(píng)估,以選擇適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞竭M(jìn)行局部控制。目前進(jìn)展期骨肉瘤的發(fā)生率,II 期患者發(fā)生率約 30%,III 期患者發(fā)生率則為 80%,其預(yù)后則與轉(zhuǎn)移灶是否單發(fā)、進(jìn)展距初診時(shí)間、初次進(jìn)展時(shí)病灶可否被完整切除等相關(guān)。在二線藥物的選擇方面,有多烯紫杉醇、吉西他濱[8]、環(huán)磷酰胺、依托泊苷[9]、拓?fù)涮婵礫10]、異環(huán)磷酰胺、卡鉑等。意大利的一項(xiàng) II期臨床研究表明[11],應(yīng)用索拉非尼后 4 個(gè)月疾病無(wú)進(jìn)展生存率為 46%,中位疾病無(wú)進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間為 4 個(gè)月,臨床獲益率 ( 6 個(gè)月疾病無(wú)進(jìn)展 ) 為 29%,部分緩解和疾病穩(wěn)定率分別在 8% 和 34%。
對(duì)于 Ewing 肉瘤的研究一直都是熱點(diǎn),Ewing 腫瘤家族 ( EFT ) 與大多數(shù)骨原發(fā)腫瘤不同的是,它有一個(gè)特征性的染色體易位,最常見(jiàn)的是在 11 號(hào)和 22 號(hào)染色體之間。這種易位的蛋白產(chǎn)物即 EWS-FLI1 被認(rèn)為是一種異常的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,進(jìn)而驅(qū)動(dòng)了 Ewing 肉瘤的發(fā)病。EWS-FLI1 可以與 RNA 解鏈酶 A ( RHA ) 形成一種轉(zhuǎn)錄復(fù)合物,而這種復(fù)合物與 Ewing 肉瘤的發(fā)病有關(guān)[12]。Ewing 肉瘤也可以原發(fā)于軟組織。Applebaum 等[13]對(duì)比了骨與軟組織原發(fā) Ewing 肉瘤的表現(xiàn)及結(jié)果。骨原發(fā)的 Ewing 肉瘤較軟組織原發(fā)者更多見(jiàn)于年輕患者,更傾向于男性,且更多位于四肢。骨原發(fā)的 Ewing 肉瘤 5 年生存率更低。Gupta 等[14]比較了成人和兒童 Ewing肉瘤患者的生存率,發(fā)現(xiàn) 3 年的總生存率,兒童為 81%,成人為 59% ( P = 0.02 )。他們認(rèn)為造成這種差異的原因部分由于成人使用的化療藥物劑量更低。Garofalo 等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn) Ewing 肉瘤治療中對(duì)于抗胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子IGF 治療耐藥的腫瘤上調(diào)了 IGF-2 / 胰島素受體 A 通路,從而激活了這兩條平行通路之后的共同通路下游的蛋白。Scotlandi 等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)幾乎所有 Ewing 肉瘤都會(huì)表達(dá) IGF 通路的不同成分,同時(shí)表達(dá)增加會(huì)改善生存,且 IGF 的活性降低與腫瘤的侵襲性相關(guān)。基礎(chǔ)研究證明唑來(lái)膦酸作為一種骨代謝藥物似乎有內(nèi)在的抗腫瘤能力。Odri 等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)植入 Ewing 肉瘤細(xì)胞的鼠模型當(dāng)中,唑來(lái)膦酸與一個(gè)劑量的異環(huán)磷酰胺合用,其效果相當(dāng)于三個(gè)劑量的異環(huán)磷酰胺。作者認(rèn)為唑來(lái)膦酸可以影響破骨細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)換,與低劑量傳統(tǒng)化療藥物合用可能會(huì)在有效治療腫瘤的同時(shí)減少副作用。
對(duì)于軟骨肉瘤,組織學(xué)分級(jí)仍然是判斷軟骨肉瘤預(yù)后的最好指標(biāo)。Chen 等[18]評(píng)價(jià)了 ( von hippellindau,VHL ) 腫瘤抑制基因在軟骨肉瘤當(dāng)中的作用,發(fā)現(xiàn) VHL 表達(dá)減少與凋亡率下降、高組織學(xué)級(jí)別相關(guān),但與生存率不相關(guān)。Mohler 等[19]報(bào)道了治療肢體低級(jí)別軟骨肉瘤時(shí)采用刮除及冷凍治療有 4.3% 的復(fù)發(fā)率,并總結(jié)認(rèn)為相對(duì)于廣泛切除,刮除及冷凍治療對(duì)于低級(jí)別軟骨病變是一種合理的治療方式。在脊索瘤的診療進(jìn)展方面,骶骨仍為最多見(jiàn)部位,約占 50%~60%,病理類型分為經(jīng)典型、軟骨樣型和去分化型。NCCN 推薦的診斷檢查方法仍基于充分的影像學(xué)檢查手段。胸部 CT、脊柱 MRI 及全身骨掃描很有必要。位于骶骨和可活動(dòng)脊椎者,應(yīng)進(jìn)行廣泛切除;位于顱底則進(jìn)行囊內(nèi)切除。肉眼切緣陽(yáng)性或者囊內(nèi)切除的病例,建議術(shù)后進(jìn)行放療,可以改善局部控制,提高無(wú)病生存率。對(duì)于不能手術(shù)切除的病例,放療是主要的治療方法。對(duì)于進(jìn)展期脊索瘤,手術(shù)治療并輔助放療或者藥物治療有效。NCCN 推薦的藥物包括:伊馬替尼、順鉑、雷帕霉素、埃羅替尼、西妥昔單抗和舒尼替尼等。去分化脊索瘤的治療可以參考 NCCN 軟組織肉瘤的治療。意大利 Rizzoli 骨腫瘤中心研究表明,廣泛切除的局部復(fù)發(fā)率為 17%,囊內(nèi)或者邊緣切除為 81%[20]。由此可見(jiàn),其復(fù)發(fā)率還是很高的。伊馬替尼治療進(jìn)展期脊索瘤可使 70% 患者獲得疾病穩(wěn)定,臨床獲益率為64%,中位疾病無(wú)進(jìn)展時(shí)間為 9 個(gè)月。
骨巨細(xì)胞瘤在我國(guó)的發(fā)病率大大高于歐美白種人,Niu[21]報(bào)道了中國(guó)最大宗的骨巨細(xì)胞瘤詳細(xì)治療狀況。NCCN 指南在診斷方面注重充分的影像學(xué)檢查,并注意肺轉(zhuǎn)移灶的確定;手術(shù)的病例首選擴(kuò)大刮除或者整塊切除;對(duì)于不可手術(shù)的中軸骨病變,或者雖然可以手術(shù)但是切除后會(huì)發(fā)生不可接受的致殘結(jié)果的病例,推薦進(jìn)行非手術(shù)治療??晒┻x擇的非手術(shù)治療方法包括系列的動(dòng)脈栓塞,地諾單抗、干擾素或者聚乙二醇干擾素等。Thomas 等[22-24]在一項(xiàng)前瞻性試驗(yàn)中使用 RANKL 的單克隆抗體對(duì)巨細(xì)胞瘤進(jìn)行靶向治療。以RANKL 為靶點(diǎn)的前提是,巨細(xì)胞上存在 RANKL 的受體,而且巨細(xì)胞的活化部分與 RANKL 有關(guān)。如果可以通過(guò)結(jié)合 RANKL 而阻斷巨細(xì)胞的活化,就可以抑制巨細(xì)胞瘤的生長(zhǎng)。這項(xiàng)研究納入了 37 例復(fù)發(fā)或無(wú)法切除的骨巨細(xì)胞瘤患者,每月皮下注射地諾單抗 ( 來(lái)自 Amgen 公司 )。主要終點(diǎn)為腫瘤產(chǎn)生反應(yīng),指清除至少90% 的巨細(xì)胞或至 25 周時(shí)靶病變影像學(xué)無(wú)進(jìn)展。對(duì) 35 例患者進(jìn)行了分析,30 例 ( 86% ) 達(dá)到了腫瘤產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。對(duì)于骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移灶,可切除的轉(zhuǎn)移病灶選擇囊內(nèi)切除手術(shù),不可切除的病灶采用非手術(shù)治療方法或者放療。
在骨與軟組織腫瘤的綜合治療中,放療可以作為一種輔助手段;不能接受手術(shù)的病例,放療可以作為最終治療手段。NCCN 同時(shí)對(duì)一些特殊的放療技術(shù)做了闡述,如質(zhì)子、碳離子或其他重離子等粒子放療,立體定向放療,分次立體定向放療等。
盡管,基礎(chǔ)研究和醫(yī)療技術(shù)不斷推進(jìn),仍然有許多疾病的治療效果進(jìn)入了平臺(tái)期,典型的例子是骨肉瘤生存率,在目前規(guī)范治療的背景下,難以企及其療效再次顯著上升。同樣,對(duì)于復(fù)雜解剖部位的原發(fā)腫瘤外科切除邊界,對(duì)于高惡腫瘤早期多發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移病變的控制,對(duì)于良性腫瘤徹底切除前提下達(dá)到微創(chuàng)等等,諸多課題仍在探索階段。微波滅活、導(dǎo)航輔助技術(shù)、射頻消融、粒子放療等新技術(shù)越來(lái)越多地應(yīng)用于特定病例。此外,既往已報(bào)道自體骨滅活再植技術(shù)在某些特定人群特定環(huán)境下的應(yīng)用,仍不失為最佳選擇。斗轉(zhuǎn)星移,各項(xiàng)新技術(shù)和新的設(shè)備層出不窮,醫(yī)生對(duì)疾病的理解和技術(shù)應(yīng)用是一個(gè)螺旋上升的過(guò)程,由此產(chǎn)生許多新的理念和思路。正是基于目前骨與軟組織腫瘤領(lǐng)域內(nèi)既有主流診療的“陽(yáng)關(guān)大道”,又有新興技術(shù)“曲徑通幽”的交相輝映。本期對(duì)骨腫瘤領(lǐng)域內(nèi)一些新的探索性的診療技術(shù)進(jìn)行了選登,旨在引發(fā)同道對(duì)這些技術(shù)的安全性和可行性進(jìn)行更為有益地探討,對(duì)于常規(guī)治療也是一種有益的補(bǔ)充。
萬(wàn)變不離其宗,所有的診療手段和技術(shù)應(yīng)用,皆應(yīng)與骨與軟組織腫瘤診療原則一致,這樣才能保證在患者受益的同時(shí),學(xué)術(shù)上也不斷取得進(jìn)步。
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( 本文編輯:李貴存 )
Prospects of the standardized treatment and research of neoplasms
NIU Xiao-hui, LIU Wei-feng. Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, PRC
With the introduction of chemotherapy, the improvement of surgical techniques and the advocation of comprehensive and standardized treatment, great progresses have been made in the treatment of bone and soft tissue tumors. Comprehensive treatment strategy is an ideal choice for common primary bone and soft tissue tumors with surgery as the main therapy and chemoradiotherapy as the adjuvant therapy. The standardized treatment is regarded as the best strategy. The histological reaction in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy is taken as the principal method to predict the survival rate. For the patients with osteosarcoma, surgery and chemotherapy are included in the standardized treatment. It is an unclear concept of “unresectable tumors”. The tumor that can be resected by a surgeon may be unresectable for another, and it depends on how much the patient could accept the adverse effects on his or her functions. The prognosis could be predicted by the high expressions of the interferon α/β. How many metastatic lesions are there? Is it possible to resect all these lesions completely? All the factors may affect the prognosis. The wide resection combined with the preoperative chemotherapy is recommended in the treatment of resectable osteosarcoma in its progressive stage. As to the patients with unresectable metastatic tumors, the chemotherapy is a good choice. The primary tumors are evaluated, and then a suitable approach is chosen to control the local condition. The radiotherapy is the main treatment method for the patients with tumors that could not be resected by surgery. The dedifferentiated chordoma is treated according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network ( NCCN ) guideline. It is better for the patients with metastatic giant cell tumors to undergo the treatment of intracapsular resection. Non-surgical treatment or radiotherapy is recommended for the patients with unresectable tumors. The radiotherapy can be taken as an adjutant therapy in the comprehensive treatment of bone and soft tissue tumors. For the patients who cannot accept surgery, radiotherapy is the last choice. In order to ensure the benefts of the patients and the constant progress of the surgeons in the feld of academics, the principle of all the treatment methods and techniques should be in consistent with that in the treatment of bone and soft tumors.
Bone neoplasms; Surgical procedures, operative; Chemoradiotherapy, adjuvant
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2014.02.002
R738.1
100035北京積水潭醫(yī)院骨腫瘤科
2014-01-14 )
中國(guó)骨與關(guān)節(jié)雜志2014年2期