張守凱 何 健 梁丹茹 衛(wèi)旭東 陳 彤 楊蒙生 李 麗
·論著·
阿奇霉素對(duì)比阿莫西林/克拉維酸治療兒童急性中耳炎療效和安全性的Meta分析
張守凱1何 健1梁丹茹2衛(wèi)旭東1陳 彤1楊蒙生1李 麗1
目的 采用Meta分析方法比較阿奇霉素與阿莫西林/克拉維酸治療兒童急性中耳炎療效和安全性。方法 電子檢索中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)數(shù)字化期刊、PubMed、Cochrane Library和EMBASE數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),檢索起止時(shí)間均從建庫(kù)至2013年8月。納入阿奇霉素對(duì)比阿莫西林/克拉維酸治療兒童急性中耳炎的RCT文獻(xiàn),對(duì)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)。評(píng)估臨床治愈率、治療失敗率和不良反應(yīng)。采用RevMan 5.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,二分類(lèi)變量采用OR及其95%CI表示。結(jié)果 共納入13篇RCT文獻(xiàn)(5 081例患兒)。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,阿奇霉素組與阿莫西林/克拉維酸組在<10 d臨床治愈率(OR =0.69, 95%CI:0.46~1.02)、~19 d臨床治愈率(OR=0.88, 95%CI:0.68~1.13)、~29 d臨床治愈率( OR=0.99, 95%CI:0.83~1.19)、≥30 d臨床治愈率(OR=1.00, 95%CI:0.72~1.39)和治療失敗率(OR=0.87, 95%CI:0.65~1.17)差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。阿奇霉素組惡心(OR=0.44, 95%CI:0.20~0.97)、皮疹(OR=0.48, 95%CI:0.31~0.75)、腹瀉(OR=0.38, 95%CI:0.25~0.57)和稀便(OR=0.41, 95%CI:0.20~0.81)的發(fā)生率顯著低于阿莫西林/克拉維酸組。結(jié)論 阿奇霉素與阿莫西林/克拉維酸治療兒童中耳炎療效相當(dāng)且不良反應(yīng)少。
阿奇霉素; 阿莫西林/克拉維酸; 中耳炎; 兒童; Meta分析; 療效; 不良反應(yīng)
急性中耳炎是兒童常見(jiàn)的感染,可由解剖因素、遺傳因素和環(huán)境因素等原因所致[1]。有研究顯示,6個(gè)月時(shí)兒童第1次分泌性中耳炎的發(fā)生率為35%~85%,1歲時(shí)為50%~96%,且復(fù)發(fā)率高[2]。中耳炎主要影響兒童的聽(tīng)力和平衡,導(dǎo)致言語(yǔ)發(fā)育遲緩,若處置不當(dāng),嚴(yán)重影響兒童智力及言語(yǔ)發(fā)育[3]。有研究顯示[4],60%的中耳炎為細(xì)菌感染,最常見(jiàn)的細(xì)菌為肺炎鏈球菌、流感嗜血桿菌、卡他莫拉菌、金黃色葡萄球菌、A組β-溶血性鏈球菌、大腸埃希氏菌和糞腸球菌。阿莫西林/克拉維酸治療中耳炎的療效確切[5,6],美國(guó)兒科學(xué)會(huì)推薦高劑量阿莫西林/克拉維酸作為治療兒童急性中耳炎的一線(xiàn)抗生素[7]。近年來(lái),阿奇霉素治療中耳炎也獲得了滿(mǎn)意療效[8~10]。為此,本研究檢索阿奇霉素和阿莫西林/克拉維酸治療兒童中耳炎的RCT文獻(xiàn),評(píng)估兩種藥物的療效相當(dāng)程度和不良反應(yīng)。
1.1 文獻(xiàn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ①RCT;②語(yǔ)種不限;③研究對(duì)象為急性中耳炎的兒童,且文獻(xiàn)中有急性中耳炎診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的描述;④一組予阿奇霉素,一組予阿莫西林/克拉維酸;⑤文獻(xiàn)中有本文設(shè)定的結(jié)局指標(biāo)。
1.2 結(jié)局指標(biāo) ①主要結(jié)局指標(biāo):開(kāi)始治療后<10 d、~19 d、~29 d和≥30 d的臨床治愈率,治療失敗率;②常見(jiàn)不良反應(yīng)(如惡心、嘔吐等)的發(fā)生率。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)檢索策略 ①以“阿奇霉素” AND “阿莫西林” AND “克拉維酸” AND “中耳炎”檢索中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)數(shù)字化期刊庫(kù);以“Azithromycin AND amoxicillin AND clavulanate AND otitis media”檢索PubMed、Cochrane 圖書(shū)館(2013年第8期)、EMBASE和 ISI Web of Knowledge數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù);檢索起止時(shí)間均為建庫(kù)至2013年8月。②手工檢索PediatrInfectDisJ、Pediatrics、ClinOtolaryngolAll、IntJPediatrOtorhi、Laryngoscope、JLaryngolOtol和會(huì)議論文集(Annual meeting of the pediatric academic societies,4th expraodinary international symposum on recent advances in otitis media)。③檢索臨床試驗(yàn)注冊(cè)平臺(tái)(clinicaltrial.gov)。④回溯已獲全文的參考文獻(xiàn),在臨床試驗(yàn)報(bào)告論文或綜述的參考文獻(xiàn)中追蹤查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。
1.4 文獻(xiàn)篩選 由張守凱,梁丹茹獨(dú)立閱讀文獻(xiàn)題目和摘要,根據(jù)預(yù)定的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選文獻(xiàn),對(duì)可能符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)一步閱讀全文。有分歧而難以確定文獻(xiàn)通過(guò)討論或由何健決定其是否納入。
1.5 文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià) 納人RCT文獻(xiàn)的方法學(xué)質(zhì)量依據(jù)Cochrane 評(píng)價(jià)手冊(cè)5.0的相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[11],包括隨機(jī)分配、分配隱藏、盲法、數(shù)據(jù)完整性、選擇性報(bào)告結(jié)果和其他偏倚。
1.6 數(shù)據(jù)提取 建立數(shù)據(jù)提取表,提取試驗(yàn)的基本情況、兩組的基線(xiàn)情況、干預(yù)藥物(措施)、結(jié)果測(cè)量指標(biāo)和文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量等數(shù)據(jù)。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用RevMan 5.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,二分類(lèi)變量采用OR及其95%CI為療效分析統(tǒng)計(jì)量。采用I2檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性分析,I2≥50%為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型;I2<50%,采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 一般情況 通過(guò)檢索獲得相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)269篇,13篇RCT文獻(xiàn)符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)入Meta分析[4, 9, 12~22](圖1),5 081例中耳炎患兒,其中阿奇霉素組2 548例,阿莫西林/克拉維酸組2 533例。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程圖
Fig 1 Flow chart of article screening and selection process
7篇文獻(xiàn)[9, 12~14,16,18]來(lái)自于美國(guó),2篇文獻(xiàn)[4,15]來(lái)自土耳其,澳大利亞[21]、意大利[22]、以色列[17]文獻(xiàn)各1篇,文獻(xiàn)[19]為國(guó)際合作研究。阿奇霉素劑量與用法:4篇文獻(xiàn)[4,12,18,22]為10 mg·kg-1, qd×3 d,6篇文獻(xiàn)[13,15,17,19~21]首日劑量10 mg·kg-1,2~5 d劑量5 mg·kg-1,文獻(xiàn)[14]為20 mg·kg-1, qd×3 d。阿莫西林/克拉維酸劑量與用法:5篇文獻(xiàn)[12,13,20~22]為40 mg·kg-1(分3次)×10 d, 4篇文獻(xiàn)[4,16~18]為45/6.4 mg·kg-1·d-1(分2次)×10 d。阿莫西林/克拉維酸劑量為40 mg·kg-1的5篇文獻(xiàn)中,文獻(xiàn)[21]提及阿莫西林/克拉維酸比例為2∶1,余未提及。
主要結(jié)局指標(biāo)的定義,11篇文獻(xiàn)[4,9,12~14,16,18~22]采用最初臨床癥狀完全消失,伴或不伴中耳積液作為臨床治愈的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);采用臨床癥狀依然存在,或需進(jìn)一步抗生素治療,或存在持續(xù)性的中耳積液為治療失敗;文獻(xiàn)[5]定義臨床治愈為臨床和耳鏡總評(píng)分為0分,治療失敗為臨床和耳鏡總評(píng)分>4分;文獻(xiàn)[17]臨床治愈為中耳積液培養(yǎng)呈陰性或者未觀(guān)察到中耳積液,治療失敗為中耳積液細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性,且耐藥。
2.2 文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果 文獻(xiàn)[9,12]采用計(jì)算機(jī)隨機(jī)產(chǎn)生分組序列;13篇文獻(xiàn)均未提及分配隱藏。8篇文獻(xiàn)[9,12,14,16,17~19,21]提及采用盲法,其中文獻(xiàn)[12,19]對(duì)試驗(yàn)實(shí)施者施盲,文獻(xiàn)[9,14,18,21]同時(shí)對(duì)試驗(yàn)實(shí)施者和患者施盲。13篇文獻(xiàn)均未選擇性報(bào)道結(jié)果,3篇文獻(xiàn)[4,12,15]研究對(duì)象沒(méi)有失訪(fǎng),4篇文獻(xiàn)[9,13,17,19]失訪(fǎng)率>20%。其他偏倚均不清楚。
表1 納入文獻(xiàn)的基本情況
Notes T:amoxicillin/clavulanate; C: azithromycin; y: years; m: months.1)azithromycin 10 mg·kg-1was adminstrated on the 1st day and 5 mg·kg-1was adminstrated on the 2nd- the 5th day
2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果
2.3.1 臨床治愈率 2篇文獻(xiàn)[12,19]報(bào)道了兩組<10 d臨床治愈率,異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)P=0.32,I2=0,采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析,兩組臨床治愈率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,236/339vs255/335, OR=0.69,95%CI:0.46~1.02,P=0.07。
11篇文獻(xiàn)[4,9,12~14,16~19,21,22]報(bào)道了兩組~19 d臨床治愈率,異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)P=0.02,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析,圖2顯示兩組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,OR=0.88, 95%CI:0.68~1.13,P=0.31。
10篇文獻(xiàn)[4,12~19,21]報(bào)道了兩組~29 d臨床治愈率,異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)P=0.13,采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析,圖3顯示兩組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,OR=0.99, 95%CI:0.83~1.19,P=0.93。
2篇文獻(xiàn)[9,20]報(bào)道了兩組的≥30 d的臨床治愈率,異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)P=0.52,I2=0,采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析,兩組臨床治愈率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,184/342vs172/329, OR=1.00,95%CI:0.72~1.39,P=1.00。
6篇文獻(xiàn)[9,12,15,20~21]報(bào)道了兩組治療失敗率,異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)P=0.96,采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析,圖4顯示兩組治療失敗率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,OR=0.87, 95%CI:0.65~1.17,P=0.36。
圖2 阿奇霉素組和阿莫西林/克拉維酸組10~19 d臨床治愈率比較的Meta分析
圖3 阿奇霉素組和阿莫西林/克拉維酸組20~29 d臨床治愈率比較的Meta分析
圖4 阿奇霉素組和阿莫西林/克拉維酸組治療失敗率比較的Meta分析
Fig 4 Meta-analysis of comparisons of failure rate of treatment between amoxicillin/clavulanate and azithromycin groups
2.3.2 不良反應(yīng) 表2顯示,兩組常見(jiàn)不良反應(yīng)為胃腸道反應(yīng)和皮疹。報(bào)道嘔吐的文獻(xiàn)間[12,14~20,22]具異質(zhì)性,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析,結(jié)果顯示兩組嘔吐發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,OR=0.67, 95%CI:0.39~1.14;報(bào)道腹痛的文獻(xiàn)間[9,12,14,16,20,21]具同質(zhì)性,固定效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,兩組腹痛發(fā)生率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,OR=0.99, 95%CI:0.60~1.64;報(bào)道惡心[9,12,16,20]、皮疹[9,12~15,18]的文獻(xiàn)間均具同質(zhì)性,Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,上述不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率阿奇霉素組均顯著低于阿莫西林/克拉維酸組;報(bào)道腹瀉[4,9,12,14~21]和稀便[9,12,13,20,21]的文獻(xiàn)間具異質(zhì)性,隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,腹瀉和稀便發(fā)生率阿奇霉素組均顯著低于阿莫西林/克拉維酸組。
表2 阿奇霉素組和阿莫西林/克拉維酸組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率的Meta分析
Notes 1) total patients of azithromycin group; 2)total patients of amoxicillin/clavulanate group
2.3.3 異質(zhì)性原因分析 報(bào)道10~19 d臨床治愈率的文獻(xiàn)間具異質(zhì)性,圖2顯示,僅文獻(xiàn)[22]為阿莫西林/克拉維酸組顯著優(yōu)于阿莫西林組,故剔除該文獻(xiàn)行敏感性分析,結(jié)果顯示文獻(xiàn)間具同質(zhì)性(P=0.56,I2=0),但匯總結(jié)果OR=0.79,95%CI:0.67~0.94,P=0.009,與原結(jié)果不一致。
報(bào)道嘔吐、稀便和腹瀉文獻(xiàn)間具異質(zhì)性,文獻(xiàn)[9]阿奇霉素組的劑量為60 mg·kg-1,1次頓服,與其他文獻(xiàn)明顯不同,剔除該文獻(xiàn)后報(bào)道嘔吐文獻(xiàn)的異質(zhì)性為I2=22%,P=0.25,Meta分析結(jié)果為OR=0.54,95%CI:0.33~0.88,與原結(jié)果不一致;報(bào)道稀便文獻(xiàn)間異質(zhì)性為I2=24%,P=0.27,匯總結(jié)果OR=0.30,95%CI:0.14~0.66,與原結(jié)果一致。剔除文獻(xiàn)[9]后報(bào)道腹瀉的文獻(xiàn)間仍具異質(zhì)性。
2.3.4 發(fā)表偏倚檢驗(yàn) 對(duì)報(bào)道10~19 d臨床治愈率的文獻(xiàn)繪制漏斗圖(圖5),提示圖形不對(duì)稱(chēng),可能存在發(fā)表偏倚。進(jìn)一步行Egger's回歸分析顯示,發(fā)表偏倚無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-0.19, 95CI: -3.00~2.62,P=0.88)。
圖5 漏斗圖檢驗(yàn)
Fig 5 Funnel plot
本Meta分析納入13篇RCT文獻(xiàn),2篇文獻(xiàn)采用計(jì)算機(jī)隨機(jī)產(chǎn)生分組序列,8篇文獻(xiàn)采用盲法,其中4篇文獻(xiàn)對(duì)試驗(yàn)實(shí)施者和患者施盲;均未選擇性報(bào)道結(jié)果,漏斗圖檢驗(yàn)提示發(fā)表偏倚的可能性不大,4篇文獻(xiàn)失訪(fǎng)率>20%。本Meta分析的證據(jù)強(qiáng)度為中等。
阿莫西林/克拉維酸對(duì)多種產(chǎn)β-內(nèi)酰胺酶細(xì)菌具有良好的抗菌活性,對(duì)青霉素不敏感肺炎鏈球菌的治愈率為90%~94%[1],高劑量阿莫西林/克拉維酸是美國(guó)兒科學(xué)會(huì)推薦的治療兒童急性中耳炎的一線(xiàn)抗生素[5]。有研究顯示,阿莫西林/克拉維酸的胃腸道反應(yīng)較常見(jiàn),如腹瀉等[22]。阿奇霉素對(duì)常見(jiàn)的上呼吸道病原體(主要包括肺炎鏈球菌和流感嗜血桿菌)有效,且在中耳液中濃度較高,可以減少鼻腔中肺炎鏈球菌的濃度,因此可用來(lái)治療急性中耳炎[9]。本研究顯示,兩組在10~29 d的臨床治愈率相當(dāng),但阿奇霉素組惡心、皮疹、腹瀉和稀便等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率顯著低于阿莫西林/克拉維酸組。同時(shí)高劑量阿莫西林/克拉維酸治療兒童急性中耳炎的療程為10 d,且胃腸道反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率較高,服藥依從性較差。有研究顯示,阿莫西林/克拉維酸的依從性為77%~83%,而接受阿奇霉素治療的依從性為99%~100%[9,16]。提示阿奇霉素可作為兒童急性中耳炎治療的較好選擇。
本Meta分析的局限性:①各文獻(xiàn)阿奇霉素和阿莫西林/克拉維酸的劑量和服用次數(shù)不一致,且難以行亞組分析;②11篇文獻(xiàn)從臨床癥狀的消失進(jìn)行判斷,存在主觀(guān)性,僅2篇文獻(xiàn)采用客觀(guān)指標(biāo)如耳液培養(yǎng)或者耳鏡檢查進(jìn)行療效評(píng)估;③納入文獻(xiàn)均未提及急性中耳炎的嚴(yán)重程度。
結(jié)論:阿奇霉素治療兒童急性中耳炎的療效與阿莫西林/克拉維酸相當(dāng),且常見(jiàn)不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率較低。
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Efficacy and safety of azithromycin vs. amoxicillin/clavulanic in the treatment of children with acute otitis media: a meta-analysis
ZHANGShou-kai1,HEJian1,LIANGDan-ru2,WEIXu-dong1,CHENTong1,YANGMeng-sheng1,LILi1
( 1DepartmentofOtolaryngology-HeadandNeckSrugery, 2DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,GansuProvincePeople'sHospital,Lanzhou730000,China)
HE Jian,E-mail:H8281956@163.com
ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy and safety of azithromycin with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of acute otitis media using meta-analysis methods.MethodsThe Wanfang, VIP, CNKI, PubMed, Cochrance library and EMBASE database establishment were selected to search the randomized controlled studies that compared azithromycin with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of acute otitis media from initiation establishment of database to August, 2013. Outcomes included clinical cure, treatment failure rates and adverse events. RevMan 5.0 software was used for data analysis. Categorical variables were expressed using the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Heterogeneity was analyzed using I2 test.ResultsA total of 13 randomized controlled trials (5 081 patients) were included. Meta-analysis showed that there were no significant differences of clinical cure rate within 10 days (OR=0.69, 95%CI: 0.46-1.02) ,clinical cure rate within 10-19 days (OR=0.88, 95%CI: 0.68-1.13) ,clinical cure rate within 20-29 days (OR=0.99, 95%CI:0.83-1.19), clinical cure rate after 30 days (OR=1.00, 95%CI: 0.72-1.39) and cure failure rate (OR=0.87, 95%CI: 0.65-1.17) was not statistically significant. There were less patients with nausea (OR=0.44, 95%CI:0.20-0.97), rash (OR=0.48, 95%CI:0.31-0.75), diarrhea (OR=0.38, 95%CI: 0.25-0.57) and loose stools (OR=0.41, 95%CI: 0.20-0.81) in azithromycin group than that in amoxicillin clavulanic acid group. ConclusionCompared with amoxicillin/clavulanate treatment of children with otitis media, the meta-analysis showed that azithromycin had non-inferior efficacy, but less adverse events such as nausea, rash, or diarrheaand loose stools.
Azithromycin; Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; Otitis media; Children; Meta-analysis; Efficacy; Adverse drug reaction
1 甘肅省人民醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉-頭頸外科 蘭州,730000;2 甘肅省人民醫(yī)院干部病房普外科 蘭州,730000
何健,E-mail: H8281956@163.com
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2013.06.003
2013-09-17
2013-11-25)
丁俊杰)