陳綱
(北京軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院全軍普通外科中心 北京 100700)
在中國(guó),中低位直腸癌占所有直腸癌病人的70%,就診時(shí)多數(shù)處于進(jìn)展期,且發(fā)病年齡較西方提前10~20歲,因此在確保根治的前提下保留理想的肛門功能是治療的主要目標(biāo)。近幾十年來(lái),對(duì)于距肛緣小于5cm的低位直腸癌的治療取得了較大進(jìn)展。借助新輔助放化療提高局部進(jìn)展期低位直腸癌的局部控制率和保肛率是直腸癌輔助治療的新趨勢(shì)[1]。以經(jīng)內(nèi)外括約肌間切除術(shù)(intersphincteric resection,ISR)為代表的保肛手術(shù)逐漸取代腹會(huì)陰聯(lián)合切除術(shù)(Abdominoperineal resection,APR)成為低位直腸癌的重要術(shù)式[2-3]。本文從腫瘤學(xué)效果及術(shù)后排便控制功能兩個(gè)方面闡述新輔助放化療聯(lián)合ISR在低位進(jìn)展期直腸癌治療中的作用。
先前認(rèn)為,為了保證遠(yuǎn)端切緣的安全,必須切除距腫瘤遠(yuǎn)端至少5cm,APR是低位直腸癌手術(shù)的唯一選擇,而永久性造瘺嚴(yán)重影響了病人的生活質(zhì)量。大量的研究證實(shí)腫瘤的腸壁內(nèi)遠(yuǎn)處擴(kuò)散很少超過(guò)腫瘤邊緣1cm[4],因此大于1~2cm的腫瘤遠(yuǎn)端切緣目前已被大多數(shù)學(xué)者接受[5、6]。目前關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)已經(jīng)從腫瘤的遠(yuǎn)端切緣轉(zhuǎn)到腫瘤的環(huán)周切緣(circumferential resection margin,CRM),CRM 的陽(yáng)性(腫瘤距CRM<1mm被認(rèn)為存在CRM癌浸潤(rùn),也稱CRM 陽(yáng)性)是導(dǎo)致腫瘤局部復(fù)發(fā)的主要原因[7、8]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),直腸癌側(cè)方淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移是沿直腸側(cè)韌帶而不是沿肛提肌上緣發(fā)生,因此不必切除肛提肌和肛門括約肌即可徹底清除側(cè)方淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移[9]。上述基礎(chǔ)理論的進(jìn)步為低位直腸癌的保肛手術(shù)提供了依據(jù)。通過(guò)減少腫瘤遠(yuǎn)端切緣的距離、吻合技術(shù)和器械的進(jìn)步以及全直腸系膜切除技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用使保肛手術(shù)在治療低位直腸癌中比例逐步增加。對(duì)于未侵犯肛門外括約肌或盆底肌的低位直腸癌,ISR后行結(jié)腸肛管吻合是比較理想的手術(shù)方式[10、11]。
在1994年,ISR最先由Schiessel報(bào)道[12],后逐步在臨床應(yīng)用,目前已成為低位直腸癌的主要的手術(shù)方式之一。ISR的主要適應(yīng)證包括:①腫瘤下緣距肛緣小于5cm;②腫瘤分化較好,病變局限于直腸壁或肛門內(nèi)括約??;③術(shù)前肛門括約肌功能和排便控制功能較好;④腫瘤無(wú)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。
根據(jù)腫瘤與肛緣的距離,ISR分為內(nèi)括約肌全切除術(shù)(total ISR)、內(nèi)括約肌部分切除術(shù)(subtotal ISR)和保留部分齒狀線的內(nèi)括約肌部分切除術(shù)(partial ISR)。當(dāng)腫瘤侵犯齒狀線,經(jīng)肛門括約肌間溝,行total ISR;當(dāng)腫瘤下緣距齒狀線大于2cm,遠(yuǎn)端切緣位于齒狀線和括約肌間溝之間,行subtotal ISR;當(dāng)腫瘤距肛緣較遠(yuǎn),遠(yuǎn)端切緣位于齒狀線或以上也能得到足夠的距離則行partial ISR。
ISR手術(shù)用于治療低位直腸癌一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的目標(biāo)是獲得足夠的陰性切緣,從而保證根治的效果。Martin[13]總結(jié)了14個(gè)研究包括1289例行ISR低位直腸癌病人,其R0切除率為97.0%,平均隨訪56個(gè)月(1~227個(gè)月),局部復(fù)發(fā)率平均6.7%(0~23%)。平均5年總生存率和無(wú)瘤生存率分別為86.3%和78.6%。Yamada等[11]報(bào)道了107例距齒狀線3.5cm低位直腸癌行ISR(partial ISR 69例;subtotal ISR 16例;total ISR 19例)手術(shù),腫瘤未侵犯肛門外括約肌或提肛肌,所有病例未行新輔助放化療,其遠(yuǎn)端切緣距離T2/T3期腫瘤為2cm,T1期為1cm,其術(shù)后5年累計(jì)局部復(fù)發(fā)率僅為2.5%。直腸癌行單純低位前切除術(shù)(a low anterior resection,LAR),其術(shù)后局部復(fù)發(fā)率為2.6%~32%[13],因此,ISR與傳統(tǒng)的LAR相比可取的相似的腫瘤學(xué)效果。
多個(gè)研究比較ISR與APR局部復(fù)發(fā)率的差異,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者分別為1%~13%和15%~33%,ISR術(shù)后局部復(fù)發(fā)率明顯低于 APR[14-16],分析其主要原因是APR更容易引起術(shù)中腫瘤的穿孔和環(huán)周切緣的陽(yáng)性[17]。長(zhǎng)期的腫瘤學(xué)隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),ISR與APR之間5年生存率無(wú)明顯差異[18]。
目前大部分的報(bào)道ISR手術(shù)主要應(yīng)用于T1~T2期、腫瘤距肛緣<5cm的低位直腸癌,其局部復(fù)發(fā)率為4%~17%。由于腫瘤周圍系膜內(nèi)脂肪組織在遠(yuǎn)端直腸變薄,同時(shí)末端盆腔變窄,對(duì)于T3~T4期直腸癌,ISR很難達(dá)到根治性的陰性切緣,因此需要其他的綜合治療。新輔助放化療可以縮小腫瘤體積、減輕腫瘤的侵犯深度、降低腫瘤分期,從而有利于保肛手術(shù)能夠達(dá)到根治的目的。近期許多的研究證實(shí)新輔助放化療能夠降低直腸癌術(shù)后局部復(fù)發(fā)率,同時(shí)也能提高保肛手術(shù)的成功率[19、20]。對(duì)于低位進(jìn)展期直腸癌,聯(lián)合新輔助放化療和保肛手術(shù)能夠達(dá)到較好的腫瘤局部控制率[21]。Weiser[22]等報(bào)道一組148例T3和T4期直腸癌,新輔助放化療后行全直腸系膜切除,其中41例行LAR,44例行ISR,63例行 APR,其術(shù)后局部復(fù)發(fā)率分別為2.4%、0%、9.5%。
通過(guò)綜合治療方法,ISR治療T3~T4期低位直腸癌是可行的,能夠取得理想的腫瘤學(xué)效果。當(dāng)然,需要通過(guò)臨床、內(nèi)鏡和影像學(xué)等對(duì)腫瘤進(jìn)行正確的分期。雖然EUS、CT和 MRI等能夠?qū)Ψ暖熀蟮闹蹦c癌進(jìn)行相對(duì)正確的評(píng)價(jià),由于放療后直腸壁纖維化增厚,20%T1~T2N0的腫瘤錯(cuò)誤分期為T3N0[23],但也有相當(dāng)部分因?yàn)閷?duì)淋巴結(jié)是否轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷正確率差而被降低分期[24],因此要避免對(duì)放化療后的腫瘤錯(cuò)誤分期,只有局限于肛門內(nèi)括約肌內(nèi)的腫瘤才可以行ISR。
保肛手術(shù)的另一個(gè)主要目標(biāo)是能夠達(dá)到較好的大便控制功能。由于ISR切除了部分或全部肛門內(nèi)括約肌,有些學(xué)者擔(dān)心手術(shù)后肛門功能的改變。盡管不同的研究得出的結(jié)論并不一致,但是多數(shù)患者對(duì)于ISR術(shù)后排便控制功能滿意[25、26]。Denost[27]研究了一組行ISR的大樣本病例,結(jié)果顯示一半患者的排便功能良好,39%的患者出現(xiàn)輕度的大便失禁,只有11%的患者出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的失禁。Martin[28]系統(tǒng)分析了ISR術(shù)后排便功能情況,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后平均排便次數(shù)為2.7次,患者生活質(zhì)量基本滿意。Ito[29]等研究了96例 行ISR 患者,其中 partial ISR27例、subtotal ISR43例、total ISR26例,同時(shí)行暫時(shí)性轉(zhuǎn)流手術(shù),他們觀察了造瘺關(guān)閉后3、6、12、24月后的排便功能,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后24月后的 Wexner和Kirwan分級(jí)較術(shù)后3月明顯改善,說(shuō)明ISR對(duì)術(shù)后早期的排便功能影響較大,隨著時(shí)間的推移,其功能會(huì)逐步恢復(fù)。
在影響ISR術(shù)后排便功能的因素中,主要包括吻合口距肛緣的距離[27]、是否行結(jié)腸儲(chǔ)袋[30]以及新輔助放化療[31]等。附加結(jié)腸儲(chǔ)袋在術(shù)后1年內(nèi)可以改善排便功能,但在2年以后這種影響基本消失[28]。至于ISR類型,雖然切除部分或全部?jī)?nèi)括約肌對(duì)肛門靜息壓的影響不同[12、32],但其對(duì)排便控制功能的影響無(wú)明顯差異[25]。ISR聯(lián)合術(shù)前放療或放化療對(duì)排便控制功能的報(bào)道較少,部分研究顯示新輔助放化療會(huì)影響術(shù)后排便功能。Ito[29]觀察了40例接受新輔助放化療病人的肛門功能,發(fā)現(xiàn)新輔助放化療是與肛門功能差的唯一獨(dú)立的相關(guān)因素。在放化療損害排便功能的因素中,Nishizawa[31]比較了單獨(dú)ISR與ISR聯(lián)合新輔助放化療直腸癌切除組織標(biāo)本中的神經(jīng)變性情況,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)新輔助放化療組直腸腫瘤周圍的神經(jīng)變性顯著高于單獨(dú)ISR組,同時(shí)神經(jīng)變性的程度與術(shù)后肛門功能呈顯著相關(guān),提示直腸周圍組織中神經(jīng)變性是新輔助放化療影響ISR術(shù)后肛門功能的一個(gè)重要因素。為了鑒別放療和化療在神經(jīng)變性中的作用,Nishizawa[33]等又檢測(cè)了直腸癌新輔助放化療組、術(shù)前化療組和單純手術(shù)組的手術(shù)標(biāo)本中周圍神經(jīng)變性情況,結(jié)果顯示新輔助放化療組的神經(jīng)變性明顯大于術(shù)前化療組和單獨(dú)手術(shù)組,而術(shù)前化療組與單純手術(shù)組之間無(wú)明顯差異,說(shuō)明放療是引起神經(jīng)變性的主要原因。同時(shí),Da Silva[34]還觀察到術(shù)前放化療標(biāo)本中膠原蛋白代替了正常的組織結(jié)構(gòu),引起肛門括約肌組織纖維化,從而影響肛門功能。這些形態(tài)學(xué)上的改變導(dǎo)致了術(shù)后生理改變,肛門靜息壓和收縮壓在新輔助放化療完成后很快出現(xiàn),而在術(shù)后評(píng)價(jià)中主要表現(xiàn)為最大收縮壓的降低[35]。但與術(shù)后放化療相比,新輔助放化療的毒性相對(duì)較小,對(duì)肛門括約肌的保護(hù)更好[22、36]。雖然新輔助放化療對(duì)部分ISR病人術(shù)后肛門功能有一定的影響,但仍然是中低位進(jìn)展期直腸癌的綜合治療的重要組成部分。可采用多野照射、小分隔、適形放療等技術(shù)減小放療對(duì)肛門功能的影響,同時(shí)要對(duì)病人作認(rèn)真評(píng)估和充分的交流,包括對(duì)放化療的反應(yīng)、治療前的肛門功能情況等,從而提高綜合治療的效果同時(shí)將副反應(yīng)降到最低。另外通過(guò)術(shù)后生物反饋治療可以改善部分病人的排便功能[37]。
總之,通過(guò)綜合治療,多數(shù)的低位進(jìn)展期直腸癌能夠行保肛手術(shù)。對(duì)于腫瘤距肛緣5cm以內(nèi)的病例,ISR能夠取得根治性切緣,局部復(fù)發(fā)率低于APR。新輔助放化療毒副反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率較低,能夠明顯降低腫瘤分期、提高根治性切除率。新輔助放化療和ISR均對(duì)術(shù)后肛門功能有一定的影響,經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間的恢復(fù),大部分病例能夠達(dá)到滿意的排便控制功能。聯(lián)合新輔助放化療和ISR對(duì)于T3和部分T4低位直腸癌是安全有效的,認(rèn)真選擇病例、采用合理的手術(shù)方式、改良放射技術(shù)及良好的術(shù)后康復(fù)訓(xùn)練能夠取得更好的效果。
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