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        保護(hù)地球的蔚藍(lán)心臟

        2012-04-29 00:00:00SylviaEarle
        新東方英語(yǔ) 2012年1期

        過(guò)度捕撈海洋魚(yú)類、任意傾倒污水污物、肆意鉆探采礦……拜人類這些破壞性活動(dòng)所賜,海洋在短短幾十年間從快樂(lè)的“伊甸園”變成了傷痕累累的“失樂(lè)園”。海洋生物銳減、冰川融化、海水酸化等一系列問(wèn)題正威脅著海洋的健康發(fā)展。如果你還以為這一切與你無(wú)關(guān),那么海洋生物學(xué)家西爾維亞·厄爾會(huì)以她的親身經(jīng)歷告訴你:如果一切照舊,人類的生命保障系統(tǒng)將不復(fù)存在。

        Fifty years ago, when I began exploring the ocean, no one imagined that we could do anything to harm the ocean by what we put into it or by what we took out of it. It seemed, at that time, to be a sea of Eden, but now we are facing paradise lost. I want to share with you my personal view of changes in the sea that affect all of us and to consider why it matters that in 50 years we’ve lost more than 90 percent of the big fish in the sea, why you should care that nearly half of the coral reefs1) have disappeared, why a mysterious depletion2) of oxygen in large areas of the Pacific should concern not only the creatures that are dying but it really should concern you.

        The poet Auden3) said, “Thousands have lived without love. None without water.” Ninety-seven percent of Earth’s water is ocean. No blue, no green. If you think the ocean isn’t important, imagine Earth without it. Mars comes to mind. No ocean. No life support system. With every drop of water you drink, every breath you take, you’re connected to the sea. Most of the oxygen in the atmosphere is generated by the sea. Over time, most of the planet’s organic carbon has been absorbed and stored there, mostly by microbes4). The ocean drives climate and weather, stabilizes temperature, shapes Earth’s chemistry. Water from the sea forms clouds that return to the land and the seas as rain, sleet5) and snow, and provides home for about 97 percent of life in the world. No water, no life. Yet we have this idea that the Earth—all of it: the oceans, the skies—are so vast and so resilient6) that it doesn’t matter what we do to it. That may have been true 10,000 years ago, and maybe even 1,000 years ago but in the last 100, especially in the last 50, we’ve drawn down7) the assets—the air, the water, the wildlife—that make our lives possible.

        Just ten years ago I stood on the ice at the North Pole. An ice-free Arctic Ocean may happen in this century. That’s bad news for the polar bears. That’s bad news for us too. Excess carbon dioxide8) is not only driving global warming, it’s also changing ocean chemistry, making the sea more acidic9). That’s bad news for coral reefs and oxygen-producing plankton10). Also bad news for us. We’re putting hundreds of millions of tons of plastic and other trash into the sea, millions of tons of discarded fishing nets, gear that continues to kill. We’re clogging11) the ocean, poisoning the planet’s circulatory12) system, and we’re taking out hundreds of millions of tons of wildlife, all carbon-based units. Barbarically13), we’re killing sharks for shark fin soup, undermining food chains that shape planetary chemistry and drive the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle14), the oxygen cycle, the water cycle, our life support system. We’re still killing bluefin tuna15)—truly endangered, and much more valuable alive than dead. All of these parts are part of our life support system. We kill them using long lines, with baited hooks16) every few feet that may stretch for 50 miles or more.

        In my lifetime, 90 percent of the big fish have been killed. Most of the turtles, sharks, tunas and whales are way down in numbers. But there is good news. 10 percent of the big fish still remain. There are still some blue whales. There are still some krill17) in Antarctica. There are a few oysters in Chesapeake Bay18). Half the coral reefs are still in pretty good shape. There’s still time to turn things around. But business as usual19) means that in 50 years, there may be no coral reefs and no commercial fishing, because the fish will simply be gone. Imagine the ocean without fish. Imagine what that means to our life support system. Natural systems on the land are in big trouble too, but the problems are more obvious, and some actions are being taken to protect trees, watersheds and wildlife. In 1872, with Yellowstone National Park, the United States began establishing a system of parks that some say was the best idea America ever had. About 12 percent of the land around the world is now protected. And in 1972, this nation began to establish a counterpart in the sea, National Marine Sanctuaries20). That’s another great idea. The good news is that there are now more than 4,000 places in the sea around the world that have some kind of protection. The bad news is that you have to look hard to find them. In the last few years, for example, the U.S. protected 340,000 square miles of ocean as national monuments. But it only increased from 0.6 of one percent to 0.8 of one percent of the ocean protected, globally.

        With scientists around the world, I’ve been looking at the 99 percent of the ocean that is open to fishing, and mining, and drilling, and dumping, and whatever, to search out hope spots21), and try to find ways to give them and us a secure future. Such as the Arctic—we have one chance, right now, to get it right. Or the Antarctic, where the continent is protected, but the surrounding ocean is being stripped22) of its krill, whales and fish. Sargasso Sea23)’s three million square miles of floating forest is being gathered up to feed cows. 97 percent of the land in the Galapagos Islands24) is protected, but the adjacent sea is being ravaged by fishing. It’s true too in Argentina, on the Patagonian shelf, now in serious trouble.

        The next 10 years may be the most important, and the next 10,000 years the best chance our species will have to protect what remains of the natural systems that give us life. To cope with climate change, we need new ways to generate power. We need new ways, better ways, to cope with poverty, wars and disease. We need many things to keep and maintain the world as a better place. But nothing else will matter if we fail to protect the ocean. Our fate and the ocean are one. We need to do for the ocean what Al Gore25) did for the skies above.

        And so I suppose you want to know what my wish is. I wish you would use all means at your disposal—films, expeditions, the web, new submarines—a campaign to ignite public support for a global network of marine protected areas, hope spots large enough to save and restore the ocean, the blue heart of the planet. My wish is a big wish, but if we can make it happen, it can truly change the world, and help ensure the survival of what actually—as it turns out—is my favorite species, that would be us.

        50年前,我開(kāi)始探索海洋時(shí),人們都還認(rèn)為,不管我們往海里扔什么,也不管我們從海里撈取什么,都不會(huì)對(duì)大海造成任何傷害。那時(shí),大海似乎就是快樂(lè)的伊甸園,可現(xiàn)在我們面對(duì)的大海卻是失樂(lè)園。在此,我想和大家一起分享我的個(gè)人見(jiàn)解,探討影響我們每個(gè)人的海洋變化,并對(duì)如下事實(shí)進(jìn)行思考:在50年的時(shí)間里我們失去了海洋中90%以上的大型魚(yú)類,這一變化為何非比尋常?將近一半的珊瑚礁都已消失,對(duì)此我們?yōu)槭裁匆獓?yán)加關(guān)注?為什么太平洋大片水域內(nèi)氧氣的神秘耗竭不僅和瀕死的生物關(guān)系密切,也和你我息息相關(guān)?

        詩(shī)人奧登曾說(shuō)過(guò):“沒(méi)有愛(ài),成千上萬(wàn)的人仍然可以存活;沒(méi)有水,誰(shuí)也無(wú)法存活?!钡厍蛏?7%的水存在于海洋中。沒(méi)有蔚藍(lán)的大海,就沒(méi)有綠色的地球。如果你覺(jué)得海洋并不重要,那就想象一下,沒(méi)有它,地球?qū)?huì)怎樣。你也許會(huì)想到火星。那里沒(méi)有海洋,也就沒(méi)有生命保障系統(tǒng)。你所飲用的每一滴水,你所呼吸的每一口氣,無(wú)不和海洋息息相關(guān)。大氣層中的大部分氧氣都是由海洋產(chǎn)生的。隨著時(shí)間的推移,地球上大部分的有機(jī)碳都已被海洋吸收并存積在海洋中,這一過(guò)程主要通過(guò)微生物來(lái)完成。海洋推動(dòng)著氣候和天氣變化,能夠穩(wěn)定氣溫,決定著地球的化學(xué)變化。海水升騰形成云,云又以雨、雪、霰的形式返回陸地和海洋,海水還為地球上97%的生命提供安身之所。沒(méi)有水,就沒(méi)有生命。然而,我們卻一向認(rèn)為,地球——包括海洋和天空的完整意義上的地球——如此寬廣、如此充滿活力,不管我們?cè)趺磳?duì)待它都無(wú)關(guān)緊要。一萬(wàn)年以前也許如此,甚至一千年以前或許也是如此。但最近一百年來(lái),特別是近五十年來(lái),我們賴以生存的生命資源卻被我們消耗殆盡,包括空氣、水和野生生物。

        就在十年前,我還曾踏上北極的寒冰。但在本世紀(jì),北冰洋可能會(huì)變成無(wú)冰之洋。這對(duì)北極熊而言是壞消息,對(duì)我們而言同樣是壞消息。過(guò)量的二氧化碳不僅使地球變暖,同時(shí)也在改變著海洋的化學(xué)性質(zhì),使海水酸性增加。這對(duì)珊瑚礁和能夠產(chǎn)生氧氣的浮游生物來(lái)說(shuō)極為不利。對(duì)我們也是如此。我們將千百萬(wàn)噸的塑料和其他垃圾扔進(jìn)大海,將數(shù)百萬(wàn)噸的廢棄漁網(wǎng)扔進(jìn)大?!@些漁具在海中繼續(xù)毀滅著生命。我們把垃圾扔進(jìn)大海,污染地球的循環(huán)系統(tǒng),從大海中撈取千百萬(wàn)噸的野生動(dòng)植物,而它們?nèi)际翘蓟铩榱讼碛敏~(yú)翅湯,我們野蠻地獵殺鯊魚(yú),破壞食物鏈,而正是食物鏈決定地球的化學(xué)變化,促進(jìn)碳循環(huán)、氮循環(huán)、氧循環(huán)、水循環(huán)和我們的生命保障系統(tǒng)。我們現(xiàn)在仍然還在捕殺藍(lán)鰭金槍魚(yú),一種真的瀕臨滅絕的魚(yú)類,讓它們活著的價(jià)值要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于捕殺它們的收益。所有這一切都是我們生命保障系統(tǒng)的一部分。我們用長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的漁線捕殺它們,線上每隔幾英尺就裝有帶餌的魚(yú)鉤,長(zhǎng)度可達(dá)50英里或者更長(zhǎng)。

        在我出生到現(xiàn)在的幾十年時(shí)間里,90%的大型魚(yú)類慘遭獵殺。大多數(shù)類型的海龜、鯊魚(yú)、金槍魚(yú)和鯨魚(yú)的數(shù)量急劇減少。但也有好消息。還有10%的大型魚(yú)類仍然存活。還有一些藍(lán)鯨仍然存活,南極洲仍然還有一些磷蝦,切薩皮克灣仍然還有少數(shù)牡蠣。有一半的珊瑚礁仍然保存完好。我們?nèi)匀挥袝r(shí)間來(lái)扭轉(zhuǎn)局面。但如果一切照舊,那就意味著50年以后我們將不再有珊瑚礁,也不再有商業(yè)捕魚(yú),因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)魚(yú)類將不復(fù)存在。想象一個(gè)沒(méi)有魚(yú)類的海洋將會(huì)怎樣。想象那對(duì)我們的生命保障系統(tǒng)意味著什么。陸地上的自然系統(tǒng)也出現(xiàn)了很大問(wèn)題,但那些問(wèn)題都比較明顯,而且人類也正在采取一些措施保護(hù)樹(shù)木、水域和野生動(dòng)植物。1872年,從黃石國(guó)家公園入手,美國(guó)開(kāi)始建立一套公園系統(tǒng),有人認(rèn)為這一系統(tǒng)是美國(guó)有史以來(lái)最棒的一個(gè)設(shè)想。現(xiàn)在世界各地大約有12%的陸地得到了保護(hù)。1972年,美國(guó)開(kāi)始在海洋中建立一個(gè)類似的保護(hù)系統(tǒng),那就是國(guó)家海洋保護(hù)區(qū)。這是又一個(gè)了不起的設(shè)想。好消息是全世界海洋中已有超過(guò)四千個(gè)地方受到了某種保護(hù)。壞消息是你必須要努力尋找才能找到這些地方。舉例來(lái)說(shuō),在過(guò)去幾年里,美國(guó)保護(hù)了34萬(wàn)平方英里的海洋,把它們劃為國(guó)家保護(hù)區(qū)。但從全球意義上來(lái)說(shuō),這一舉措僅僅是將受保護(hù)的海洋區(qū)域從0.6個(gè)百分點(diǎn)提高到了0.8個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。

        和世界各地的科學(xué)家一起,我一直在關(guān)注著海洋中那99%的開(kāi)放區(qū)域,它們至今仍允許捕魚(yú)、采礦、鉆探、傾倒垃圾等等。我一直在從中尋找對(duì)海洋健康具有關(guān)鍵影響的希望之地,試圖找到一些方法,給它們、也給我們自己一個(gè)安全的未來(lái)。比如北極地區(qū),我們現(xiàn)在就有一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)補(bǔ)救這一切。再比如南極地區(qū),雖然這塊大陸受到保護(hù),但周圍的海洋卻仍在遭受掠奪,正在喪失其中的磷蝦、海鯨和魚(yú)類。在馬尾藻海,它那三百萬(wàn)平方英里的“流動(dòng)森林”正在被撈取,用來(lái)喂奶牛。在加拉帕戈斯群島,97%的陸地得到保護(hù),但周圍的海域卻正遭受漁業(yè)的破壞。在阿根廷的巴塔哥尼亞大陸架上,情況也是如此,問(wèn)題都很嚴(yán)重。

        未來(lái)的十年也許最為重要,未來(lái)的一萬(wàn)年也許將是人類最好的時(shí)機(jī),來(lái)保護(hù)給予我們生命的殘存的自然體系。為了應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化,我們需要產(chǎn)生能源的新方法。我們需要更好的新方法來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)貧困、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和疾病。我們需要太多的東西來(lái)保護(hù)這個(gè)世界,使之成為一個(gè)更好的安身之所。但是,如果我們不能保護(hù)好海洋,所有這一切都無(wú)從談起。我們的命運(yùn)和海洋息息相關(guān)。阿爾·戈?duì)栐鵀橥苿?dòng)大氣環(huán)境的保護(hù)傾盡全力,我們也需要像他那樣為海洋環(huán)境的保護(hù)盡一己之力。

        我想,你們想知道我的愿望是什么。我的愿望就是你們動(dòng)用一切可以動(dòng)用的力量——電影、探險(xiǎn)、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、新式潛水艇——來(lái)發(fā)動(dòng)一場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng),點(diǎn)燃公眾的激情,使人人都來(lái)支持建立一個(gè)全球海洋保護(hù)區(qū)網(wǎng)絡(luò),建立足夠大的希望之地,以挽救和恢復(fù)海洋,挽救和恢復(fù)我們地球的蔚藍(lán)心臟。這個(gè)愿望是個(gè)宏大的愿望,但如果能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn),它將會(huì)真正地改變世界,并確保那個(gè)事實(shí)上我最熱愛(ài)的物種得以存活,這個(gè)物種就是我們?nèi)祟悺?/p>

        1.coral reef:請(qǐng)參見(jiàn)第34頁(yè)注釋15。

        2.depletion [d#618;#712;pli#720;#643;n] n. 損耗,消耗

        3.Auden:指威斯坦·休·奧登(Wystan Hugh Auden, 1907~1973),英裔美國(guó)詩(shī)人,20世紀(jì)最重要的英語(yǔ)詩(shī)人之一,新一代詩(shī)人代表和左翼青年作家領(lǐng)袖,代表作有《西班牙》(Spain)、《新年書(shū)信》(New Year Letter)等。

        4.microbe [#712;ma#618;kr#601;#650;b] n. 微生物,細(xì)菌

        5.sleet [sli#720;t] n. 冰雹,凍雨

        6.resilient [r#618;#712;z#618;li#601;nt] adj. 有復(fù)原力的,富有活力的,適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)的

        7.draw down:花光,耗盡

        8.carbon dioxide:二氧化碳

        9.acidic [#601;#712;s#618;d#618;k] adj. 酸性的

        10.plankton [#712;plaelig;#331;kt#601;n] n. 浮游生物

        11.clog [kl#594;ɡ] vt. 障礙,阻塞

        12.circulatory [#716;s#604;#720;kj#601;#712;le#618;t#601;ri] adj. 循環(huán)的

        13.barbarically [bɑ#720;#712;baelig;r#618;kli] adv. 毫無(wú)約束地,肆無(wú)忌憚地

        14.nitrogen cycle:氮循環(huán)。氮循環(huán)是指氮在自然界中的循環(huán):大氣中的氮經(jīng)微生物等作用形成化合氮進(jìn)入土壤,為動(dòng)植物所利用,最終又在微生物的參與下以單質(zhì)氮的形式返回大氣中。

        15.bluefin tuna:藍(lán)鰭金槍魚(yú),金槍魚(yú)類中最大型的魚(yú)種,體長(zhǎng)一般為1~3米,大者長(zhǎng)達(dá)三米多。藍(lán)鰭金槍魚(yú)分布在北半球溫帶海域,棲息的水溫較低,是生長(zhǎng)速度最慢的金槍魚(yú)種類,壽命長(zhǎng)達(dá)20年或以上。

        16.baited hook:餌鉤

        17.krill [kr#618;l] n. 磷蝦

        18.Chesapeake Bay:切薩皮克灣,美國(guó)面積最大的海灣,位于美國(guó)東部的大西洋海岸。

        19.business as usual:一切如常

        20.sanctuary:請(qǐng)參見(jiàn)第33頁(yè)注釋10。

        21.hope spot:希望之地。文中指的是對(duì)海洋健康起著關(guān)鍵影響的區(qū)域,這樣的區(qū)域因其獨(dú)特的地理環(huán)境、生活環(huán)境或擁有獨(dú)特的生物物種而應(yīng)受到全面的保護(hù)與管理。

        22.strip [str#618;p] vt. 剝奪

        23.Sargasso Sea:馬尾藻海,又名薩加索海,是大西洋上沒(méi)有岸的海,大致在北緯20°~35°、西經(jīng)35°~70°的位置,該海上生長(zhǎng)著大量的漂浮植物馬尾藻。

        24.Galapagos Islands:加拉帕戈斯群島,位于太平洋東部,距離南美大陸海岸一千多公里,因?yàn)閾碛写罅勘3种硷L(fēng)貌的獨(dú)特生物物種而被稱為“生物進(jìn)化的活博物館”。

        25.Al Gore:阿爾·戈?duì)枺麨榘亍ぐ⒅Z德·戈?duì)?Albert Arnold Gore Jr., 1948~),美國(guó)政治家、環(huán)境學(xué)家,曾于1993~2001年擔(dān)任美國(guó)副總統(tǒng)。2007年,他因在全球氣候變暖和其他環(huán)境問(wèn)題上作出的杰出貢獻(xiàn)而獲得了諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng),著有《難以忽視的真相》(An Inconvenient Truth)一書(shū)。

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