被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，是高中階段一項(xiàng)重要的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法，同學(xué)們非掌握不可。本文特將同學(xué)們常犯的一些有關(guān)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行綜合整理，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。

1. 副詞放錯(cuò)位置。

【誤】Such a man has been hardly believed.

【正】Such a man has hardly been believed.

【析】often，usually，always，never，hardly，seldom等副詞應(yīng)置于助動(dòng)詞的后邊，been，being的前面。

2. 不及物動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

【誤】Great changes have been taken place in China since 1978.

【正】Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.

【析】并不是所有動(dòng)詞都有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。appear，disappear等不及物動(dòng)詞或詞組無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。又如：To our surprise，the news spread all over the city overnight. 令我們吃驚的是，這個(gè)消息一夜間傳遍了全城。

3. 錯(cuò)將動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)分割或漏掉介詞。

【誤】The patients have been taken good care.

【正】The patients have been taken good care of.

【析】短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不可分割或省略其中的介詞或副詞。又如：Every means should be made full use of to solve the problem.

4. 短暫性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性時(shí)間連用錯(cuò)誤。

【誤】How long has this book been bought？

【正】How long ago was this book bought？

【析】一些特殊動(dòng)詞，如borrow，finish，begin，buy，start， return，marry，open，join等構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。若要表達(dá)相應(yīng)的意思，則需改換動(dòng)詞或時(shí)態(tài)。

5. 誤將雙賓語(yǔ)句中的兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)都作了改變。

例如：I have given him the key.變被動(dòng)句→

【誤】Him the key has been given by me.

【正】He has been given the key.

【正】The key has been given （to） him.

【析】雙賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可將其中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)保留不動(dòng)。

6. 改被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)犯見(jiàn)賓語(yǔ)就進(jìn)行改動(dòng)的錯(cuò)誤。

例如：I have asked her to help you. 變被動(dòng)句→

【誤】You are helped by her.

【正】She has been asked to help you.

【析】帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)， 只能將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)， 原來(lái)的賓補(bǔ)保留不動(dòng)， 改稱(chēng)主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

7. 犯時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤。

【誤】The silence of the library has been broken only by the sound of pages being turned over.

【正】The silence of the library was broken only by the sound of pages being turned over.

【析】被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也有各種時(shí)態(tài)的變化，要根據(jù)需要使用不同的時(shí)態(tài)。又如：If l am given enough time，I will do it better.給我足夠的時(shí)間，我會(huì)做得更好。該句條件句使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而主句要使用將來(lái)時(shí)。

8. 犯受漢語(yǔ)影響而沒(méi)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的錯(cuò)誤。

【誤】I have introduced to Mr. Smith.

【正】I have been introduced to Mr. Smith（by Mr. Wang）.

【析】當(dāng)人作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，有些同學(xué)不習(xí)慣使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。此句中introduce為及物動(dòng)詞，I是introduce的承受者，表示“我被介紹給……”。

9. 誤將有時(shí)不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞使用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

【誤】The door has been opened of itself.

【正】The door has opened of itself.

【析】有些動(dòng)詞如open，break，drop等既可以作及物動(dòng)詞，又可以作不及物動(dòng)詞，若不強(qiáng)調(diào)誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，我們通常用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。of itself意思是“自動(dòng)地”，因此，此句不可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

10. 犯主謂一致性錯(cuò)誤。

【誤】The prices of air conditioners has been brought down recently

because of continuous rain.

【正】The prices of air conditioners have been brought down recently

because of continuous rain.

【析】有些同學(xué)只注意到要使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，卻沒(méi)有留意主謂一致性錯(cuò)誤。由于缺乏主謂一致性知識(shí)，造成這種錯(cuò)誤比較普遍。

編輯/梁宇清