胡竹菊

one， the one和that以及它們的復(fù)數(shù)形式ones， the ones和those都可以指代人或事物，這是個基礎(chǔ)的知識點(diǎn)?？梢坏┧鼈兂霈F(xiàn)在比較復(fù)雜的句子中，不少同學(xué)就會發(fā)蒙。比如2013年高考英語浙江卷的單選題第11題：

Half of surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and deepest fears.

A. these B some C. ones D. those

應(yīng)該選C還是選D呢？

指示代詞有泛指和特指的區(qū)別，所以我們應(yīng)該通過明確指代的對象是泛指還是特指來選擇。

one/ones 泛指“一個人或一件事物”/“一些人或一些事物”，前者指代可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，后者指代可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。

the one/the ones 特指“這個人或這件事物”/“這些人或這些事物”，它們分別指代可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)。

that特指“一件事物”，即可指代可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，也可指代不可數(shù)名詞。

those則既可以指“一些事物”，也可以指“一些人”，當(dāng)然這些事物或人都是特指的，且為可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。

比如I speak as who has seen much suffering一句，句意為“我是作為一個目睹過許多苦難的人說這番話的”?？崭裰械膯卧~應(yīng)表示“一個人”，這個人是目睹過許多苦難的，但并不是特指目睹過許多苦難的某個特定的人，所以填入one，表示泛指。

很多情況下，the one/the ones和that/those可以互換，比如：

The TV sets in that shop are as good as in the supermarket. 句意為“那家店里的電視機(jī)與超市里的一樣好”，“超市里的（電視機(jī)）”是特指，而且是可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，所以既可以填those，也可以填the ones。

當(dāng)句子中有過去分詞短語、現(xiàn)在分詞短語、不定式或介詞短語作定語，一時(shí)無法明確代詞指代的對象時(shí)，可以將這些短語轉(zhuǎn)化為定語從句，幫助判斷指代對象。

如文章開頭浙江卷的這道題：Half of surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and deepest fears，句子很長，一時(shí)間都無法明確指代的對象，泛指和特指就更無從談起了。

仔細(xì)看句子，surveyed in 16 countries是過去分詞短語作定語，相當(dāng)于定語從句who are surveyed in 16 countries。如此一來，把句子轉(zhuǎn)變成Half of who are surveyed in 16 countries say...， 可以看出，代詞指代的是“16個國家中被調(diào)查的人”，是特指，所以應(yīng)填those。

除了過去分詞短語，現(xiàn)在分詞短語、不定式和介詞短語都能作定語，遇到這些短語作定語時(shí)，把它們轉(zhuǎn)變成定語從句的形式，有助于我們判斷代詞的指代對象。

（1） 把現(xiàn)在分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化為定語從句

Those sitting in the front row please come here.

？圯Those who sit / are sitting in the front row please come here.

（2） 把介詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化為定語從句

There is no doubt that those against the law should be punished without mercy.

？圯There is no doubt that those who are against the law should be punished without mercy.

（3） 把不定式轉(zhuǎn)化為定語從句

Its obvious that he is the first one to congratulate us on our achievements.

？圯Its obvious that he is the first one who/that congratulates us on our achievements.

（1） Studying Wendys menu， I found that many of the items are similar to of McDonalds.

A. those B. ones C. any D. all

（2） The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than on the small ones.

A. one B. this C. that D. it

（3） Of us classmates， he is the last one to Marys birthday party.

A. to invite B. to be invited C. invited D. being invited

（1） A （2） C （3） B