張勇乾 綜述 王雅棣 審校
早期乳腺癌保乳手術(shù)輔以術(shù)后放療的局部復(fù)發(fā)率和總生存率與全乳腺切除手術(shù)相當(dāng),而且具有良好的美容效果,已成為早期乳腺癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療模式之一[1]。研究顯示,保乳手術(shù)后加或不加全乳腺放療(whole breast irradiation,WBI)的局部復(fù)發(fā)均多發(fā)生在原腫瘤切除區(qū)周圍較小范圍內(nèi),而同側(cè)乳腺內(nèi)遠(yuǎn)離原瘤床區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)的可能性與對(duì)側(cè)乳腺相似[2],提示切口附近是復(fù)發(fā)的高危區(qū),有必要進(jìn)行增強(qiáng)照射,而乳腺照射范圍可進(jìn)一步縮小。因此,縮小照射范圍、縮短總療程的加速部分乳腺照射(accelerated partial breast irradiation,APBI)作為保乳術(shù)后WBI的替代治療方法,得到了越來(lái)越廣泛的認(rèn)同。本文對(duì)近年來(lái)APBI相關(guān)的技術(shù)進(jìn)展及臨床應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)行概述。
近年來(lái),隨人們對(duì)美容及生活質(zhì)量要求的提高,早期乳腺癌采用保留乳房的手術(shù)加術(shù)后WBI可取得與根治術(shù)相同的療效[3]。常用放射治療方式為單次劑量2.0 Gy,1次/d總量50 Gy的全乳腺外照射,根據(jù)情況給予或不給予瘤床局部加量,與單純保乳手術(shù)相比,放療使乳腺癌局部復(fù)發(fā)率顯著降低。曾有學(xué)者選擇局部復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低的患者,行腫瘤切除,不行術(shù)后放療,發(fā)現(xiàn)局部復(fù)發(fā)率高達(dá)23%[4],研究顯示乳腺癌保乳術(shù)后行和未行放療的10年局部復(fù)發(fā)率分別為 5.8%vs.23.5%[2],20年為 14.3%vs.39.2%[3]。因此,術(shù)后WBI作為提高保乳手術(shù)局部控制率、保證保乳治療整體療效是不可缺少的治療手段,已得到廣泛認(rèn)同。另一方面,雖然術(shù)后放療使乳腺癌相關(guān)死亡率顯著降低,但并未增加總生存率,因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的WBI對(duì)于心肺等重要器官的損傷較大,增加了遠(yuǎn)期病死率[3]。而且,WBI治療需5~6周,患者必須每天往返于醫(yī)院和居住地之間,甚至有部分早期患者由于距離放療中心較遠(yuǎn),而被迫選擇了改良根治術(shù)。
APBI相對(duì)于WBI而言,照射范圍局限在原瘤床周圍,常采用的分割方式為3.4 Gy/次,總量34 Gy,一般1周內(nèi)可完成治療,所以稱為加速部分乳腺照射。常用的治療方式有術(shù)中放療、外照射和近距離放療三種模式。
術(shù)中放療一般是于手術(shù)中(腫塊切除前或后)給予瘤床周圍3~12 MV的電子線21 Gy,或50 KV的低劑量X線、距施源器表面1 mm處劑量20 Gy的一次性照射。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是瘤床照射準(zhǔn)確,對(duì)正常組織損傷小,更有助于降低復(fù)發(fā)和提高美容效果。另外,相比于其他方式的APBI,術(shù)中放療僅需進(jìn)行一次照射,減少了醫(yī)師、物理師的工作量及加速器的占用時(shí)間。但術(shù)中放療時(shí)并無(wú)術(shù)后病理結(jié)果參考,少數(shù)患者可能存在治療不當(dāng)?shù)膯?wèn)題,而術(shù)中放療需要專用的無(wú)菌術(shù)中放療設(shè)備及防護(hù)設(shè)備,且實(shí)施者多是外科醫(yī)生,相對(duì)放射生物及物理知識(shí)較少,難以達(dá)到技術(shù)要求,這也限制了此項(xiàng)技術(shù)的普及應(yīng)用。
包括電子線外照射、三維適形放療(three dimensional conformal radiotherapy,3D-CRT)和調(diào)強(qiáng)放療(intensity-modulated radiation therapy,IMRT)等技術(shù),一般4~7 d完成治療。外照射常用單次劑量為3.4~3.85 Gy,2次/d,共10次。也有采用1次/d 6 Gy,共5次,總劑量30 Gy的方法[5]。照射范圍為原瘤床外擴(kuò)1.5~3 cm。因?yàn)橥庹丈涫窃谛g(shù)后實(shí)施的,可以參考完整的病理結(jié)果來(lái)制定靶區(qū)范圍和劑量,并可使靶區(qū)劑量均勻分布。相比于近距離放療和術(shù)中放療,外照射由專業(yè)的放療醫(yī)生和物理師執(zhí)行,熟知臨床腫瘤的生物學(xué)特性及放射生物、放射物理的理論,經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富,且對(duì)靶區(qū)的覆蓋及均勻性均優(yōu)于術(shù)中和近距離照射。
Rusthoven等[6]指出IMRT對(duì)于正常組織的保護(hù)要好于3D-CRT。韓國(guó)的一項(xiàng)研究對(duì)比了傳統(tǒng)的3D-CRT、IMRT、螺旋斷層調(diào)強(qiáng)放療(helical tomotherapy,TOMO)、質(zhì)子束放療(proton beam therapy,PBT)4種放療方法。認(rèn)為對(duì)于同側(cè)正常乳腺的保護(hù),PBT要優(yōu)于TOMO、IMRT和3D-CRT。對(duì)于同側(cè)肺的平均V20,PBT和IMRT要明顯低于3D-CRT和TOMO。對(duì)于左側(cè)乳腺癌患者,TOMO對(duì)于心臟的照射明顯高于3D-CRT、IMRT和PBT[5]。
近距離治療常用的技術(shù)有兩種:組織間插植和單導(dǎo)管球囊(mammosite)近距離放療,通過(guò)導(dǎo)管置入低劑量率、高劑量率或脈沖式劑量率192Ir同位素。
組織間插植是應(yīng)用較早的APBI技術(shù),在保乳術(shù)后,全身麻醉下,將多根細(xì)針或?qū)Ч艽┻^(guò)瘤床,治療范圍大致是瘤床外擴(kuò)1~2 cm,總劑量32~34 Gy(高劑量率)或45~55 Gy(低劑量率)。與單導(dǎo)管技術(shù)相比,應(yīng)用較多的導(dǎo)管可以使腫瘤內(nèi)劑量分布更加均勻,更好地控制皮膚和胸壁的劑量。組織間插植的缺點(diǎn)是實(shí)施復(fù)雜,對(duì)操作者的技術(shù)水平要求較高,在乳腺組織較小或腫瘤接近腋窩時(shí)不適用,而且實(shí)施時(shí)需要進(jìn)行全身麻醉,這就限制了該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的推廣應(yīng)用。
mammosite是另一種常用的近距離放療設(shè)備,是一個(gè)具有兩個(gè)內(nèi)腔的單導(dǎo)管球囊,為目前應(yīng)用最廣泛的球囊設(shè)備。置入乳腺后由一個(gè)內(nèi)腔注入鹽水和對(duì)比劑使球囊膨脹填充原瘤腔,經(jīng)另一個(gè)內(nèi)腔,在球囊的中心置入一個(gè)高劑量率放射源。常用的治療方法是2次/d,共10次,總劑量34 Gy。mammosite設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單、易于操作,因此一經(jīng)推出,便得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用[7]。臨床報(bào)道m(xù)ammostie治療后具有良好的美容效果,美容效果的好壞與是否感染、球囊距皮膚的距離等因素相關(guān)[8],當(dāng)球囊距皮膚距離≥7 mm時(shí),可取得最佳的美容效果和最少的皮膚損傷[9]。
因?yàn)閙ammosite是單導(dǎo)管,其劑量分布不能根據(jù)手術(shù)腔的變化而變化,也無(wú)法調(diào)整劑量分布以避開心臟和肺等重要器官,在瘤腔較大、瘤腔不規(guī)則或腫瘤接近乳腺邊緣時(shí)不適用[10],在乳腺較小時(shí),更易出現(xiàn)放射性皮炎等不良反應(yīng)[11]。目前正在研究組織間插植與球囊相結(jié)合的近距離治療設(shè)備,這些設(shè)備具有球囊設(shè)備單導(dǎo)管插入的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和組織間插植的劑量學(xué)優(yōu)勢(shì),能夠更好地調(diào)整劑量分布。市場(chǎng)上現(xiàn)有SAVI、Contura等設(shè)備[12-13]。
國(guó)內(nèi)尚未普遍推廣APBI技術(shù),只有少數(shù)單位進(jìn)行了很小樣本的研究,關(guān)于APBI的研究絕大部分來(lái)自國(guó)外。目前的報(bào)道顯示了良好的美容效果,局部復(fù)發(fā)率和總生存率與全乳腺照射無(wú)明顯差異[14-15]。近年來(lái)有相關(guān)APBI的部分研究報(bào)道見表1。
表1 近年研究的APBI報(bào)道Table1 Clinical research of accelerated partial breast irradiation in recent years
可見,APBI治療后局部復(fù)發(fā)率均≤6%,美容效果優(yōu)、良的達(dá)78%~100%。不良反應(yīng)各家報(bào)道雖不盡一致,但都較小。較常見的不良反應(yīng)是乳房纖維化,有 30.1%~50%較高的發(fā)生率報(bào)道[18,22],也有3.2%~11.4%較低發(fā)生率的報(bào)道[16-17],其他較常見的不良反應(yīng)有色素沉著和毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張,以上不良反應(yīng)多為癥狀較輕的1、2級(jí),大部分不需治療即可自愈。只有少數(shù)報(bào)道出現(xiàn)3級(jí)不良反應(yīng),包括乳房纖維化、乳房疼痛、毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張等[18-19,22],有人認(rèn)為較重的不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生可能與應(yīng)用全身化療有關(guān)[18]。
APBI具有照射體積小,治療時(shí)間短的優(yōu)勢(shì),目前發(fā)展很快。但在理論上,APBI也有很多不足之處,比如縮小照射范圍可能使乳腺內(nèi)其余部位隱蔽性病灶劑量不足,導(dǎo)致復(fù)發(fā)率增加。根據(jù)目前有限的報(bào)道,療效與WBI效果相當(dāng),然而,尚無(wú)足夠的臨床數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)判斷這幾種APBI方法的長(zhǎng)期療效。組織間插植是目前隨訪時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)的APBI技術(shù),其他方法的隨訪數(shù)據(jù)很有限,故保乳手術(shù)后的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療仍然是WBI,如果行APBI,則需要進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的病例篩選[24]。目前正在進(jìn)行的一些Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)將為評(píng)價(jià)加速部分乳腺照射提供更可靠的數(shù)據(jù)。
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