馬君,馬長(zhǎng)生,李學(xué)文
房顫患者立體心電圖P環(huán)特點(diǎn)與射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系
馬君,馬長(zhǎng)生,李學(xué)文
目的應(yīng)用立體心電圖(3D-ECG)分析房顫患者心房傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間、傳導(dǎo)方向及振幅的變化與房顫射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系。方法納入2009年12月-2010年3月在北京安貞醫(yī)院確診房顫并進(jìn)行射頻消融術(shù)的患者42例。分別在患者射頻消融術(shù)術(shù)前及術(shù)后采集竇性心律3D-ECG并同步獲取12導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電圖,分析每位患者射頻消融術(shù)前、術(shù)后心房傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間,P環(huán)除極方向及振幅與射頻消融術(shù)術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系。查閱入選患者病歷資料獲取此次射頻消融術(shù)術(shù)前心臟超聲心動(dòng)圖左房?jī)?nèi)徑數(shù)值及患者病史年限等資料,分析該組數(shù)據(jù)與房顫發(fā)生和射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系。結(jié)果術(shù)后P環(huán)方位對(duì)房顫復(fù)發(fā)具有明顯影響(P=0.027),P環(huán)方位異常者房顫復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是P環(huán)方位正常者的8.4倍;左房大小對(duì)房顫復(fù)發(fā)的影響亦有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.022);P環(huán)運(yùn)行時(shí)間差對(duì)房顫復(fù)發(fā)的影響位于檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)附近(P=0.058)。病史年限每增加1年,射頻消融術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加1.363倍。相關(guān)分析顯示,右房直徑與術(shù)后P環(huán)最大振幅呈正相關(guān)(P=0.044),隨右房直徑增加,術(shù)后P環(huán)最大振幅呈增大趨勢(shì)。結(jié)論隨著病史時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),心房傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),心房除極方位及振幅發(fā)生變化,房顫患者的心房發(fā)生電重構(gòu)和結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu),二者共同作用導(dǎo)致了房顫的發(fā)生與維持。
心房顫動(dòng);導(dǎo)管消融術(shù);電重構(gòu);結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)
立體心電圖(three-dimensional electrocardiogram,3D-ECG)問世于1989年,是指采用Frank校正導(dǎo)聯(lián)體系,經(jīng)過方法學(xué)的改進(jìn),通過不同的三維角度,同步采樣,同源轉(zhuǎn)換,顯示及描記出立體心電向量圖(3D-VCG)和立體影像心電圖(3DI-ECG)[1]。目前臨床上通過分析房顫危險(xiǎn)因素來預(yù)測(cè)房顫發(fā)生的研究較多。無創(chuàng)心電圖檢查的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)主要是P波離散度及信號(hào)平均心電圖的心房傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間和心房除極末RMS(均方差)振幅等。3D-ECG技術(shù)利用計(jì)算機(jī)成像技術(shù)描記出心臟的立體心電向量環(huán),可單獨(dú)或同時(shí)顯示P、QRS、T環(huán),并可旋轉(zhuǎn)及放大,便于觀察和分析心臟的電活動(dòng)“路徑”[2-3]。3D-ECG還可以顯示心動(dòng)周期任意時(shí)間的振幅和空間角度,能準(zhǔn)確反映患者的情況。本研究應(yīng)用3D-ECG對(duì)房顫患者心房傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間、心房除極方向和振幅的變化進(jìn)行分析,旨在探討P環(huán)運(yùn)行狀況與房顫射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選取2009年12月-2010年3月入住北京安貞醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科確診房顫并行射頻消融術(shù)的患者42例,男29例,女13例,年齡57.5±12.3歲,其中合并高血壓病24例,冠心病4例。陣發(fā)性房顫34例,持續(xù)性房顫8例,術(shù)前病情均平穩(wěn),無明顯心功能不全。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):陣發(fā)性及持續(xù)性房顫患者,有明確的病史及既往有體表心電圖或動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖明確記錄證據(jù);左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)>40%,無明顯心功能不全。進(jìn)行檢查前,患者均知情同意并已停用抗心律失常藥物。
1.2 儀器 3D-ECG儀(北京卡迪斯醫(yī)療科技有限公司生產(chǎn))。類別:E型號(hào);準(zhǔn)確度:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)靈敏度±5%;質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn):京藥監(jiān)械(準(zhǔn))字2007第2210227號(hào)。一次性紐扣式心電電極(北京市天潤(rùn)偉業(yè)醫(yī)用設(shè)備廠)。
1.3 檢測(cè)方法及隨訪 采集所有入選患者射頻消融術(shù)術(shù)前和術(shù)后的3D-ECG,同時(shí)記錄患者超聲心動(dòng)圖左房?jī)?nèi)徑數(shù)值。在走速50mm/s、增益20mm/mV條件下測(cè)量每位患者的3D-ECG,在穩(wěn)定竇性心律下取明確起始點(diǎn)及終點(diǎn)的P波進(jìn)行測(cè)量并記錄所得心房傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間、心房除極方位及振幅等數(shù)據(jù)。起始點(diǎn)與終點(diǎn)均選取與等電位線交點(diǎn)處。由安貞醫(yī)院房顫中心派專人按照手術(shù)后1、3、6個(gè)月進(jìn)行電話隨訪。復(fù)發(fā)的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn):消融術(shù)后3個(gè)月內(nèi)發(fā)生的房顫/房撲/房速,如果持續(xù)時(shí)間≥30s視為早期復(fù)發(fā);消融術(shù)后3個(gè)月后發(fā)生的房顫/房撲/房速,如果持續(xù)時(shí)間≥30s視為遠(yuǎn)期復(fù)發(fā),12個(gè)月以后的為更遠(yuǎn)期復(fù)發(fā)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 16.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以表示,采用logistic回歸及簡(jiǎn)單直線回歸分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 房顫患者的3D-ECG總體特征 簡(jiǎn)單直線回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著病程年限增加,房顫患者P環(huán)運(yùn)行時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)越發(fā)明顯,同時(shí)心房直徑也隨之增大,P環(huán)方位異常,由正常的左下前方位發(fā)生了各種改變。P環(huán)振幅異常。3D-ECG的P環(huán)振幅正常應(yīng)<0.12mV,增大則提示右房負(fù)荷過重。
2.2 心房傳導(dǎo)特點(diǎn)、左房大小及病史與房顫復(fù)發(fā)的相關(guān)性 Logistic回歸分析發(fā)現(xiàn),P環(huán)方位、P環(huán)運(yùn)行時(shí)間差、左房?jī)?nèi)徑以及病史均與房顫發(fā)生相關(guān)(表1)。病史年限每增加1年,射頻消融術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加1.363倍。典型病例:一例P環(huán)大致正常房顫患者,房顫病史半年,心房傳導(dǎo)方向大致正常,心房除極運(yùn)行時(shí)間略延長(zhǎng),行射頻消融術(shù)后半年內(nèi)未復(fù)發(fā)(圖1);另一例P環(huán)明顯異常的房顫患者,病史8年,心房傳導(dǎo)方向明顯異常,心房除極運(yùn)行時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),行射頻消融術(shù)后3個(gè)月及6個(gè)月均有復(fù)發(fā)情況(圖2);一例房顫患者,病程6年,高血壓病史50年,冠心病史3年,心房?jī)?nèi)徑明顯擴(kuò)大,左房50mm×46mm×62mm,右房57mm×58mm,P環(huán)方位術(shù)前為左上前,術(shù)后為左下前,射頻消融術(shù)有效糾正了異位電活動(dòng),術(shù)后該患者1個(gè)月內(nèi)有早期復(fù)發(fā),藥物干預(yù)后6個(gè)月內(nèi)未復(fù)發(fā)(圖3)。
表1 心房傳導(dǎo)方位變化、左房大小及病史與房顫復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)系Tab.1 Directional changes of atrial conduction and the relationship between left atrial size and the recurrence of atrial fibrillation recurrence
圖1 P環(huán)大致正常房顫患者3D-ECGFig. 1 Three-dimensional electrocardiogram (3D-ECG) of patients with atrial fibrillation and roughly normal P ring
圖3 房顫患者射頻消融術(shù)前、術(shù)后的P環(huán)運(yùn)行狀況Fig.3 P ring running status in patients with atrial fibrillation before and after radiofrequency ablation
圖2 P環(huán)明顯異常的房顫患者射頻消融術(shù)后房顫高復(fù)發(fā)Fig. 2 Hyper-recurrence of atrial fibrillation in patients with atrial fibrillation and obviously abnormal P ring after radiofrequency ablation
2.3 右心房直徑與P環(huán)最大振幅的關(guān)系 簡(jiǎn)單直線回歸分析顯示,右房直徑與術(shù)前最大振幅無線性關(guān)系,但與術(shù)后最大振幅存在線性關(guān)系且有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表2),且由圖4可知,隨著右房直徑增加,術(shù)后最大振幅呈增加趨勢(shì),表達(dá)式如下:y=0.108+0.024x。
表2 右房直徑與射頻消融術(shù)術(shù)前及術(shù)后P環(huán)最大振幅大小的關(guān)系Tab.2 The relationship between right atrial inner diameter and maximum amplitude before and after radiofrequency ablation
圖4 射頻消融術(shù)后P環(huán)最大振幅與右房的關(guān)系Fig.4 Relationship between maximum amplitude of P ring and right atrial after radiofrequency ablation
心房除極運(yùn)行時(shí)間及除極方位與心房結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)及電重構(gòu)相關(guān)。P環(huán)運(yùn)行時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)提示心房結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變,內(nèi)徑增大,而P環(huán)的方位發(fā)生改變則說明心房?jī)?nèi)電活動(dòng)異常。心房電重構(gòu)與結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)共同作用導(dǎo)致了房顫的發(fā)生與維持。3D-ECG可從多個(gè)角度說明心房除極的方向、除極運(yùn)行的時(shí)間以及振幅的變化。
本研究應(yīng)用3D-ECG分析房顫患者射頻消融術(shù)前及術(shù)后心房傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間、心房除極方向和振幅、心房結(jié)構(gòu)變化,結(jié)果顯示:①隨著病史的延長(zhǎng),房顫患者心房傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),同時(shí)心臟彩超顯示心房結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生相應(yīng)改變,此類患者在行射頻消融術(shù)后房顫容易復(fù)發(fā)。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心肌細(xì)胞間的結(jié)構(gòu)及電活動(dòng)改變,可引起心房不應(yīng)期離散度增大或?qū)е戮植啃募‰娀顒?dòng)傳導(dǎo)異常,使激動(dòng)傳導(dǎo)減慢、路徑曲折,從而促進(jìn)房顫的發(fā)生及維持。左房越大、左右房的病理改變?cè)矫黠@,電復(fù)律的效果就越差[4],提示左房容積和左房心肌病理改變是房顫發(fā)生的重要基礎(chǔ)。②一些房顫患者心房除極時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)并不明顯,但心房除極方向發(fā)生異常,表明心房已經(jīng)存在電重構(gòu),同樣也為射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)奠定了基礎(chǔ)[5-7]。心房發(fā)生電重構(gòu)后,心肌自律性增高,局灶發(fā)放的異位沖動(dòng)使心房組織提前除極,產(chǎn)生振蕩性后電位,形成微折返,是誘發(fā)或觸發(fā)房顫的因素,對(duì)房顫維持起著重要作用。③P波振幅正常應(yīng)<0.12mV,增大表示右房負(fù)荷過重,P波振幅與右房彩超數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果表明,一部分患者存在右房負(fù)荷過重,進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致了肺動(dòng)脈高壓、肺靜脈周圍電活動(dòng)異常,這從另一個(gè)角度說明了目前證實(shí)的房顫?rùn)C(jī)制之一,即起源于肺靜脈的局灶快速激動(dòng)。有研究表明心房傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間及整個(gè)P波振幅的增加與嚴(yán)重高血壓相關(guān)[8]。2000年Mandapati等[9]的研究結(jié)果顯示位于左房?jī)?nèi)具有極短周長(zhǎng)的“轉(zhuǎn)子”伴顫動(dòng)樣傳導(dǎo)是肺靜脈起源的房顫的發(fā)生機(jī)制;近年臨床肺靜脈電隔離術(shù)也證實(shí)起源于肺靜脈的局灶快速激動(dòng)在通過肺靜脈前庭時(shí)容易形成折返及顫動(dòng)樣傳導(dǎo),導(dǎo)致房顫維持。
綜上所述,3D-ECG可通過三維的心房除極時(shí)間、方位及振幅等指標(biāo)分析心房傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間和心房除極末振幅,從心房除極角度和立體三維P環(huán)進(jìn)一步研究預(yù)測(cè)房顫的發(fā)生[10]。心房電重構(gòu)與結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)共同作用導(dǎo)致了房顫的發(fā)生及維持[11],隨著病史延長(zhǎng),疾病本身又會(huì)進(jìn)一步加重心房結(jié)構(gòu)的重構(gòu),成為房顫維持和射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的重要因素。射頻消融是目前治療房顫的有效方法,及時(shí)治療高血壓、冠心病、風(fēng)濕性心臟瓣膜病、心肌病、甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)等可能導(dǎo)致心房結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)的疾病,控制可以導(dǎo)致房顫發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,在必要時(shí)及早進(jìn)行有效的射頻消融治療可以減少心房結(jié)構(gòu)的重構(gòu),縮短病程,避免血栓并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。隨著時(shí)代的變遷,科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,有關(guān)房顫的研究進(jìn)展較快,射頻消融術(shù)的技術(shù)也在不斷提高,房顫臨床治愈已經(jīng)成為可能。
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Relationship between three-dimensional electrocardiographic P ring features and atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after radiofrequency ablation in AF patients
MA Jun1,2, MA Chang-sheng2, LI Xue-wen31Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
2ICU of Mentougou District Hospital, Beijing 102300, China
3Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Large Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
ObjectiveTo explore the relation of the conduction time, conduction direction and amplitude of threedimensional electrocardiogram (3D-ECG) to the recurrence after radiofrequency ablation in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients.MethodsForty-two patients diagnosed with AF and receiving radiofrequency ablation in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from December 2009 to March 2010 participated in the present study. 3D-ECG and synchronous 12-lead ECG of sinus rhythm was recorded before and after radiofrequency ablation to analyze the correlation between the recurrence of AF after radiofrequency ablation and atrial conduction time, depolarization direction or amplitude of P ring. Meanwhile, the left atrial diameter determined by echocardiography before ablation and medical history were recorded, and the relationship between these data and both the occurrence of AF and recurrence after ablation was analyzed.ResultsThe azimuth of P ring after surgery could significantly affect the recurrence of AF (P=0.027), and the recurrence risk in patients with abnormal azimuth of P ring was 8.4 times that in patients with regular azimuth. The left atrial diameter could also significantly affect the recurrence (P=0.022), while the influence of the difference in P ring response duration on AF recurrence was near the significant level (P=0.058). The risk of AF recurrence increased 1.363-fold with each one additional year of AF history. A positive correlation was found between the right atrial diameter and maximal amplitude of P ring (P=0.044).ConclusionWith the development of AF, atrial conduction time become longer, and atrial depolarization azimuth and amplitude change, then the atrial electrical and anatomical remodeling occur, and both of them could lead to the occurrence and maintenance of AF.
atrial fibrillation; catheter ablation; electrical remodeling; structure reconstruction
R541.7
A
] 0577-7402(2013)10-0847-04
10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2013.10.014
2013-06-12;
2013-08-13)
(責(zé)任編輯:張小利)
馬君,醫(yī)學(xué)碩士,主治醫(yī)師。主要從事心內(nèi)科的臨床工作
100029 北京 首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科[馬君(現(xiàn)在北京市門頭溝區(qū)醫(yī)院ICU工作)、馬長(zhǎng)生];030001 太原 山西大醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科(李學(xué)文)