李玲佳

英語虛擬語氣常用來表示不切實際的假設(shè)，愿望，猜測，比喻或決定，主張，要求，建設(shè)和命令等。在中學(xué)英語中，虛擬語氣多用于以下13種句型：

一、帶有由if 引導(dǎo)非真實條件狀語從句的句子，在人教版初中英語九年級就涉及到了這種虛擬語氣，其結(jié)構(gòu)按時間的概念分為三類：

1. 現(xiàn)在虛擬：假設(shè)的條件不符合現(xiàn)在的實際情況。主句謂語用would + 動詞原形，從句謂語動詞過去式（be 一律用were）。如：

If she were not so busy， she would come with me.

We would go with you if we had time.

If he were hungry he would eat the cake.

2. 過去虛擬；假設(shè)的條件不符合過去的實際情況。主句謂語用would + have +動詞過去分詞；從句的謂語用had + 動詞過去分詞。 如：

You would have caught the train if you had gotten earlier.

If I had known your telephone number， I would have rung.

3. 將來的虛擬：假設(shè)的條件不可能符合將來的實際情況。主句謂語用would + 動詞原形；從句謂語用動詞過去式（be 一律用were）， 也可用were + to +動詞原形，或用should+動詞原形等。如：

If he came tomorrow， I would help him.

If the sun were to rise in the west， I would not do that.

If I should fail， I would try again.

注：① 如果主句中有情態(tài)意義，可把would 改為could， might， should. 如：

If it werent so late we could have coffee.

If you had come earlier， you might have met him.

I should have called you if I had known your telephone number.

② 如果從句中有動詞had， should， were，可省略if， 但是采用倒裝句。如：

Had he seen you yesterday， he would have asked you about it.

Should it rain tomorrow， we would stay at home.

③ 如果主句謂語和從句謂語在時間上不一致，可根據(jù)情況作適當(dāng)調(diào)整，采用混合虛擬。如：

If he cared for money， he could have been very rich.

二、當(dāng)wish 的賓語從句表示難以實現(xiàn)的愿望時，謂語應(yīng)按時間情況，即對現(xiàn)在和將來的時間用一般過去式，對過去的時間用過去完成時，采取適當(dāng)?shù)奶摂M結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

I wish that he were here now.

I wish I had seen you yesterday.

How I wish I had been able to stay the rules without a mistake.

三、在would rather 后接的that 從句表示對“希望和猜測”時，謂語應(yīng)按時間情況，采取適當(dāng)?shù)奶摂M結(jié)構(gòu)。其中對如：

I would rather you came next Monday

I would rather I had visited Hong Kong last summer holiday.

四、表示決定和主張的動詞如decide 和 insist 后面的賓語從句，表示要求，建議和命令的動詞如demand ，propose， suggest 和 order 等后面的賓語從句，謂語習(xí)慣上也用“should + 動詞原形”的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)，should 有時也可省略。如：

The dustmen decided that the strike should go on.

They insisted that we begin the work at once.

I demanded that he should answer.

I propose that we should hold a meeting tonight.

We suggested that she should set off at once.

The officer ordered that the shortest soldier come out of the line.

五、表示建議和命令的名詞和suggestion 和 order等后面的表示從句和同謂語從句，謂語習(xí)慣上也往往用“should + 動詞原形”的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)，should 也可省略。如：

We are for the suggestion that a new lab be built near the lake .

The officers order was that all the soldiers get to the station before daybreak.

六、用it作形式主語，decided，imperative，important，natural，strange等形容詞作表語的句子，真正主語從句中的謂語習(xí)慣也用“should + 動詞原形”的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)，should 有時可省略。

It is decided that all members should be present.

It is imperative that the question be settled at once.

It is important that we should be prepared for this.

It is quite natural that he think so.

It is necessary that we （should） save every cent.

It is strange that he （should） do that.

七、有分詞短語或獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或without 介詞短語作非真實條件狀語的句子，謂語應(yīng)根據(jù)時間情況采用適當(dāng)?shù)奶摂M結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Not having done his work， he would not leave the office.

Given more time， I would have done it better.

I have a lot of work to do. Time permitting， I were to watch TV.

I had my hair cut off and sold ir because I couldnt have lived through Christmas without giving you a present.

八、在省略非真實條件狀語或該非真實條件由其它方式表達(dá)的句子，謂語也應(yīng)用含蓄的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

The gifts to him would have filled a railway car.

He would have given you more help， but he had been so busy.

九、對過去應(yīng)該做卻沒有做的事情表示責(zé)備的句子，謂語應(yīng)該用“should + have + 動詞過去分詞”的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields， he days when I had played and should have studied.

You should have been here five minutes ago.

十、在帶有before 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的句子中，如果表示“寧可…也不…”的愿望時，謂語常用“would + 動詞原形”的現(xiàn)在虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

He would die before he lied.

十一、由so that 和in order that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句，如表示不夠世界的愿望和猜測，謂語習(xí)慣用“could 或might+ 動詞原形” 等虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

The emperor gave the cheats some gold in order that they might begin their work at once.

十二、由as if 或 as though 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句和表語從句等，表示夸張的比喻好猜測等時，謂語可根據(jù)時間的情況，采用適當(dāng)?shù)奶摂M結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

He works very hard as if （though） he never intended to sleep.

十三、在用It is high time that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，謂語在習(xí)慣上用將來虛擬等結(jié)構(gòu)。

It is high time that we should go home.

It is time you had a haircut.

I think it is time I were leaving.