傳播科學管理的福音

Dissemination of the Gospel of Scientific Management

科學管理原理Principles of Scientific Management流水裝配線AssemblyLine汽車時代AutomobileEra

——泰勒/《科學管理原理》

“Only through the implementation of standardized methods,the using of the best tools and operating conditions,and the implementation of collaboration,could the speed of operation be accelerated.”

翻開人類進步的歷史圖卷，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)20世紀初是一個充滿著技術(shù)應(yīng)用拓展與管理理念創(chuàng)新的摩登年代。在并不遙遠的一百多年前，借助標準化管理方法，人類呈幾何級數(shù)地提升了生產(chǎn)效率，在極大改善生活品質(zhì)的同時，將創(chuàng)新的觸角伸向了精神世界與物質(zhì)世界的四面八方。

Unfolding the picture scroll of the history of human progress,we found that the beginning of 20th century was a modern time full of technical application development and management concept innovation.More than 100 years ago,with the method of standardized management,people geometrically increased the efficiency of production,which had greatly improved the quality of life, and spread across the innovation to both the spiritual world and the material world at the same time.

1904年，紐約，亨利·福特坐在汽車上。

回顧那個不斷超越的大時代，我們有必要將目光聚焦到兩位美國先驅(qū)者的身上——F·W·泰勒和亨利·福特。

Reviewing that surpassing period,we need to focus on two American pioneers-Frederick Winslow Taylor and HenryFord.

1911年，憑借在米德維爾及伯利恒兩家鋼鐵公司15年的研究積累，泰勒完成了管理史上的里程碑之作——《科學管理原理》，主張用新的、科學的、規(guī)范的方法取代舊的、憑直覺、模仿他人的經(jīng)驗方法，實行工具標準化、操作標準化、勞動動作標準化、勞動環(huán)境標準化等標準化管理。

In 1911,with 15 years'study and accumulation in Meadville PA and Bethlehem Steel Company,Taylor completed the influential monograph-The Principles of Scientific Management,which laid out the standardized management methods such as:tool standardization,operation standardization,labor standardization and environment standardization,advocating the new scientific standardized methods instead of the old intuitional imitating experiences.

泰勒啟發(fā)人們對個人努力的功效展開思考，認識到習慣的做法也可以改變，驗證了美國總統(tǒng)羅斯福指出的“全國性效率”不足的預(yù)言。然而，在那個工會運動風起云涌的年代，泰勒在人生暮年卻不得不時時面對來自反對者們無休無止的質(zhì)詢……

Taylor inspired people to think over the effectiveness of individual labor,made them realize that habitual practices could also be changed,and verified the prediction of"lacking in national efficiency"by President Roosevelt of the United States.However,in the era when the trade union movement surged forward,Taylor had to face endless questions from the opponents in his old age.

萬幸的是，泰勒的效率福音及時得到了福特的響應(yīng)，他將科學管理應(yīng)用到福特汽車公司，堅持用流水裝配線生產(chǎn)汽車，在1925年創(chuàng)造了10秒鐘組裝一輛T型汽車的奇跡。標準化支撐的低成本大批量生產(chǎn)，使汽車價格在8年內(nèi)降低58%。汽車成為一般民眾代步的交通工具，不僅改變了美國人的生活方式，也宣告人類進入了汽車時代。

福特T型車生產(chǎn)工廠

福特T型車

Fortunately,Taylor's principles of efficiency got Ford's warm response in due time.Ford applied Taylor's scientific management principles to the Ford Motor Company,insisted on using assembly line to produce cars, and in 1913 created the miracle of assembling a Model T car in 10 seconds.The low-cost mass production supported by standardization resulted in car price reduction by 58%in 8 years.Since then,automobile became general transportation vehicle by ordinary people,which not only changed the life of the American, but also declared the arrival of the automobile era.

與此同時，在太平洋西岸的中國，1916年，上海人穆湘玥翻譯的《工廠適用學理管理法》（《科學管理原理》）正式出版，隨后中國民族企業(yè)便掀起了科學管理的實踐熱潮，涌現(xiàn)出榮氏申新集團、郭氏永安集團、康元制罐廠、商務(wù)印書館等企業(yè)應(yīng)用典范。

1946年4月15日，底特律出現(xiàn)交通堵塞，街道上行駛的車幾乎都是福特。

Meanwhile,in 1916,Academic Management Applicable to the Factories(The Principles of Scientific Management)was published in China,translated by a Shanghainese named Mu Xiangyue.After that,Chinese national enterprises began to surge forward practicing scientific management,among which emerged models including Wing's New Group,Yongan Group, Khong Guan Canning Factory,and Commercial Press.

時至今日，在中國推進轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展的年代，我們堅信蘊含技術(shù)理性精神的科學管理原理，將繼續(xù)以其清晰、嚴謹和確定性等標準化智慧，為促進中國企業(yè)優(yōu)化勞動生產(chǎn)率、人均利潤率等競爭要素提供無盡的智力動力。

Today,in China's era of transformation and development,we firmly believe that scientific management principles of technical rationality spirit will continuously provide Chinese enterprises with endless intellectual power of standardization intelligence including clarity,preciseness and definiteness to improve competitive factors such as labor productivity and per capita profit.

（支持單位：上海市標準化研究院 整理：楊超 葉笑欣）