余章斌 韓樹萍 邱玉芳 董小玥 郭錫熔
隨著產(chǎn)科和新生兒重癥監(jiān)護(hù)技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,早產(chǎn)兒的存活率不斷提高,但早產(chǎn)兒神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的后遺癥(如智力低下、腦癱等)發(fā)生率也隨之增高。研究表明早產(chǎn)兒智力低下的發(fā)生率為7.8%,平均智力水平也明顯低于足月兒[1];一項(xiàng)江蘇省7個(gè)城市的新生兒流行病學(xué)調(diào)查表明,早產(chǎn)兒胎齡越小其智力水平越差[2]。有Meta分析表明早產(chǎn)兒在學(xué)齡期有更低的認(rèn)知測(cè)驗(yàn)得分,發(fā)生多動(dòng)癥的概率明顯增加[3];另外1篇Meta分析表明早產(chǎn)兒在學(xué)齡期學(xué)習(xí)能力欠佳、注意力不集中和學(xué)習(xí)執(zhí)行能力差[4]。但上述Meta分析均沒有對(duì)早產(chǎn)兒的智力水平進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),本文采用Meta分析的方法評(píng)價(jià)早產(chǎn)對(duì)其智力的影響,使臨床工作者對(duì)此得以認(rèn)識(shí)與重視。
認(rèn)識(shí)到早產(chǎn)兒行為、認(rèn)知、智力等方面明顯落后于足月兒,對(duì)其早期干預(yù)顯得迫在眉睫。但由于早產(chǎn)兒有不同于足月兒的特殊生理和病理狀態(tài),因此,進(jìn)行早期干預(yù)的生理基礎(chǔ)及方式方法都有其特點(diǎn),針對(duì)這些特點(diǎn),國(guó)內(nèi)外的專家學(xué)者進(jìn)行了大量的臨床研究并對(duì)這些研究進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)[5,6],結(jié)果表明早期干預(yù)可以改善早產(chǎn)兒近期(學(xué)齡前期)的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,但對(duì)于早產(chǎn)兒遠(yuǎn)期(學(xué)齡期)的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育并沒有明顯效果。但有學(xué)者認(rèn)為早期干預(yù)的作用不明顯[7],考慮到早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)研究的Meta分析發(fā)表已有2年多,有必要再次檢索相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),對(duì)早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)對(duì)智力發(fā)育的作用再進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。
1.1 納入、排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及觀察指標(biāo)
1.1.1 早產(chǎn)與兒童智力發(fā)育 納入臨床對(duì)照研究,試驗(yàn)組為早產(chǎn)、低出生體重兒(胎齡<37周,出生體重<2 500 g);對(duì)照組為同年齡的足月兒(胎齡≥37周,出生體重≥2 500 g)。采用韋氏兒童智力量表(WISC)對(duì)6~16歲兒童進(jìn)行智力檢測(cè),結(jié)果以智商(IQ)表示;不能提取IQ結(jié)果進(jìn)行合并分析的研究予以排除。
1.1.2 早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)與智力心理發(fā)育 納入早期干預(yù)早產(chǎn)兒(胎齡<37周,出生體重<2 500 g)的半隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(quasi-RCT)或RCT;試驗(yàn)組采用早期干預(yù)的方法,對(duì)照組采用常規(guī)的方法;各組嬰兒(早產(chǎn)兒糾正年齡)于生后6、12、18、24、36個(gè)月采用貝利嬰兒發(fā)育量表(BSID)測(cè)定嬰幼兒智力發(fā)育指數(shù)(MDI),心理運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育指數(shù)(PDI),MDI及PDI ≥80 分為智力正常,MDI及PDI <80 分為智力異常;不能提取MDI或PDI結(jié)果進(jìn)行合并分析的研究予以排除。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索策略
1.2.1 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) Cochrane圖書館(2011年第11期)的臨床對(duì)照試驗(yàn)中心資料庫(kù)(CENIRAL)、PubMed、EMBASE、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、中國(guó)期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和中國(guó)維普數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),檢索文獻(xiàn)起止時(shí)間均從1980年1月起至2011年11月。
1.2.2 檢索策略 均采用計(jì)算機(jī)檢索,未手工檢索灰色文獻(xiàn)。
1.2.2.1 早產(chǎn)與兒童智力發(fā)育 英文檢索式:(intelligence quotients OR IQ OR intelligence) AND(premature infant OR very low birth weight infants OR VLBWI OR extremely low birth weight infants OR ELBWI); 中文檢索式:(智力 OR 智商)AND(早產(chǎn)兒 OR 極低出生體重兒 OR 超低出生體重兒)。
1.2.2.2 早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù) 英文檢索式:(early intervention OR infant stimulation) AND(premature infant OR very low birth weight infants OR VLBWI OR extremely low birth weight infants OR ELBWI); 中文檢索式:(早期干預(yù) OR 嬰兒刺激)AND(早產(chǎn)兒 OR 極低出生體重兒 OR 超低出生體重兒)。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)方法
1.3.1 納入和排除文獻(xiàn)方法 由邱玉芳、董小玥按照檢索策略獨(dú)立完成初步檢索,各自獨(dú)立閱讀文題和摘要,篩選符合條件的文獻(xiàn),獨(dú)立摘錄每一項(xiàng)研究的信息結(jié)果,同時(shí)對(duì)入選文獻(xiàn)的設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施和分析過(guò)程進(jìn)行再評(píng)價(jià)。如果2名評(píng)價(jià)者對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果有分歧,則由余章斌評(píng)價(jià)決定。
1.3.2 資料提取 包括研究的基本情況、樣本量、受試者特征及結(jié)果,療效判定指標(biāo)的結(jié)果。
1.3.3 文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)估 文獻(xiàn)評(píng)價(jià)由邱玉芳、董小玥獨(dú)立進(jìn)行,如有不同意見通過(guò)討論或提請(qǐng)余章斌裁定。采用Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 5.0.2 的6項(xiàng)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)[8]。針對(duì)每一篇文獻(xiàn),對(duì)6項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作出“是”、“否”和“不清楚”(缺乏相關(guān)信息或偏倚情況不確定)的判斷。如試驗(yàn)報(bào)告的資料難以使用,將進(jìn)一步與試驗(yàn)的主要研究者聯(lián)系獲取。全部6項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均充分正確者為低度偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn),1項(xiàng)描述不清為中度偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn),2項(xiàng)及以上不滿足為高度偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用RevMan 5.0.13軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析,將資料進(jìn)行定量綜合。首先對(duì)納入研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性分析,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P≥0.1為研究間具有同質(zhì)性,采用固定效應(yīng)模型描述,P<0.1為研究間具有異質(zhì)性,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型表達(dá)。計(jì)量資料選取加權(quán)均數(shù)差(WMD)及其95%CI表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料選取OR及其95%CI表示,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。采用漏斗圖檢驗(yàn)是否存在發(fā)表偏倚。必要時(shí)剔除低質(zhì)量文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行敏感性分析。
2.1 一般情況 文獻(xiàn)選擇流程見圖1。共檢索到82篇早產(chǎn)與兒童智力的文獻(xiàn),通過(guò)閱讀摘要,26篇文獻(xiàn)被初步納入,進(jìn)一步閱讀全文,最終納入18項(xiàng)研究[9~26],其中中國(guó)研究1項(xiàng),其他國(guó)家研究17項(xiàng)(表1)。共檢索到63篇早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)的文獻(xiàn),通過(guò)閱讀摘要,23篇文獻(xiàn)被初步納入,進(jìn)一步閱讀全文,最終納入15項(xiàng)研究(16篇文獻(xiàn))[27~42],其中中國(guó)研究6項(xiàng),其他國(guó)家研究9項(xiàng)(表2)。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)選擇流程圖
Fig 1 Flow chart of article screening and selection process
2.2 文獻(xiàn)偏倚評(píng)價(jià) 對(duì)早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)文獻(xiàn)的偏倚評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果顯示,9項(xiàng)研究[27,28,30~32,36,39~42]提及隨機(jī)分配方法;9項(xiàng)研究[27~30,32,36,39~42]提及分配方案隱藏;9項(xiàng)研究[27,28,30,32,34,36,39~42]提及對(duì)研究對(duì)象、治療方案實(shí)施者、研究結(jié)果測(cè)量者采用盲法;12項(xiàng)研究[27,28,31~33,35~42]提及結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)的完整性;10項(xiàng)研究[27~29,31,32,34,36,39~42]提及選擇性報(bào)告研究結(jié)果;沒有文獻(xiàn)提及其他偏倚來(lái)源。7項(xiàng)研究[27,28,32,36,39~42]存在中度偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn),8項(xiàng)研究[29~31,33~35,37,38]存在高度偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
2.3 早產(chǎn)與兒童智力發(fā)育 有18篇文獻(xiàn)比較了早產(chǎn)兒和足月兒的IQ,異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)P<0.1,表明結(jié)果具有異質(zhì)性,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。早產(chǎn)兒IQ明顯低于足月兒(SMD=-11.62,95%CI: -13.21~-10.03),Z=14.37,P<0.001(圖2)。早產(chǎn)與兒童智力發(fā)育文獻(xiàn)的漏斗圖分析顯示不存在發(fā)表偏倚(圖3)。
對(duì)胎齡與IQ的關(guān)系進(jìn)行分層分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)胎齡越低,IQ越低,兒童期隨訪,IQ從胎齡34~36周的112.7逐漸降至胎齡25周的82.1(圖4)。
表1 早產(chǎn)與兒童智力發(fā)育納入文獻(xiàn)的基本情況
Notes PI/TI: preterm infants/term infants;GA:gestational age
表2 早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)納入文獻(xiàn)的基本情況
Notes I/C: intervention/control; GA:gestational age;IHDP: infant health and development program; MITP: mother-infant transaction program; IBAIP: infant behavioral assessment and intervention program; PBIP: parent baby interaction program; EIPI: early intervention of premature infants; PFIP: parent-focused intervention program; MII: mother-infant interaction; EIP: early intervention program
圖2 早產(chǎn)與兒童IQ的Meta分析
Fig 2 Meta-analysis of the effect of preterm birth on the intellectual development
圖3 早產(chǎn)與兒童IQ文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表偏倚的漏斗圖
Fig 3 Funnel plot of the effect of preterm birth on the intellectual development
圖4 不同胎齡早產(chǎn)兒對(duì)兒童IQ的影響
Fig 4 The effect of preterm birth with different GA on the intellectual development
2.4 早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)對(duì)MDI、PDI和智力異常發(fā)生率的影響 15項(xiàng)研究對(duì)早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)的作用進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià),各組(早產(chǎn)兒糾正年齡)于生后6、12、18、24、36個(gè)月測(cè)定MDI與PDI,結(jié)果表明早期干預(yù)組MDI與PDI均較對(duì)照組明顯提高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,P均<0.001(表3,4)。
有5項(xiàng)研究[35~37,41,42]報(bào)道了早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)對(duì)智力異常發(fā)生率的影響,異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)P=0.21,研究間具同質(zhì)性,采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,早期干預(yù)能顯著降低早產(chǎn)兒智力異常的發(fā)生率,OR= 0.25,95%CI: 0.15~0.41(Z=5.39,P<0.001)(圖5)。
表3 早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)對(duì)MDI影響的Meta分析
表4 早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)對(duì)PDI影響的Meta分析
圖5 早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)對(duì)智力異常發(fā)生率影響的Meta分析
Fig 5 Meta-analysis of the effect of early intervention on mental abnormalities of preterm infants
2.5 敏感性分析 從表3、4和圖5可見文獻(xiàn)[37]樣本量最大,但其為低質(zhì)量文獻(xiàn),質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)僅結(jié)果完整性1項(xiàng)充分準(zhǔn)確,文獻(xiàn)[37]在早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)對(duì)智力發(fā)育影響的結(jié)論中所占權(quán)重可能影響本文結(jié)論,故剔除文獻(xiàn)[37]行敏感性分析。結(jié)果表明早期干預(yù)組MDI與PDI均明顯提高,P均<0.001,提示剔除文獻(xiàn)[37]對(duì)結(jié)果沒有影響。剔除文獻(xiàn)[37]行早期干預(yù)與智力異常發(fā)生率的敏感性分析,異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)P=0.89,表明結(jié)果具有同質(zhì)性,采用固定效應(yīng)模型分析。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,早期干預(yù)可顯著降低早產(chǎn)兒智力異常的發(fā)生率,OR= 0.41,95%CI: 0.22~0.76(Z=2.80,P=0.005),提示剔除文獻(xiàn)[37]對(duì)結(jié)果沒有影響。
來(lái)自美國(guó)的一項(xiàng)研究表明早產(chǎn)兒IQ比平均水平低10分,相當(dāng)于增加6%~35%中學(xué)退學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì)[43]。本Meta分析表明早產(chǎn)兒IQ較足月兒明顯降低,并隨著胎齡的降低逐漸減低,盡管隨著新生兒護(hù)理和救治水平的提高,早產(chǎn)兒成活率逐漸增加,但1993至2011年的觀察性研究都沒有表明早產(chǎn)兒的IQ也有升高趨勢(shì),因而,在提高早產(chǎn)兒救治水平的同時(shí),需注意早產(chǎn)兒的智力發(fā)育預(yù)后。
針對(duì)早產(chǎn)兒的生理特點(diǎn),國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者制定了一些早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)的方法,如本文中納入的美國(guó)實(shí)施的兒童健康和發(fā)展方案(IHDP)[28],通過(guò)家訪為父母提供感情和社會(huì)支持,宣傳關(guān)于低出生體重兒童的健康和發(fā)育知識(shí),幫助父母提高解讀嬰兒信息方面的能力和支持;同時(shí)在兒童發(fā)展中心觀察、實(shí)施和評(píng)估早產(chǎn)兒干預(yù)的效果,衡量?jī)和F(xiàn)在的功能水平,預(yù)測(cè)以后應(yīng)實(shí)施的方案。該項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)在美國(guó)8個(gè)城市開展,已經(jīng)有985例早產(chǎn)兒及其家庭參與,取得了良好的效果。
鮑秀蘭等[44]根據(jù)不同年齡和發(fā)育程度制定了0~3歲早期教育教學(xué)大綱,內(nèi)容包括運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育、認(rèn)知能力、語(yǔ)言發(fā)育和社會(huì)交往能力。本Meta分析納入的5篇國(guó)內(nèi)研究,均采用鮑秀蘭的早期教育教學(xué)大綱早期干預(yù)早產(chǎn)兒,收到了良好的效果。同時(shí)鮑秀蘭成立早期干預(yù)降低早產(chǎn)兒腦癱發(fā)生率研究協(xié)作組,對(duì)29個(gè)單位1 390例早產(chǎn)兒進(jìn)行早期干預(yù),與1 294例常規(guī)育兒組比較,可以明顯減少腦癱發(fā)生率(OR=3.90; 95%CI: 2.10~7.26),提示早期干預(yù)措施對(duì)于高危早產(chǎn)兒有促進(jìn)發(fā)育的作用,值得推廣應(yīng)用。本Meta分析也表明早期干預(yù)可以降低智力異常發(fā)生率,因而,現(xiàn)有結(jié)果支持早期干預(yù)減少早產(chǎn)兒神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)后遺癥(如智力低下、腦癱等)的發(fā)生率。
本Meta分析結(jié)果提示早期干預(yù)可提高6、12、18和24月齡的MDI和PDI,但在36月齡隨訪時(shí)表明早期干預(yù)對(duì)MDI和PDI沒有顯著影響,考慮隨訪到36月齡時(shí)僅納入2篇文獻(xiàn),樣本量較少(123例),容易產(chǎn)生偏移。2篇文獻(xiàn)[28,45]分別采用McCarthy and Stanford-Binet方法評(píng)價(jià)早期干預(yù)對(duì)早產(chǎn)兒36月齡IQ影響,表明早期干預(yù)取得陽(yáng)性的結(jié)果(WMD=9.66,95%CI:5.01~14.31)。因而早期干預(yù)對(duì)36月齡時(shí)IQ的影響仍需要加大樣本量進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。有研究[46,47]在5、8和18歲隨訪早期干預(yù)對(duì)早產(chǎn)兒的智力作用,并沒有觀察到在6、12、18和24月齡隨訪時(shí)較顯著的影響結(jié)果,一方面考慮5、8和18歲隨訪研究較少,樣本量較少易產(chǎn)生偏移;另一方面考慮早期干預(yù)的實(shí)施持續(xù)時(shí)間對(duì)兒童遠(yuǎn)期IQ的影響不確定,這需要進(jìn)一步的研究評(píng)價(jià)。
本Meta分析結(jié)果表明,IQ水平隨胎齡降低而降低,胎齡>33周組IQ雖然低于足月兒水平,但處于正常水平。而胎齡<33周組IQ不僅低于足月兒,且低于正常水平,結(jié)合Aarnoudse-Moens等[4]研究表明胎齡<33周對(duì)早產(chǎn)兒神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的影響較大,本文納入2000年后國(guó)外發(fā)表文獻(xiàn)早產(chǎn)兒的干預(yù)胎齡均在30周左右,而中國(guó)胎齡<30周存活早產(chǎn)兒較少,而30~33周早產(chǎn)兒是救治存活并隨訪神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育滯后的主要人群,是干預(yù)的重點(diǎn)人群,早期干預(yù)對(duì)其IQ的改善效果更明顯。
本Meta分析存在的不足和局限性:① 早期干預(yù)對(duì)早產(chǎn)兒智力影響的研究較少,特別是隨著隨訪時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),納入研究越來(lái)越少,因而早期干預(yù)對(duì)遠(yuǎn)期智力影響的評(píng)價(jià)目前存在爭(zhēng)議,需要更長(zhǎng)期的隨訪研究。 ② 納入文獻(xiàn)總體質(zhì)量不高,7項(xiàng)研究存在中度偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn),8項(xiàng)研究存在高度偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn);有10項(xiàng)研究未對(duì)研究對(duì)象、治療方案實(shí)施者和研究結(jié)果測(cè)量者采用盲法,可能存在一定的實(shí)施和測(cè)量偏倚。③ 本文納入的研究分別來(lái)自7個(gè)不同國(guó)家,其中中國(guó)干預(yù)性研究較多,文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量明顯低于西方國(guó)家,同時(shí)這些研究隨訪時(shí)間較短,沒有長(zhǎng)期隨訪研究報(bào)道。
總之,本Meta分析表明早產(chǎn)兒IQ明顯低于足月兒,并隨著胎齡的降低而逐漸減低;對(duì)早產(chǎn)兒早期干預(yù)可以明顯改善早產(chǎn)兒智力水平,減少智力異常的發(fā)生率。
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