縱觀近幾年四級考試的仔細(xì)閱讀部分,我們可以看出,命題者的考查方向主要集中在對細(xì)節(jié)性內(nèi)容的考查。細(xì)節(jié)題在閱讀理解各類題型中占了很大比例,能否攻克細(xì)節(jié)題,關(guān)乎考生閱讀理解成績的好壞。細(xì)節(jié)題可細(xì)分為幾種類型,本文筆者主要介紹其中的一種——“人物型”細(xì)節(jié)題。顧名思義,“人物型”細(xì)節(jié)題就是專門針對某個人的情況進(jìn)行提問的細(xì)節(jié)題。這種題的典型特征就是題干中會出現(xiàn)某個人的名字,以下面三道真題為例。
59. What was Helen Lee’s major consideration when she changed her job in the middle of her career? (2010年12月四級閱讀理解真題)
60. Guy Grant chose to work as a researcher at Cambridge in order to ________. (2010年12月四級閱讀理解真題)
65. What did Cerling’s team produce in their research? (2009年6月四級閱讀理解真題)
幾乎每次四級閱讀理解都會考查這樣的“人物型”細(xì)節(jié)題,為幫助考生快速、準(zhǔn)確地解題,筆者在下文中提出解題的三個步驟,并以實(shí)例分析如何利用這個“三步法”解題。
一般來說,“人物型”細(xì)節(jié)題不算很難,有時甚至是送分題。做題時,考生只要能夠準(zhǔn)確判斷題目的出題點(diǎn),大概弄懂原文中與答案相關(guān)的信息,基本上都能得分。考生可以按照以下三個步驟來做題。
第一步:定位
根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位是做題時最基本的一個步驟,也是最核心的步驟。因為細(xì)節(jié)題考查的就是考生對文章中某個細(xì)節(jié)性信息的把握程度,如果考生不回原文定位答案區(qū)域或者定位不準(zhǔn)確,做題時只憑感覺,那答題正確率就會大打折扣。在所有細(xì)節(jié)題中,“人物型”細(xì)節(jié)題在回原文定位答案區(qū)域時是最簡單的。因為人名是專有名詞,各單詞的首字母都大寫,無論是作為題干中的關(guān)鍵詞,還是作為回原文定位的標(biāo)志,都很容易識別。
第二步:分析
當(dāng)考生根據(jù)題干中的人名將答案區(qū)域定位至某段甚至某句之后,先不要忙著做題,而是要將關(guān)注點(diǎn)再放到題干上,分析一下這道題考查的到底是什么。命題人在針對文中出現(xiàn)的某個人出題時,通常會采取兩種出題方式:其一,考查此人說過什么話,也就是問此人的觀點(diǎn)是什么;其二,考查此人做過什么事或圍繞此人發(fā)生過什么事。也就是說,要么考查某人的觀點(diǎn),要么考查某人參與的事。如果題干中出現(xiàn)人名,而且人名前后出現(xiàn)了表示觀點(diǎn)和看法的詞,那么考生可以基本斷定出題目考查的是某人的觀點(diǎn),這些詞(組)主要包括say、think、believe、belief、consider、claim、state、statement、realize、realization、assume、assumption、idea、view、opinion、attitude、discuss、comment、review、note、according to等。如果題干中沒有出現(xiàn)這些詞(組),那么考生就可以判定題目考查的是某人參與的事。
第三步:判斷
在前兩步中,考生根據(jù)題干中的人名關(guān)鍵詞已經(jīng)在原文中定位好了答案區(qū)域,也分析出了題目考查的到底是某人的觀點(diǎn)還是某人參與的事。接下來,考生就要根據(jù)題干所提的問題,把原文內(nèi)容和各個選項逐一作對比,判斷出正確答案。
實(shí)例剖析
例1:Some analysts (分析師) are less sure. Among consumers, only 18% are even aware that ecofashion exists, up from 6% four years ago. Natalie Hormilla, a fashion writer, is an example of the unconverted consumer. When asked if she owned any sustainable clothes, she replied: “Not that I’m aware of.” Like most consumers, she finds little time to shop, and when she does, she’s on the hunt for “cute stuff that isn’t too expensive.” By her own admission, green just isn’t yet on her mind. But—thanks to the combined efforts of designers, retailers and suppliers—one day it will be. (2009年6月四級閱讀理解真題Passage One原文第四段)
60. What is Natalie Hormilla’s attitude toward ecofashion?
A) She doesn’t seem to care about it.
B) She doesn’t think it is sustainable.
C) She is doubtful of its practical value.
D) She is very much opposed to the idea.
解題步驟
1.定位。根據(jù)題干中的人名Natalie Hormilla,考生可將答案區(qū)域定位至原文第四段。
2.分析。根據(jù)題干中人名后面出現(xiàn)的單詞attitude,考生可以斷定本題主要考查的是Natalie Hormilla對某事所持的觀點(diǎn)。
3.判斷。根據(jù)第二步得出的結(jié)論(本題考查的是Natalie Hormilla的觀點(diǎn)),考生需要在原文的答案區(qū)域中尋找含有Natalie Hormilla觀點(diǎn)的句子。通讀原文第四段,考生會發(fā)現(xiàn)有兩句話含有此人的觀點(diǎn)。第一句:“… she replied: ‘Not that I’m aware of.’”(……她答道:“我沒有意識到[環(huán)保服裝的存在]?!?這體現(xiàn)出Natalie Hormilla持一種毫不在意的態(tài)度。第二句:“By her own admission, green just isn’t yet on her mind.”(她自己承認(rèn),她還沒關(guān)注過綠色時尚這一概念。)通過這兩句話,考生可以推測出,Natalie Hormilla似乎并不關(guān)注綠色環(huán)保時裝。所以本題正確答案為選項A。
例2:Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life. Relationships with family, friends, neighbours, even pets, will all do the trick, but the biggest longevity (長壽) boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship. The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers (鰥夫) were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers. Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a man’s life and two to a woman’s. The effect holds for all causes of death, whether illness, accident or self-harm. (2010年12月四級閱讀真題Passage Two原文第一段)
62. William Farr’s study and other studies show that _________.
A) social life provides an effective cure for illness
B) being sociable helps improve one’s quality of life
C) women benefit more than men from marriage
D) marriage contributes a great deal to longevity
解題步驟
1.定位。根據(jù)題干中的人名William Farr,考生可將答案區(qū)域定位至原文第一段。
2.分析。查看題干中人名William Farr前后的信息,考生并未發(fā)現(xiàn)本題含有表示觀點(diǎn)、看法的詞,題干的意思是William Farr的研究和其他一些研究表明什么。很顯然,本題考查的是William Farr參與的事。
3.判斷。根據(jù)第二步得出的結(jié)論(本題考查的是William Farr參與的事),考生來仔細(xì)研究答案區(qū)域的句子??忌上劝阎埸c(diǎn)放在人名William Farr出現(xiàn)的句子中,如果這句話解釋了研究的成果,那么答案就藏在這句話中。如果這句話沒有解釋,那么考生需根據(jù)題干中的其他關(guān)鍵詞在上下文中尋找相應(yīng)的答案內(nèi)容。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞William Farr,考生先來看原文第一段第三句話。該句前半部分“The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr”的意思是“這一效果最早由William Farr于1858年所提出”。后半句“who wrote that widows and widowers were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers”是一個由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句,介紹William Farr所作的研究。從這句話中,考生得到了一些有用信息,但這句話并未點(diǎn)出William Farr進(jìn)行的研究和其他研究表明了一個什么事實(shí)。那么,考生只能繼續(xù)從上下文中尋找解題線索。根據(jù)題干中的另一個關(guān)鍵詞study,考生再來看第四句話:“Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a man’s life and two to a woman’s.”(自那以后的研究表明,婚姻能為男士增加七年壽命,為女士增加兩年壽命。)此時考生會發(fā)現(xiàn),本題的題干其實(shí)是對“studies since then suggest”的同義替換。對比四個選項,顯然只有選項D符合原文第四句話中suggest后面從句內(nèi)容的意思。所以本題的正確答案是選項D。