魏亞萍,曹明,馮怡君,游松發(fā)

(湖北大學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)與計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)學(xué)院,湖北 武漢 430062)

0 引言

令Γ是有多重邊的有限有向連通圖,其頂點(diǎn)集V(Γ)={1,…,k},邊集E(Γ)={e1,…,eN}.σ,τ是E(Γ)到V(Γ)的映射,并定義σ(es)=i,τ(es)=j,由此可知es為頂點(diǎn)i到頂點(diǎn)j的有向邊,對(duì)i∈V(Γ),令φ+(i)=|{es|σ(es)=i}|,φ-(i)=|{es|τ(es)=i}|,且γ(i)=max{φ+(i),φ-(i)}.若π∈Sym(N)(作用在{1,…,N}上的對(duì)稱群),且τ(eπ(i))=σ(eπ(i+1))(?i=1,…,N-1),則稱eπ(1)eπ(2)…eπ(N)是Γ的一條歐拉路,具有歐拉路的有向連通圖稱為歐拉圖.眾所周知,連通圖Γp,q有從p到q的歐拉路,當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)下列兩個(gè)條件之一成立:

a)p=q時(shí),φ+(i)=φ-(i)(?i=1,…,k);

b)p≠q時(shí),φ+(p)=φ-(p)+1,φ-(q)=φ(q)+1,且φ+(i)=φ-(i)(?i∈{1,…,k}(〗p,q}).

由定理0.1立即可以得到

推論0.1[1]令Γp,q是歐拉圖,且|V(Γp,q)|=k,|E(Γp,q)|=N,若N≥2kn,則fΓp,q(x1,…,xN)=0是域F上n×n矩陣環(huán)Mn(F)的多項(xiàng)式恒等式.

1 主要結(jié)果

則有

定理1.1若R是有1的F-代數(shù),f∈F〈X〉,則下列結(jié)論等價(jià).

1)f=0是Mn(R)的多項(xiàng)式恒等式;

2)對(duì)所有1≤i,j≤n,φij(f)=0是R的多項(xiàng)式恒等式;

3)φ11(f)=0是R的多項(xiàng)式恒等式.

定理1.1的證明1)?2)及2)?3)是顯然的,只須證明3)?2).

因此,?i=1,…,n,φii(f)=0是R的多項(xiàng)式恒等式.

1)f=0是Mn(R)的多項(xiàng)式恒等式;

定理1.2的證明由f是多重線性時(shí)φij(f)的上述刻畫(huà),直接應(yīng)用定理1.1,獲證.

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