劉宏根
《英語課程標準》從2001年進入實驗以來,廣大的初中英語一線教師積極熱情的任務型教學途徑,創(chuàng)設語言情境,激發(fā)學習興趣,促進了學生“綜合語言能力”的提高和良好人文素養(yǎng)的形成,效果很好。筆者在日常教學中,按“教學有法,教無定法”原則,勇于實踐,大膽創(chuàng)新,將交際教學法、任務型教學法、情景教學法和其他行之有效的教學方法融會貫通,使用“情景對話教學法”,不僅使學生掌握了一定的英語基礎知識,而且磨礪了學生意志,提高了學生的綜合語言運用能力。
Ⅰ情景對話教學法的理論淵源與可行性分析:
這一教學法的淵源有二:一,語用理論認為,任何詞語都不是孤立存在的,沒有語境的句子是無意義的。二,德國的克林伯格(Klingberg L)認為,在所有的教學中都進行著廣義的對話,不管哪一種教學方式占支配地位,相互作用的對話都是優(yōu)秀教學的一種本質標志。教學就是形形色色的對話,具有對話的性格。筆者認為,課堂教學中的形形色色的對話都是一定語境的對話,具有特定的語境條件。因而,教師在課堂教學中主導的師生之間、生生之間的在一定情景中發(fā)生的對話交流稱為情景對話教學法,它兼具交際教學法的交際性、任務型教學法的活動性和情景教學法的情景性等特點,符合初中學生的認知發(fā)展規(guī)律,重視語言教學的實踐性和應用性,是對新課改理念的鞏固和升華。其次,情景對話教學法適合任何版本教材。筆者在近二十年的初中英語教學中,有幸用過四種版本的教材:1,人民教育出版社和英國郎文出版集團有限公司合編的Junior English For China、2,課程教材研究所、英語課程教材研究開發(fā)中心和美國湯姆生學習出版集團合編的英語新目標Go for it、3,北京仁愛教育研究所編著的英語Project English、4,《牛津初中英語》編寫組、牛津大學出版社聯(lián)合編寫的《牛津初中英語》FUN WITH ENGLISH。這幾套教材水平高、質量好,都以“綜合語言運用能力”為核心編寫理念,語言素材貼近生活,貼近實際,易于使用情景對話教學法展開課堂,把學生的注意力集中到課堂上,讓學生在生動有趣的課堂活動中學習知識。第三,實驗稿確定的“綜合語言運用能力”的核心理念,經(jīng)過十多年實驗已經(jīng)把初中英語教學引入了一個新的發(fā)展時期,為使用情景對話教學法給學生創(chuàng)造一個積極主動的學習過程,不斷提高學生的語言運用能力和人文素養(yǎng)提供了現(xiàn)實條件。
II實際運用:
由于筆者目前使用的教材是《牛津初中英語》FUN WITH ENGLISH,所以以下的幾個教學片段都選自于《牛津初中英語》。
教學片段一:使用情景對話教學法教學八年級下冊第一單元(8BU1)Reading部分。
Times have changed. Millie wants to write about the changes to Sunshine Town for her history project. Daniels grandpa、Mr chen、knows a lot about Sunshine Town. So Millie is interviewing him to get some information.
情景分析:這篇課文對話發(fā)生在這樣的情景中,Millie想為她研究的歷史課題寫一篇有關陽光城的今昔變化的文章,Danniel的爺爺陳大爺對陽光城非常熟悉。于是Millie對他進行了采訪,才訪過程中陳大爺講述了他兩周歲時隨父母來到陽光城,后來又三次搬家,談到了陽光城的今昔對比,環(huán)境變化,以及個人的感想。
重點、難點分析:這一課的語言要點很多,不僅有描述城市變化的常用詞語,重點句型,還有一般過去時、一般現(xiàn)在時以及本單元的重點語法現(xiàn)在完成時等。
情景對話教學設計:
You know, I am a teacher,but over ten years ago ,I was a student .But now I am standing in front of you teaching English .So I have worked here for over ten years .I think I have changed a lot.Do
you think so ?
…(學生討論略)
Our school has changed a lot too,…What are the changes to our school ? Can you give us some examples ?
…(學生討論略)
so everything has changed a lot .
Did you hear of Sunshine town ? Look at some pictures of Sunshine Town .
Do you know Mr chen ?
…(學生討論略)
Oh, right, he is daniels grandpa . He lives in Sunshine Town . now Millie is inerviewing him .Lets go to see what is happening .
Whatarethedifferencesbetweenthetownspastandpresent?
Have you felt that our own hometown is changing everyday.The old small houses are turning into new high buildings ,the narrow path is turning wider, the broken down area is becoming an enjoyable garden.Now say something about the changes to your partner.
…(學生討論略)
Please pick up your pen and write down the changes to your hometownas well as your feelings about the changes .
教學片段二:使用情景對話教學法教學法做聽力訓練。
一般地講,聽力內容的選材源于生活,體現(xiàn)生活,學生能根據(jù)情景對話發(fā)生的特定的語境和情景做出快速反應和正確的推理判斷。例如:
聽錄音,選擇正確答案:
What does the man ask Lily to do ?
A To stay at homeB To visit their teacherC To go to the zoo
2. Whats the matter with Lilys granderma ?
A She is illB She was hurt by a carC She fells off her bike
3.…
錄音材料:
M:Lily,tomorrow is Saturday. Shall we go to the zoo together?
W:Sorry,I can not go with you.
M:What is the matter?
W:My grandma is ill ,so I will look after her.
M:Maybe we can go together nex time.
教學片段三:使用情景對話教學法教學法教學語言要點。許多單詞的詞性和詞義是在具體語境中體現(xiàn)出來的,使用情景對話教學法教學法有利于學生正確掌握英語單詞的意義和用法,有利于語感的形成和綜合語言能力的提高。
(1)、辨析Mustcantmay
A:Someone is knocking at the door. It must be Sandy.
B:It cant be Sandy .She has gone home.It may be her sister.
(2)、辨析bringtake
A:Where is my English book ? Who has taken my English book home ?
B:Sorry .I will bring it back to you this afternoon.
(3)、辨析wearput ondress
A:Our teacher says that we must wear our school uniforms from Monday to Friday.
B:It is very cold today.Let me put on your coat. A:No .I am no longer a child.I can dress myself.(4)、學習使用Words about computers:keybosrd、menu、mouse、printer、screen
情景設計:Simon has bought a new computer Annie is asking him some questions about it .
Simon: My new computer is much faster than the old one.I can type very easily,and the keyboard is very comfortable.
Annie: How do you know what you should do when you look at the screen?
Simon:With the mouse, you can choose one icon in the menu and click on it for more details.
Annie: Oh.Isee. How can your teacher read your homework on the computer?
Simon: I send him e-mails or print it out . Annie: Do you have a new printer,too? Simon: Yes,and it prints very quickly.
教學片段四:使用情景對話教學法教學八年級下冊第一單元(8BU2)Grammar部分。
1,教師、學生討論:
T:Where did you go in the Spring Festival holiday ? S1:I went to Shanghai . S2:I went to Nanjing. S3:…(學生討論略)
T:Have you ever been to Beijing ?
S4:Yes,I have.I went there with my parents.
T:Do you want to go there again ?
S4:…(學生討論略)
完成以上的free talk后,教師向學生解釋:We use“have/has been”to express the idea that someone went some place and has already come back.再比如,I have been to Bengbu City(蚌埠市)twice.
2,教師抽出一名學生配合教學。
T:Siman , would you like go to the teachersoffice to bring the exercise books here?
S:Yes.
(The stuent goes out.) T:where is Siman now ?
S1:He is on the way to the office.
S2:she must be in the teachersoffice.
T:.He has gone to the office and he will come back in a few minutes.
教師向學生解釋:We use“have/has gone”to express the idea that someone went some place and is still there.
引導學生分析(8BU2 page 31 Millie in Thailand)的情景設計。讓學生在這個接近真實的對話中體會時態(tài),理解并掌握have/has been和have/has gone的區(qū)別和用法。
情景:Daniel is asking Millie about travelling
Daniel: Have you ever been to Singapore,Millie ?
Millie: No, but I have been to Thailand with my parents.
Daniel:Oh,thats great ! Did you visited the famous Grand Palace in Bangkok?
Millie: Yes, we have been to the Great Palace .It was wonderful.Look at these photos.
Daniel:Wow! The palace is really wonderful. and you look great in the photos. Have you visited any other interesting places?
Millie:We have also been to the Pattaya Beach .Look at this one. Isnt it beautiful?
Daniel: Yes ,the beach is beautiful. I see Andy was there too.
Millie: Yes,we went there with his family.
Daniel: Really?I have not see him for some time.It seems he has not come back yet.
Millie: He and his family have gone to Shanghai to visit his grandparaents.They will come back tomorrow morning.
Ⅲ反思:
Lead-in部分使用情景對話教學法。
課前師生幾分鐘自由會話是英語口語訓練的好機會,可以讓學生不知不覺地對舊知識進行復習、鞏固和強化,提高學生的口語交際能力,還能討論本節(jié)課的重點、難點以及學習目標,讓學生在輕松愉快的氛圍中從舊知過度到新知。
情景對話教學法不同于課堂提問。
情景對話教學法通過創(chuàng)設接近真實的會話情景和提供大量的語言實踐機會,使學生通過自己的體驗、感知、實踐、參與和交流,“用英語做事”。課堂提問的過程中教師總是委婉地或間接地把學生的思路往一條路上會聚,與新課標倡導的“自主學習”不相符合。
使用情景對話教學法要求建立民主、平等的和諧師生關系。
對話不僅是語言交談,更是對話雙方或多方敞開心胸、彼此接納的過程。使用情景對話教學法必然要求從以教師為中心的教學模式轉變?yōu)橐詫W生為中心的教學模式,建立民主、平等的和諧師生關系,從學生的興趣和生活經(jīng)驗出發(fā),讓學生主動思維,大膽實踐,“自主學習”。