欒 穎

(黑河學(xué)院英語(yǔ)系,黑龍江黑河164300)

一、引言

預(yù)設(shè)是語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題之一,每人對(duì)預(yù)設(shè)的理解也不盡相同。Yule[1]認(rèn)為只有說(shuō)話人和聽(tīng)話人才有預(yù)設(shè),Yule提出:說(shuō)話者要傳遞的信息往往是建立在和聽(tīng)話者共有信息的基礎(chǔ)之上的。王宗炎[2]認(rèn)為說(shuō)話或?qū)懽鲿r(shí)假定對(duì)方已知曉的信息為預(yù)設(shè)。徐盛桓[3]認(rèn)為預(yù)設(shè)有廣義和狹義之分,廣義預(yù)設(shè)包括王宗炎所說(shuō)的預(yù)設(shè),狹義預(yù)設(shè)指的是語(yǔ)義,句子詞匯層面。還有一些學(xué)者,如:俞如珍,胡澤洪認(rèn)為預(yù)設(shè)分兩種,語(yǔ)用預(yù)設(shè)和語(yǔ)義預(yù)設(shè)。曾利沙[4]提出了(詞匯)語(yǔ)義預(yù)設(shè)、事實(shí)預(yù)設(shè)、事態(tài)預(yù)設(shè)、情景含義預(yù)設(shè)、語(yǔ)用預(yù)設(shè)、范疇預(yù)設(shè)、結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)設(shè)和存在預(yù)設(shè)等更為詳細(xì)的八大類預(yù)設(shè)。就本質(zhì)來(lái)講,預(yù)設(shè)分為語(yǔ)言因素和非語(yǔ)言因素。本文將以2010年國(guó)防白皮書(shū)的漢英翻譯為語(yǔ)料,具體從語(yǔ)義預(yù)設(shè)角度對(duì)白皮書(shū)的漢英翻譯做出分析。曾利沙指出預(yù)設(shè)思維是翻譯思維的重要形態(tài)之一,譯者在翻譯實(shí)踐中,將預(yù)設(shè)思維與翻譯實(shí)踐結(jié)合起來(lái),對(duì)提高譯文的準(zhǔn)確性起到重要作用。因此,通過(guò)對(duì)白皮書(shū)漢英翻譯的解讀,希望能夠加強(qiáng)讀者對(duì)語(yǔ)義預(yù)設(shè)思維的訓(xùn)練,提高譯文的翻譯質(zhì)量。

二、對(duì)2010國(guó)防白皮書(shū)漢英翻譯中語(yǔ)義預(yù)設(shè)的解讀

語(yǔ)義預(yù)設(shè)是研究文本的根本和基礎(chǔ),一切研究都不能夠脫離語(yǔ)言本身展開(kāi)。語(yǔ)義預(yù)設(shè)包括語(yǔ)言因素的預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語(yǔ)。在國(guó)防白皮書(shū)中,這樣的例子比比皆是。

例1:中國(guó)已經(jīng)站在新的歷史起點(diǎn)上,中國(guó)的前途命運(yùn)與世界的前途命運(yùn)更加密不可分。

譯文:China has now stood at a new historical point,and its future and destiny has never been more closely connectedwith those of the international community.

“已經(jīng)”在漢語(yǔ)中表示時(shí)間預(yù)設(shè)關(guān)系,而英語(yǔ)中需要借用時(shí)態(tài)表述。如翻譯成“has now stood”表示中國(guó)曾經(jīng)站在“舊”的歷史起點(diǎn)上,語(yǔ)義關(guān)系不明確。不妨改為“now stands”;“更加”預(yù)設(shè)著中國(guó)的前途命運(yùn)與世界的前途命運(yùn)以前就是密不可分的,現(xiàn)在更上一層樓?！癶as never been more closely connected with…”的含義是“從未像今天這樣緊密相連”,并不能預(yù)設(shè)以前是否相連,是否密不可分?因此,筆者認(rèn)為此處屬于誤譯。不妨改為:“…h(huán)as been more closely connected…”至于“前途命運(yùn)”中“前途”指將行經(jīng)的前方路途,喻未來(lái)的處境;“命運(yùn)”比喻發(fā)展變化的趨向。命運(yùn)已經(jīng)預(yù)設(shè)著在時(shí)間上指的是未來(lái)的某時(shí),英文不妨改為“destiny” 。

例2:面向21世紀(jì)的第二個(gè)十年,中國(guó)將繼續(xù)抓住國(guó)家發(fā)展的重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期,深入貫徹落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀,堅(jiān)持走和平發(fā)展道路,奉行獨(dú)立自主的和平外交政策和防御性國(guó)防政策,……

譯文:Looking into the second decade of the 21st century,China will continue to take advantage of this important period of strategic opportunities for national development,apply the Scientific Outlook on Development in depth,persevere on the path of peaceful development,pursue an independent foreign policy of peace and a national defense policy that is defensive in nature,…

這句例句中,漢語(yǔ)的預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語(yǔ)與英語(yǔ)很好地對(duì)應(yīng)了,相信中文讀者和英文讀者均無(wú)認(rèn)知障礙。

例3:國(guó)際安全形勢(shì)更加復(fù)雜。圍繞國(guó)際秩序、綜合國(guó)力、地緣政治等的國(guó)際戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日趨激烈,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家與發(fā)展中國(guó)家、傳統(tǒng)大國(guó)與新興大國(guó)矛盾不時(shí)顯現(xiàn),局部沖突和地區(qū)熱點(diǎn)此起彼伏,一些國(guó)家因政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、民族、宗教等矛盾引發(fā)的動(dòng)蕩頻繁,天下仍不太平。導(dǎo)致國(guó)際金融危機(jī)的深層次矛盾和結(jié)構(gòu)性問(wèn)題尚未解決,世界經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的不穩(wěn)定、不均衡性依然突出。

譯文:The international security situation has become more complex.International strategic competition centering on international order, comprehensive national strength and geopolitics has intensified.Contradictions continue to surface between developed and developing countries and between traditional and emerging powers,while local conflicts and regionalflashpoints are a recurrent theme.In a number of countries,outbreaks of unrest are frequently triggered off by political,economic,ethnic,or religious disputes.In general,world peace remains elusive.Deep-seated contradictions and structural problems behind the international financial crisis have not been resolved.World economicrecovery remainsfragile and imbalanced.

“has become more complex” 對(duì)應(yīng)的漢語(yǔ)“更加復(fù)雜”。完成時(shí)態(tài)表示從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。“更加”為副詞類的預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語(yǔ),意味著國(guó)際安全形勢(shì)從前也是很復(fù)雜的,現(xiàn)在在程度上又深了一層。二者可以達(dá)到認(rèn)知對(duì)等?！鞍l(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家與發(fā)展中國(guó)家,傳統(tǒng)大國(guó)與新興大國(guó)……”我們知道,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家指西方主要資本主義國(guó)家,包括英、法、美、德、日等;發(fā)展中國(guó)家又指地理位置上的南半球國(guó)家和北半球的南部一些國(guó)家,是經(jīng)濟(jì)相對(duì)欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū),指亞非拉,也包括東歐一些國(guó)家,其中有中國(guó)和俄羅斯等國(guó)?，F(xiàn)在的傳統(tǒng)大國(guó)美、英、法、德和日,現(xiàn)在的新興大國(guó)有中國(guó)、俄羅斯、印度和巴西,也就是所謂的金磚四國(guó)。事態(tài)預(yù)設(shè)表明為了避免語(yǔ)義重復(fù),體現(xiàn)外宣翻譯的經(jīng)濟(jì)簡(jiǎn)明原則,故應(yīng)刪去語(yǔ)義重復(fù)部分,建議改為“Contradictions continue to surface between developed and developing countries” 就可以了?！懊懿粫r(shí)顯現(xiàn)”翻譯成“Contradictions continue to surface”筆者認(rèn)為是不正確的,“不時(shí)”的漢語(yǔ)解釋為“時(shí)時(shí),經(jīng)常不斷地”,在這里預(yù)設(shè)著矛盾經(jīng)常發(fā)生,時(shí)時(shí)顯現(xiàn)?！癱ontinue”根據(jù)朗文在線詞典的解釋為“not stop happening,existing,or doing something”,那么在這里表示為矛盾是一直顯現(xiàn)的狀態(tài),從未停止,這有悖于原文事態(tài)預(yù)設(shè)的本意。不妨改為“Contradictions surface frequently between developed and developing countries”

“局部沖突和地區(qū)熱點(diǎn)”為局部地區(qū)內(nèi)發(fā)生的沖突,成為地區(qū)的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,造成一定的影響?！熬植繘_突和地區(qū)熱點(diǎn)” 不妨改譯為“regional hot issues rise one after another”

“此起彼伏”指的是這里起來(lái),那里下去。形容接連不斷。“recurrent” 指 happening or appearing several times,認(rèn)知內(nèi)涵完全不同,此處為誤譯。

例4:軍隊(duì)建設(shè)指導(dǎo)思想實(shí)行從臨戰(zhàn)狀態(tài)向和平時(shí)期建設(shè)的戰(zhàn)略性轉(zhuǎn)變,在服從和服務(wù)于國(guó)家建設(shè)大局的前提下,有計(jì)劃有步驟地推進(jìn)以現(xiàn)代化為中心的軍隊(duì)建設(shè)。按照精兵、合成、高效的原則進(jìn)行重大調(diào)整改革,減少數(shù)量,提高質(zhì)量,增強(qiáng)軍隊(duì)在現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)條件下的自衛(wèi)能力。

譯文:As its guiding principle for military build-up underwent a strategic shift from preparations for imminent wars to peacetime construction,the PLA advanced its modernization step by step in a well-planned way under the precondition that such efforts should be both subordinate to and in the service of the country' s overall development.The PLA underwent significant adjustment and reform in accordance with the principles of making itself streamlined,combined and efficient,downsized in scale,upgraded in quality,and boosted its capability of self-defense in modern conditions of warfare.

在這句話中,筆者認(rèn)為出現(xiàn)了幾處誤譯。首先,“有計(jì)劃有步驟地推進(jìn)…” 為事態(tài)預(yù)設(shè)的表現(xiàn)形式,“有計(jì)劃”就意味著按照步驟一步步執(zhí)行。因此,英文表述為in a wellplannedway即可。其二,“減少數(shù)量,提高質(zhì)量”與前面“按照精兵、合成、高效的原則”指導(dǎo)下要達(dá)成的目的是一致的,同屬于事態(tài)預(yù)設(shè),二者表示的意義大致相同,英語(yǔ)譯文中不妨直接刪去。例5:當(dāng)前,國(guó)際形勢(shì)正在發(fā)生新的深刻復(fù)雜變化。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化、世界多極化、社會(huì)信息化進(jìn)程不可逆轉(zhuǎn),和平、發(fā)展、合作的時(shí)代潮流不可阻擋,……

譯文:Theinternational situationiscurrentlyundergoing profound and complexchanges.Theprogress toward economic globalization and a multi-polar world is irreversible,as is the advance toward informationizationof society.The current trendtoward peace,development and cooperation is irresistible….

應(yīng)注意“正在發(fā)生新的深刻復(fù)雜變化”中“變化”一詞意味著“事物在形態(tài)上或本質(zhì)上產(chǎn)生新的變化”,這里的事態(tài)預(yù)設(shè)對(duì)應(yīng)的英文譯文是“is currently undergoing profound and complex changes”這里省去new,譯文翻譯的很好。

三、結(jié)語(yǔ)

縱觀以上,可以看出語(yǔ)義預(yù)設(shè)對(duì)單句的依賴性較強(qiáng),他不同于語(yǔ)用預(yù)設(shè),語(yǔ)用預(yù)設(shè)和語(yǔ)境密不可分,對(duì)語(yǔ)境的依賴性極強(qiáng),是具體的應(yīng)用。但語(yǔ)義預(yù)設(shè)是研究的基礎(chǔ),對(duì)語(yǔ)義預(yù)設(shè)的探究有著重要的意義。由于白皮書(shū)的內(nèi)容多,涉及范圍廣,限于篇幅有限,本文只能略析一二,透過(guò)對(duì)白皮書(shū)漢英翻譯的簡(jiǎn)單評(píng)析,希望讀者能夠增強(qiáng)對(duì)預(yù)設(shè)思維訓(xùn)練的培養(yǎng),這樣才能夠在與翻譯結(jié)合時(shí),翻譯出質(zhì)量好的譯文。

[1]Yule,G.The Study of Language[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985.

[2]王宗炎.英漢應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)詞典[Z].長(zhǎng)沙:湖南教育出版社,1988.

[3]徐盛桓.“預(yù)設(shè)”新論 [J].外語(yǔ)學(xué)刊,1993,(1).

[4]曾利沙.翻譯教學(xué)中的預(yù)設(shè)思維訓(xùn)練——兼論譯者主體主觀能動(dòng)性的思維動(dòng)因 [J].外國(guó)語(yǔ)言文學(xué),2006,23(3).